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'''Eastern Yugur''', also known as Shira Yughur or ŋgar, is the [[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]] language spoken within the [[Yugur]] nationality in the [[Gansu]] region of [[China]]. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hahn|first=Reinhard F.|date=1987|title=Review of D&#x14d;ngb&#xf9; Y&#xf9;g&#xf9;y&#x1d4; ji&#x1ce;nzhi. Zh&#x14d;nggu&#xf3; sh&#x1ce;osh&#xf9; m&#xed;nz&#xfa; y&#x1d4;y&#xe1;n ji&#x1ce;nzh&#xec; c&#xf3;ngsh&#x16b;. [Concise grammar of Eastern Yughur. Series of concise grammars of Chinese minority languages], Zh&#xe0;on&#x101;s&#x12b;tu Junast|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41927587|journal=Central Asiatic Journal|volume=31|issue=3/4|pages=300–302|issn=0008-9192}}</ref><ref name=":3">Hans Nugteren. 2003. Shira Yughur. In Juha Janhunen (ed.), The Mongolic Languages, 265-285. In: London & New York: Routledge.</ref> The other language spoken within the same community is [[Western Yugur language|Western Yughur]], which is a [[Turkic languages|Turkic language]]. The terms may also indicate the speakers of these languages, and both are non-written.<ref name=":0" /> Eastern Yugur is also not taught in any schools or used in any media.<ref name=":3" /> Traditionally, both languages are indicated by the term Yellow Uygur, from the autonym of the Yugur. Eastern Yugur speakers are said to have [[passive bilingual]]ism with [[Southern Mongolian]], the standard spoken in China.<ref>{{cite book|author=Stephen Adolphe Wurm|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=glU0vte5gSkC&q=yugur+close+to+original+uyghur&pg=PA822|title=Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas, Volume 2, Part 1|last2=Peter Mühlhäusler|last3=Darrell T. Tyron|last4=International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=1996|isbn=978-3-11-013417-9|page=822|access-date=2010-10-31}}</ref>
'''Eastern Yugur''', also known as Shira Yughur or ŋgar, is the [[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]] language spoken within the [[Yugur]] nationality in the [[Gansu]] region of [[China]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hahn|first=Reinhard F.|date=1987|title=Review of D&#x14d;ngb&#xf9; Y&#xf9;g&#xf9;y&#x1d4; ji&#x1ce;nzhi. Zh&#x14d;nggu&#xf3; sh&#x1ce;osh&#xf9; m&#xed;nz&#xfa; y&#x1d4;y&#xe1;n ji&#x1ce;nzh&#xec; c&#xf3;ngsh&#x16b;. [Concise grammar of Eastern Yughur. Series of concise grammars of Chinese minority languages], Zh&#xe0;on&#x101;s&#x12b;tu Junast|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41927587|journal=Central Asiatic Journal|volume=31|issue=3/4|pages=300–302|issn=0008-9192}}</ref><ref name=":3">Hans Nugteren. 2003. Shira Yughur. In Juha Janhunen (ed.), The Mongolic Languages, 265-285. In: London & New York: Routledge.</ref> The other language spoken within the same community is [[Western Yugur language|Western Yughur]], which is a [[Turkic languages|Turkic language]]. The terms may also indicate the speakers of these languages, and both are non-written.<ref name=":0" /> Eastern Yugur is also not taught in any schools or used in any media.<ref name=":3" /> Traditionally, both languages are indicated by the term Yellow Uygur, from the autonym of the Yugur. Eastern Yugur speakers are said to have [[passive bilingual]]ism with [[Southern Mongolian]], the standard spoken in China.<ref>{{cite book|author=Stephen Adolphe Wurm|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=glU0vte5gSkC&q=yugur+close+to+original+uyghur&pg=PA822|title=Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas, Volume 2, Part 1|last2=Peter Mühlhäusler|last3=Darrell T. Tyron|last4=International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=1996|isbn=978-3-11-013417-9|page=822|access-date=2010-10-31}}</ref>


Eastern Yugur is a threatened language with an aging population of about 4,000 fluent speakers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glottolog 4.3 - East Yugur|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/east2337|access-date=2021-02-19|website=glottolog.org}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Wu|first=Han|last2=Jin|first2=Yasheng|date=January 2017|title=Phonetic Changes of Eastern Yugur Language--- Case Study of Vowel / /|url=https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/icemeet-16/25869215|language=en|publisher=Atlantis Press|pages=745–749|doi=10.2991/icemeet-16.2017.155|isbn=978-94-6252-288-6|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Language contact]] with neighboring languages, particularly [[Chinese language|Chinese]], has noticeably affected the language competency of younger speakers.<ref name=":1" /> Some younger speakers have also begun to lose their ability to distinguish between different phonetic shades within the language, indicating a weaker language competency.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Wu|first=Han|last2=Yu|first2=Hongzhi|date=April 2017|title=Features and Changes of Vowels of Eastern Yugur Language|url=https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/iemss-17/25873095|language=en|publisher=Atlantis Press|pages=681–685|doi=10.2991/iemss-17.2017.136|isbn=978-94-6252-314-2|doi-access=free}}</ref>
Eastern Yugur is a threatened language with an aging population of about 4,000 fluent speakers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glottolog 4.3 - East Yugur|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/east2337|access-date=2021-02-19|website=glottolog.org}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Wu|first=Han|last2=Jin|first2=Yasheng|date=January 2017|title=Phonetic Changes of Eastern Yugur Language--- Case Study of Vowel / /|url=https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/icemeet-16/25869215|language=en|publisher=Atlantis Press|pages=745–749|doi=10.2991/icemeet-16.2017.155|isbn=978-94-6252-288-6|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Language contact]] with neighboring languages, particularly [[Chinese language|Chinese]], has noticeably affected the language competency of younger speakers.<ref name=":1" /> Some younger speakers have also begun to lose their ability to distinguish between different phonetic shades within the language, indicating a weaker language competency.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Wu|first=Han|last2=Yu|first2=Hongzhi|date=April 2017|title=Features and Changes of Vowels of Eastern Yugur Language|url=https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/iemss-17/25873095|language=en|publisher=Atlantis Press|pages=681–685|doi=10.2991/iemss-17.2017.136|isbn=978-94-6252-314-2|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Revision as of 22:04, 9 April 2021

Eastern Yugur
Native toChina
RegionGansu
Ethnicity6,000 Yugur (2000)[1]
Native speakers
4,000 (2007)[1]
Mongolic
  • Southern Mongolic
    • Eastern Yugur
Language codes
ISO 639-3yuy
Glottologeast2337

Eastern Yugur, also known as Shira Yughur or ŋgar, is the Mongolic language spoken within the Yugur nationality in the Gansu region of China.[2][3] The other language spoken within the same community is Western Yughur, which is a Turkic language. The terms may also indicate the speakers of these languages, and both are non-written.[4] Eastern Yugur is also not taught in any schools or used in any media.[3] Traditionally, both languages are indicated by the term Yellow Uygur, from the autonym of the Yugur. Eastern Yugur speakers are said to have passive bilingualism with Southern Mongolian, the standard spoken in China.[5]

Eastern Yugur is a threatened language with an aging population of about 4,000 fluent speakers.[6][7] Language contact with neighboring languages, particularly Chinese, has noticeably affected the language competency of younger speakers.[7] Some younger speakers have also begun to lose their ability to distinguish between different phonetic shades within the language, indicating a weaker language competency.[8]

Grigory Potanin recorded a glossary of Salar, Western Yugur, and Eastern Yugur in his 1893 book written in Russian, The Tangut-Tibetan Borderlands of China and Central Mongolia.[9][10][11][12][13][14]

Phonology

Consonants
Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
plain lateral
Stop voiceless p t k q
aspirated pʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ
Affricate voiceless t͡s t͡ʃ
aspirated t͡sʰ t͡ʃʰ
Fricative voiceless s ɬ ʃ χ h
voiced β ɣ ʁ
Nasal voiced m n ŋ
voiceless n̥
Trill r
Approximant l j

The phonemes /ç, çʰ, ɕ, ɕʰ, ʂ, ʑ/ appear exclusively in Chinese loanwords.[4]

Vowels[15]
Front Central Back
High i y ʉ u
Mid e ø ə o ɔ
Low ɑ

Vowel length is also distributed.

References

  1. ^ a b Eastern Yugur at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ Hahn, Reinhard F. (1987). "Review of Dōngbù Yùgùyǔ jiǎnzhi. Zhōngguó shǎoshù mínzú yǔyán jiǎnzhì cóngshū. [Concise grammar of Eastern Yughur. Series of concise grammars of Chinese minority languages], Zhàonāsītu Junast". Central Asiatic Journal. 31 (3/4): 300–302. ISSN 0008-9192.
  3. ^ a b Hans Nugteren. 2003. Shira Yughur. In Juha Janhunen (ed.), The Mongolic Languages, 265-285. In: London & New York: Routledge.
  4. ^ a b NUGTEREN, HANS; ROOS, MARTI (1996). "Common Vocabulary of the Western and Eastern Yugur Languages: The Turkic and Mongolic Loanwords". Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 49 (1/2): 25–91. JSTOR 43391252.
  5. ^ Stephen Adolphe Wurm; Peter Mühlhäusler; Darrell T. Tyron; International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies (1996). Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas, Volume 2, Part 1. Walter de Gruyter. p. 822. ISBN 978-3-11-013417-9. Retrieved 2010-10-31.
  6. ^ "Glottolog 4.3 - East Yugur". glottolog.org. Retrieved 2021-02-19.
  7. ^ a b Wu, Han; Jin, Yasheng (January 2017). "Phonetic Changes of Eastern Yugur Language--- Case Study of Vowel / /". Atlantis Press: 745–749. doi:10.2991/icemeet-16.2017.155. ISBN 978-94-6252-288-6. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  8. ^ Wu, Han; Yu, Hongzhi (April 2017). "Features and Changes of Vowels of Eastern Yugur Language". Atlantis Press: 681–685. doi:10.2991/iemss-17.2017.136. ISBN 978-94-6252-314-2. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  9. ^ Poppe, Nicholas (1953). "Remarks on The Salar Language". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 16 (3/4): 438–477. doi:10.2307/2718250. ISSN 0073-0548. JSTOR 2718250.
  10. ^ http://members.home.nl/marcmarti/yugur/biblio/ROOS_WesternYugurLanguage.pdf
  11. ^ "Yugurology". Archived from the original on October 5, 2003.
  12. ^ Grigoriĭ Nikolaevich Potanin (1893). Tangutsko-Tibetskai͡a okraina Kitai͡a i TSentralnai͡a Mongolii͡a.
  13. ^ Григорий Николаевич Потанин (1893). Тангутско-Тибетская окраина Китая и Центральная Монголія: путешествіе Г.Н. Потанина 1884-1886. Том 2. Тип. А.С. Суворина.
  14. ^ Григорий Николаевич Потанин (1893). Тангутско-Тибетская окраина Китая и Центральная Монголія: путешествіе Г.Н. Потанина 1884-1886. Тип. А.С. Суворина.
  15. ^ Chuluu (1994)

Literature

  • 保朝鲁; 贾拉森 (1991). 东部裕固语和蒙古语 [Eastern Yugur and Mongolian] (in Chinese). 呼和浩特: 内蒙古人民出版社. ISBN 978-7-204-01401-9. OCLC 299469024.
  • Chuluu, Üjiyediin (1994). Introduction, grammar and sample sentences for Jegün Yogur. University of Pennsylvania, Dept. of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies. OCLC 32579233.
  • Zhang, Juan; Stuart, Kevin C. (1996). Blue cloth and pearl deer : Yogur folklore. Sino-Platonic papers, no. 73. Dept. of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, University of Pennsylvania. OCLC 41180478.


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