Jump to content

Bullacephalus: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
wtf were those references
Citation bot (talk | contribs)
Bots
5,235,494 edits
Altered pmc. Add: pmid, authors 1-1. Removed URL that duplicated identifier. Removed parameters. Some additions/deletions were parameter name changes. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Jay8g | Category:CS1 maint: PMC format | #UCB_Category 3/4
 
Line 9: Line 9:
}}
}}


'''''Bullacephalus''''' is an extinct [[genus]] of [[biarmosuchian]] [[therapsid]]s belonging to the family [[Burnetiidae]]. The type species ''B. jacksoni'' was named in 2003. It is known from a relatively complete skull and lower jaw, discovered in the [[Late Permian]] [[Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone]] of the [[Beaufort Group]] of [[South Africa]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rubidge |first=Bruce S. |last2=Kitching |first2=James W. |date=2003-11-24 |title=A new burnetiamorph (Therapsida: Biarmosuchia) from the Lower Beaufort Group of South Africa |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1475-4983.00294 |journal=Palaeontology |language=en |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=199–210 |doi=10.1111/1475-4983.00294 |issn=0031-0239}}</ref> This genus of therapsida lived during the [[Lopingian|Late Permian]] period, approximately 250 million years ago. {{Copyvio|timestamp=20240829123638 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1475-4983.00294}}
'''''Bullacephalus''''' is an extinct [[genus]] of [[biarmosuchian]] [[therapsid]]s belonging to the family [[Burnetiidae]]. The type species ''B. jacksoni'' was named in 2003. It is known from a relatively complete skull and lower jaw, discovered in the [[Late Permian]] [[Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone]] of the [[Beaufort Group]] of [[South Africa]].<ref>{{Cite journal |=Rubidge |=Bruce S. |last2=Kitching |first2=James W. |date=2003-11-24 |title=A new burnetiamorph (Therapsida: Biarmosuchia) from the Lower Beaufort Group of South Africa |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1475-4983.00294 |journal=Palaeontology |language=en |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=199–210 |doi=10.1111/1475-4983.00294 |issn=0031-0239}}</ref> This genus of therapsida lived during the [[Lopingian|Late Permian]] period, approximately 250 million years ago. {{Copyvio|timestamp=20240829123638 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1475-4983.00294}}
The name ''Bullacephalus'' comes from the Latin words "bullatus," meaning "bossed" or "knobbed," and "cephalus," meaning "head." This name refers to the distinctive bony knob on the top of the therapsid's skull, which contributes to the history of this genus. This stem based taxon includes ''Ictidorhinus'' or Hippasaurs. ''Bullacephalus'' can even be characterized as having a, “skull moderately to greatly pachyostotic; swollen boss present above the postorbital bar formed by the postfrontal and postorbital; deep linear sculpturing of the snout; exclusion of the jugal from the lateral temporal fenestra” (Day et al., 2016).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Day |first=Michael |last2=Rubidge |first2=Bruce |last3=Abdala |first3=Fernando |date=2016 |title=A new mid-Permian burnetiamorph therapsid from the Main Karoo Basin of South Africa and a phylogenetic review of Burnetiamorpha. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4202/app.00296.2016 |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=61 |doi=10.4202/app.00296.2016 |issn=0567-7920|doi-access=free }}</ref> These Therapsids have spongy bone skull roof, palatal process of premaxilla are long, diverticulum of naris adding them to the Burnetiamorph. Furthermore, the discovery of ''Bullacephalus'' has helped to refine the taxonomic classification of therapsids. Prior to its discovery, there was uncertainty regarding the relationship between different groups of therapsids, particularly the Burnetiamorpha and the Biarmosuchia. However, the distinctive features of ''Bullacephalus'' suggest that it is a member of the Burnetiamorpha, and provides a bridge between this group and the Biarmosuchia. The discovery of ''Bullacephalus'' has also highlighted the importance of continued exploration and excavation in areas that have yielded few therapsid fossils. The Beaufort Group of South Africa, where ''Bullacephalus'' was discovered, has been an important site for therapsid fossils, but much of the area remains unexplored. Further discoveries in this region and other areas around the world may provide new insights into the evolution and diversification of therapsids, as well as other groups of extinct animals. These discoveries will also help to refine our understanding of the history of life on Earth and the processes that have shaped the diversity of organisms that exist today.
The name ''Bullacephalus'' comes from the Latin words "bullatus," meaning "bossed" or "knobbed," and "cephalus," meaning "head." This name refers to the distinctive bony knob on the top of the therapsid's skull, which contributes to the history of this genus. This stem based taxon includes ''Ictidorhinus'' or Hippasaurs. ''Bullacephalus'' can even be characterized as having a, “skull moderately to greatly pachyostotic; swollen boss present above the postorbital bar formed by the postfrontal and postorbital; deep linear sculpturing of the snout; exclusion of the jugal from the lateral temporal fenestra” (Day et al., 2016).<ref>{{Cite journal |=Day |=Michael |last2=Rubidge |first2=Bruce |last3=Abdala |first3=Fernando |date=2016 |title=A new mid-Permian burnetiamorph therapsid from the Main Karoo Basin of South Africa and a phylogenetic review of Burnetiamorpha. |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=61 |doi=10.4202/app.00296.2016 |issn=0567-7920|doi-access=free }}</ref> These Therapsids have spongy bone skull roof, palatal process of premaxilla are long, diverticulum of naris adding them to the Burnetiamorph. Furthermore, the discovery of ''Bullacephalus'' has helped to refine the taxonomic classification of therapsids. Prior to its discovery, there was uncertainty regarding the relationship between different groups of therapsids, particularly the Burnetiamorpha and the Biarmosuchia. However, the distinctive features of ''Bullacephalus'' suggest that it is a member of the Burnetiamorpha, and provides a bridge between this group and the Biarmosuchia. The discovery of ''Bullacephalus'' has also highlighted the importance of continued exploration and excavation in areas that have yielded few therapsid fossils. The Beaufort Group of South Africa, where ''Bullacephalus'' was discovered, has been an important site for therapsid fossils, but much of the area remains unexplored. Further discoveries in this region and other areas around the world may provide new insights into the evolution and diversification of therapsids, as well as other groups of extinct animals. These discoveries will also help to refine our understanding of the history of life on Earth and the processes that have shaped the diversity of organisms that exist today.


== Geological/paleoenvironmental information and historical information and discovery ==
== Geological/paleoenvironmental information and historical information and discovery ==
This species is known from a complete skull and lower jaw that was discovered during the fieldwork of the Lower Beaufort group in the southern [[Karoo]] of South Africa. The [[Beaufort Group]] rocks in South Africa are well-known for their abundant Permo-Triassic therapsid fossils, which have allowed for biostratigraphic subdivision of the group into eight assemblage zones. In 1993, during fieldwork for biostratigraphic research in the lower Beaufort [[Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone]], a well-preserved skull of a medium-sized therapsid was discovered. The skull shares similarities with representatives of the Burnetiidae, a clade of basal therapsids that has only two known genera, ''Burnetia'' and ''Proburnetia'', each represented by only one specimen. The newly discovered skull provides important new information about this enigmatic group of therapsids and their phylogenetic position within the Therapsida.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rubidge |first=Bruce S. |last2=Kitching |first2=James W. |date=January 2003 |title=A new burnetiamorph (Therapsida: Biarmosuchia) from the Lower Beaufort Group of South Africa |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1475-4983.00294 |journal=Palaeontology |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=199–210 |doi=10.1111/1475-4983.00294 |issn=0031-0239}}</ref> While the limited amount of fossil material available has made it difficult to determine the exact relationships between ''Bullacephalus'' and other therapsids, its placement within the Burnetiamorpha suborder has shed some light on its evolutionary history. The Burnetiamorpha were a group of therapsids that appeared during the late Permian period and were widespread across Gondwana, the southern supercontinent that included present-day Africa, South America, Australia, India, and Antarctica. ''Bullacephalus'' is one of the most enigmatic members of this group, and its discovery has raised questions about the biogeography and evolutionary history of the Burnetiamorpha. (Liu, J., Rubidge, B., & Li, J., 2009).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=Jun |last2=Rubidge |first2=Bruce |last3=Li |first3=Jinling |date=2009-07-29 |title=A new specimen of ''Biseridens qilianicus'' indicates its phylogenetic position as the most basal anomodont |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.0883 |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=277 |issue=1679 |pages=285–292 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2009.0883 |issn=0962-8452|pmc=2842672 }}</ref> Further research into the morphology, phylogenetics, and ecology of ''Bullacephalus'' and other Burnetiamorpha will likely continue to yield insights into the evolution of therapsids and the complex history of life on Earth.
This species is known from a complete skull and lower jaw that was discovered during the fieldwork of the Lower Beaufort group in the southern [[Karoo]] of South Africa. The [[Beaufort Group]] rocks in South Africa are well-known for their abundant Permo-Triassic therapsid fossils, which have allowed for biostratigraphic subdivision of the group into eight assemblage zones. In 1993, during fieldwork for biostratigraphic research in the lower Beaufort [[Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone]], a well-preserved skull of a medium-sized therapsid was discovered. The skull shares similarities with representatives of the Burnetiidae, a clade of basal therapsids that has only two known genera, ''Burnetia'' and ''Proburnetia'', each represented by only one specimen. The newly discovered skull provides important new information about this enigmatic group of therapsids and their phylogenetic position within the Therapsida.<ref>{{Cite journal |=Rubidge |=Bruce S. |last2=Kitching |first2=James W. |date=January 2003 |title=A new burnetiamorph (Therapsida: Biarmosuchia) from the Lower Beaufort Group of South Africa |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1475-4983.00294 |journal=Palaeontology |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=199–210 |doi=10.1111/1475-4983.00294 |issn=0031-0239}}</ref> While the limited amount of fossil material available has made it difficult to determine the exact relationships between ''Bullacephalus'' and other therapsids, its placement within the Burnetiamorpha suborder has shed some light on its evolutionary history. The Burnetiamorpha were a group of therapsids that appeared during the late Permian period and were widespread across Gondwana, the southern supercontinent that included present-day Africa, South America, Australia, India, and Antarctica. ''Bullacephalus'' is one of the most enigmatic members of this group, and its discovery has raised questions about the biogeography and evolutionary history of the Burnetiamorpha. (Liu, J., Rubidge, B., & Li, J., 2009).<ref>{{Cite journal |=Liu |=Jun |last2=Rubidge |first2=Bruce |last3=Li |first3=Jinling |date=2009-07-29 |title=A new specimen of ''Biseridens qilianicus'' indicates its phylogenetic position as the most basal anomodont |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.0883 |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=277 |issue=1679 |pages=285–292 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2009.0883 |issn=0962-8452|pmc=2842672 }}</ref> Further research into the morphology, phylogenetics, and ecology of ''Bullacephalus'' and other Burnetiamorpha will likely continue to yield insights into the evolution of therapsids and the complex history of life on Earth.


== Taxonomy ==
== Taxonomy ==
Despite the limited amount of fossil material available, ''Bullacephalus'' has generated considerable interest among paleontologists due to its unique morphology and uncertain taxonomic classification. It is a part of the Burnetiamorpha suborder. Currently, the [[Burnetiamorpha]] comprise nine genera: ''Bullacephalus'', ''Burnetia'', ''Lemurosaurus'', ''Lobalopex'', ''Lophorhinus'', ''Paraburnetia'', and ''Pachydectes'' from South Africa. (Kruger et al., 2015).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kruger |first=Ashley |last2=Rubidge |first2=Bruce S. |last3=Abdala |first3=Fernando |last4=Chindebvu |first4=Elizabeth Gomani |last5=Jacobs |first5=Louis L. |date=2015-10-29 |title=''Lende chiweta'', a new therapsid from Malawi, and its influence on burnetiamorph phylogeny and biogeography |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2015.1008698 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=e1008698 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2015.1008698 |issn=0272-4634}}</ref> Some researchers have suggested that ''Bullacephalus'' are a type of Therapsida: [[Biarmosuchia|Biarmoschia]], related to the successful tetrapod [[Anomodont|Anomadontia]] helping researchers understand the basic morphology. This specific therapsid could be distinguished by the short snout, septomaxilla, and has a short facial exposure between nasal and maxilla, along with many other skull characteristics. Its unique morphology, particularly its short snout and septomaxilla, have led researchers to speculate about its feeding habits and ecological niche.
Despite the limited amount of fossil material available, ''Bullacephalus'' has generated considerable interest among paleontologists due to its unique morphology and uncertain taxonomic classification. It is a part of the Burnetiamorpha suborder. Currently, the [[Burnetiamorpha]] comprise nine genera: ''Bullacephalus'', ''Burnetia'', ''Lemurosaurus'', ''Lobalopex'', ''Lophorhinus'', ''Paraburnetia'', and ''Pachydectes'' from South Africa. (Kruger et al., 2015).<ref>{{Cite journal |=Kruger |=Ashley |last2=Rubidge |first2=Bruce S. |last3=Abdala |first3=Fernando |last4=Chindebvu |first4=Elizabeth Gomani |last5=Jacobs |first5=Louis L. |date=2015-10-29 |title=''Lende chiweta'', a new therapsid from Malawi, and its influence on burnetiamorph phylogeny and biogeography |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2015.1008698 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=e1008698 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2015.1008698 |issn=0272-4634}}</ref> Some researchers have suggested that ''Bullacephalus'' are a type of Therapsida: [[Biarmosuchia|Biarmoschia]], related to the successful tetrapod [[Anomodont|Anomadontia]] helping researchers understand the basic morphology. This specific therapsid could be distinguished by the short snout, septomaxilla, and has a short facial exposure between nasal and maxilla, along with many other skull characteristics. Its unique morphology, particularly its short snout and septomaxilla, have led researchers to speculate about its feeding habits and ecological niche.


== Description and paleobiology ==
== Description and paleobiology ==
The specimen of Bullacephalus is a moderately complete skull and lower jaw, with some missing anterior portions of the snout and lower jaw and badly weathered left side and skull roof posterior to the pineal foramen. The temporal opening is situated posteroventral to the orbit, and three pachyostosis bony bosses are present on the skull, similar to [[Burnetia]] and [[Proburnetia]], but with a different appearance. The premaxilla is not preserved, but the remaining portion of the maxilla forms most of the side of the snout, exhibiting a rugose surface anteriorly and reaching the dorsal limit below the dorsomedially positioned nasal boss. The paired nasals do not have a large exposure on the skull roof, and the anterior portion is not preserved. The prefrontal is a large bone forming the anterodorsal and dorsal margins of the orbit, and above the orbit, it forms a prominent supraorbital boss, thinning anteriorly and extending to the lateral side of the skull as far as the nasal boss. The lacrimal has a large exposure anterior to the orbit, with a prominent rectangular fossa on its anterodorsal side bordering the prefrontal dorsally and the maxilla anteriorly. The zygomatic arch is thick and poorly defined, with unclear sutural contacts between the elements. The postorbital is narrow when viewed from the side, and its sutural borders are unclear.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rubidge |first=Bruce S. |last2=Kitching |first2=James W. |date=January 2003 |title=A new burnetiamorph (Therapsida: Biarmosuchia) from the Lower Beaufort Group of South Africa |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1475-4983.00294 |journal=Palaeontology |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=199–210 |doi=10.1111/1475-4983.00294 |issn=0031-0239}}</ref> The moderately complete skull and lower jaw of Bullacephalus provide valuable information about its morphology and classification. The position of the temporal opening, posteroventral to the orbit, is a common feature among therapsids, and the presence of three pachyostosis bony bosses is a distinguishing characteristic of Burnetiamorpha. The rugose surface of the anterior portion of the maxilla suggests that Bullacephalus may have had a powerful bite. The nasal boss and the prominent supraorbital boss of the prefrontal are also notable features of Bullacephalus' skull, which may have served as attachment points for powerful jaw muscles. The rectangular fossa on the anterodorsal side of the lacrimal is another interesting feature of Bullacephalus' skull. This fossa may have been a site of attachment for the lacrimal gland. Alternatively, it may have been a site of attachment for muscles that control the opening and closing of the eye.The poor definition of the zygomatic arch and the unclear sutural borders of the postorbital are areas where further study is needed. These features may provide additional clues about the evolutionary relationships between Bullacephalus and other therapsids. Despite the missing anterior portions of the snout and lower jaw, the moderately complete skull and lower jaw of Bullacephalus are still valuable specimens for understanding the morphology and classification of this unique therapsid. Further study of Bullacephalus and other Burnetiamorpha will undoubtedly shed more light on the evolutionary history of therapsids and the complex ecosystems in which they lived.
The specimen of Bullacephalus is a moderately complete skull and lower jaw, with some missing anterior portions of the snout and lower jaw and badly weathered left side and skull roof posterior to the pineal foramen. The temporal opening is situated posteroventral to the orbit, and three pachyostosis bony bosses are present on the skull, similar to [[Burnetia]] and [[Proburnetia]], but with a different appearance. The premaxilla is not preserved, but the remaining portion of the maxilla forms most of the side of the snout, exhibiting a rugose surface anteriorly and reaching the dorsal limit below the dorsomedially positioned nasal boss. The paired nasals do not have a large exposure on the skull roof, and the anterior portion is not preserved. The prefrontal is a large bone forming the anterodorsal and dorsal margins of the orbit, and above the orbit, it forms a prominent supraorbital boss, thinning anteriorly and extending to the lateral side of the skull as far as the nasal boss. The lacrimal has a large exposure anterior to the orbit, with a prominent rectangular fossa on its anterodorsal side bordering the prefrontal dorsally and the maxilla anteriorly. The zygomatic arch is thick and poorly defined, with unclear sutural contacts between the elements. The postorbital is narrow when viewed from the side, and its sutural borders are unclear.<ref>{{Cite journal |=Rubidge |=Bruce S. |last2=Kitching |first2=James W. |date=January 2003 |title=A new burnetiamorph (Therapsida: Biarmosuchia) from the Lower Beaufort Group of South Africa |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1475-4983.00294 |journal=Palaeontology |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=199–210 |doi=10.1111/1475-4983.00294 |issn=0031-0239}}</ref> The moderately complete skull and lower jaw of Bullacephalus provide valuable information about its morphology and classification. The position of the temporal opening, posteroventral to the orbit, is a common feature among therapsids, and the presence of three pachyostosis bony bosses is a distinguishing characteristic of Burnetiamorpha. The rugose surface of the anterior portion of the maxilla suggests that Bullacephalus may have had a powerful bite. The nasal boss and the prominent supraorbital boss of the prefrontal are also notable features of Bullacephalus' skull, which may have served as attachment points for powerful jaw muscles. The rectangular fossa on the anterodorsal side of the lacrimal is another interesting feature of Bullacephalus' skull. This fossa may have been a site of attachment for the lacrimal gland. Alternatively, it may have been a site of attachment for muscles that control the opening and closing of the eye.The poor definition of the zygomatic arch and the unclear sutural borders of the postorbital are areas where further study is needed. These features may provide additional clues about the evolutionary relationships between Bullacephalus and other therapsids. Despite the missing anterior portions of the snout and lower jaw, the moderately complete skull and lower jaw of Bullacephalus are still valuable specimens for understanding the morphology and classification of this unique therapsid. Further study of Bullacephalus and other Burnetiamorpha will undoubtedly shed more light on the evolutionary history of therapsids and the complex ecosystems in which they lived.
</div>
</div>
== References ==
== References ==
<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Day |first=Michael O. |last2=Smith |first2=Roger M. H. |last3=Benoit |first3=Julien |last4=Fernandez |first4=Vincent |last5=Rubidge |first5=Bruce S. |date=2018-04-29 |editor-last=Angielczyk |editor-first=Kenneth |title=A new species of burnetiid (Therapsida, Burnetiamorpha) from the early Wuchiapingian of South Africa and implications for the evolutionary ecology of the family Burnetiidae |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/spp2.1114 |journal=Papers in Palaeontology |language=en |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=453–475 |doi=10.1002/spp2.1114 |issn=2056-2799}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Day |first=Michael |last2=Rubidge |first2=Bruce |last3=Abdala |first3=Fernando |date=2016 |title=A new mid-Permian burnetiamorph therapsid from the Main Karoo Basin of South Africa and a phylogenetic review of Burnetiamorpha. |url=https://www.app.pan.pl/article/item/app002962016.html |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |language=en |volume=61 |doi=10.4202/app.00296.2016 |issn=0567-7920}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kruger |first=Ashley |last2=Rubidge |first2=Bruce S. |last3=Abdala |first3=Fernando |last4=Chindebvu |first4=Elizabeth Gomani |last5=Jacobs |first5=Louis L. |date=2015-11-02 |title=Lende chiweta , a new therapsid from Malawi, and its influence on burnetiamorph phylogeny and biogeography |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2015.1008698 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=e1008698 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2015.1008698 |issn=0272-4634}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sidor |first=C. A. |last2=Welman |first2=J. |date=2003-09-12 |title=A second specimen of Lemurosaurus pricei (Therapsida: Burnetiamorpha) |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1671/0272-4634%282003%29023%5B0631%3AASSOLP%5D2.0.CO%3B2 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |language=en |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=631–642 |doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2003)023[0631:ASSOLP]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0272-4634}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sidor |first=Christian A. |last2=Hopson |first2=James A. |last3=Keyser |first3=André W. |date=2004-12-10 |title=A new burnetiamorph therapsid from the Teekloof Formation, Permian, of South Africa |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1671/0272-4634%282004%29024%5B0938%3AANBTFT%5D2.0.CO%3B2 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |language=en |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=938–950 |doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0938:ANBTFT]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0272-4634}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kammerer |first=Christian F. |last2=Sidor |first2=Christian A. |date=2021-01-13 |editor-last=Angielczyk |editor-first=Kenneth |title=A new burnetiid from the middle Permian of Zambia and a reanalysis of burnetiamorph relationships |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/spp2.1341 |journal=Papers in Palaeontology |language=en |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=1261–1295 |doi=10.1002/spp2.1341 |issn=2056-2799}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=Jun |last2=Rubidge |first2=Bruce |last3=Li |first3=Jinling |date=2010-01-22 |title=A new specimen of Biseridens qilianicus indicates its phylogenetic position as the most basal anomodont |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2009.0883 |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |language=en |volume=277 |issue=1679 |pages=285–292 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2009.0883 |issn=0962-8452 |pmc=PMC2842672 |pmid=19640887}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sidor |first=Christian A. |date=2003 |title=The naris and palate of Lycaenodon longiceps (Therapsida: Biarmosuchia), by comments on their early evolution in the Therapsida |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/abs/naris-and-palate-of-lycaenodon-longiceps-therapsida-biarmosuchia-by-comments-on-their-early-evolution-in-the-therapsida/152A67833BEEBA33F7691D21A5439F3F |journal=Journal of Paleontology |language=en |volume=77 |issue=5 |pages=977–984 |doi=10.1666/0022-3360(2003)077<0977:TNAPOL>2.0.CO;2 |issn=0022-3360}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Roger M. H. |last2=Rubidge |first2=Bruce S. |last3=Sidor |first3=Christian A. |date=2006-06-12 |title=A new burnetiid (Therapsida: Biarmosuchia) from the Upper Permian of South Africa and its biogeographic implications |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1671/0272-4634%282006%2926%5B331%3AANBTBF%5D2.0.CO%3B2 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |language=en |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=331–343 |doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[331:ANBTBF]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0272-4634}}</ref>{{Reflist}}
<ref>{{Cite journal |=Day |=Michael O. |last2=Smith |first2=Roger M. H. |last3=Benoit |first3=Julien |last4=Fernandez |first4=Vincent |last5=Rubidge |first5=Bruce S. |date=2018-04-29 |editor-last=Angielczyk |editor-first=Kenneth |title=A new species of burnetiid (Therapsida, Burnetiamorpha) from the early Wuchiapingian of South Africa and implications for the evolutionary ecology of the family Burnetiidae |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/spp2.1114 |journal=Papers in Palaeontology |language=en |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=453–475 |doi=10.1002/spp2.1114 |issn=2056-2799}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |=Day |=Michael |last2=Rubidge |first2=Bruce |last3=Abdala |first3=Fernando |date=2016 |title=A new mid-Permian burnetiamorph therapsid from the Main Karoo Basin of South Africa and a phylogenetic review of Burnetiamorpha. |url=https://www.app.pan.pl/article/item/app002962016.html |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |language=en |volume=61 |doi=10.4202/app.00296.2016 |issn=0567-7920}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |=Kruger |=Ashley |last2=Rubidge |first2=Bruce S. |last3=Abdala |first3=Fernando |last4=Chindebvu |first4=Elizabeth Gomani |last5=Jacobs |first5=Louis L. |date=2015-11-02 |title=Lende chiweta , a new therapsid from Malawi, and its influence on burnetiamorph phylogeny and biogeography |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2015.1008698 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=e1008698 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2015.1008698 |issn=0272-4634}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |=Sidor |=C. A. |last2=Welman |first2=J. |date=2003-09-12 |title=A second specimen of Lemurosaurus pricei (Therapsida: Burnetiamorpha) |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1671/0272-4634%282003%29023%5B0631%3AASSOLP%5D2.0.CO%3B2 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |language=en |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=631–642 |doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2003)023[0631:ASSOLP]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0272-4634}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |=Sidor |=Christian A. |last2=Hopson |first2=James A. |last3=Keyser |first3=André W. |date=2004-12-10 |title=A new burnetiamorph therapsid from the Teekloof Formation, Permian, of South Africa |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1671/0272-4634%282004%29024%5B0938%3AANBTFT%5D2.0.CO%3B2 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |language=en |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=938–950 |doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0938:ANBTFT]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0272-4634}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |=Kammerer |=Christian F. |last2=Sidor |first2=Christian A. |date=2021-01-13 |editor-last=Angielczyk |editor-first=Kenneth |title=A new burnetiid from the middle Permian of Zambia and a reanalysis of burnetiamorph relationships |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/spp2.1341 |journal=Papers in Palaeontology |language=en |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=1261–1295 |doi=10.1002/spp2.1341 |issn=2056-2799}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |=Liu |=Jun |last2=Rubidge |first2=Bruce |last3=Li |first3=Jinling |date=2010-01-22 |title=A new specimen of Biseridens qilianicus indicates its phylogenetic position as the most basal anomodont |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |language=en |volume=277 |issue=1679 |pages=285–292 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2009.0883 |issn=0962-8452 |pmc= |pmid=19640887}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sidor |first=Christian A. |date=2003 |title=The naris and palate of Lycaenodon longiceps (Therapsida: Biarmosuchia), by comments on their early evolution in the Therapsida |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/abs/naris-and-palate-of-lycaenodon-longiceps-therapsida-biarmosuchia-by-comments-on-their-early-evolution-in-the-therapsida/152A67833BEEBA33F7691D21A5439F3F |journal=Journal of Paleontology |language=en |volume=77 |issue=5 |pages=977–984 |doi=10.1666/0022-3360(2003)077<0977:TNAPOL>2.0.CO;2 |issn=0022-3360}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |=Smith |=Roger M. H. |last2=Rubidge |first2=Bruce S. |last3=Sidor |first3=Christian A. |date=2006-06-12 |title=A new burnetiid (Therapsida: Biarmosuchia) from the Upper Permian of South Africa and its biogeographic implications |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1671/0272-4634%282006%2926%5B331%3AANBTBF%5D2.0.CO%3B2 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |language=en |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=331–343 |doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[331:ANBTBF]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0272-4634}}</ref>{{Reflist}}


{{Portal|Paleontology}}
{{Portal|Paleontology}}

Latest revision as of 08:36, 29 September 2024

Bullacephalus
Temporal range: Late Permian
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Synapsida
Clade: Therapsida
Suborder: †Biarmosuchia
Family: †Burnetiidae
Genus: †Bullacephalus
Rubidge and Kitching, 2003
Species:
†B. jacksoni
Binomial name
†Bullacephalus jacksoni
Rubidge and Kitching, 2003

Bullacephalus is an extinct genus of biarmosuchian therapsids belonging to the family Burnetiidae. The type species B. jacksoni was named in 2003. It is known from a relatively complete skull and lower jaw, discovered in the Late Permian Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone of the Beaufort Group of South Africa.[1] This genus of therapsida lived during the Late Permian period, approximately 250 million years ago.

References

[edit]

[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]

  1. ^ Rubidge, Bruce S.; Kitching, James W. (2003-11-24). "A new burnetiamorph (Therapsida: Biarmosuchia) from the Lower Beaufort Group of South Africa". Palaeontology. 46 (1): 199–210. doi:10.1111/1475-4983.00294. ISSN 0031-0239.
  2. ^ Day, Michael; Rubidge, Bruce; Abdala, Fernando (2016). "A new mid-Permian burnetiamorph therapsid from the Main Karoo Basin of South Africa and a phylogenetic review of Burnetiamorpha". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 61. doi:10.4202/app.00296.2016. ISSN 0567-7920.
  3. ^ Rubidge, Bruce S.; Kitching, James W. (January 2003). "A new burnetiamorph (Therapsida: Biarmosuchia) from the Lower Beaufort Group of South Africa". Palaeontology. 46 (1): 199–210. doi:10.1111/1475-4983.00294. ISSN 0031-0239.
  4. ^ Liu, Jun; Rubidge, Bruce; Li, Jinling (2009-07-29). "A new specimen of Biseridens qilianicus indicates its phylogenetic position as the most basal anomodont". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 277 (1679): 285–292. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0883. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 2842672. PMID 19640887.
  5. ^ Kruger, Ashley; Rubidge, Bruce S.; Abdala, Fernando; Chindebvu, Elizabeth Gomani; Jacobs, Louis L. (2015-10-29). "Lende chiweta, a new therapsid from Malawi, and its influence on burnetiamorph phylogeny and biogeography". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 35 (6): e1008698. doi:10.1080/02724634.2015.1008698. ISSN 0272-4634.
  6. ^ Rubidge, Bruce S.; Kitching, James W. (January 2003). "A new burnetiamorph (Therapsida: Biarmosuchia) from the Lower Beaufort Group of South Africa". Palaeontology. 46 (1): 199–210. doi:10.1111/1475-4983.00294. ISSN 0031-0239.
  7. ^ Day, Michael O.; Smith, Roger M. H.; Benoit, Julien; Fernandez, Vincent; Rubidge, Bruce S. (2018-04-29). Angielczyk, Kenneth (ed.). "A new species of burnetiid (Therapsida, Burnetiamorpha) from the early Wuchiapingian of South Africa and implications for the evolutionary ecology of the family Burnetiidae". Papers in Palaeontology. 4 (3): 453–475. doi:10.1002/spp2.1114. ISSN 2056-2799.
  8. ^ Day, Michael; Rubidge, Bruce; Abdala, Fernando (2016). "A new mid-Permian burnetiamorph therapsid from the Main Karoo Basin of South Africa and a phylogenetic review of Burnetiamorpha". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 61. doi:10.4202/app.00296.2016. ISSN 0567-7920.
  9. ^ Kruger, Ashley; Rubidge, Bruce S.; Abdala, Fernando; Chindebvu, Elizabeth Gomani; Jacobs, Louis L. (2015-11-02). "Lende chiweta , a new therapsid from Malawi, and its influence on burnetiamorph phylogeny and biogeography". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 35 (6): e1008698. doi:10.1080/02724634.2015.1008698. ISSN 0272-4634.
  10. ^ Sidor, C. A.; Welman, J. (2003-09-12). "A second specimen of Lemurosaurus pricei (Therapsida: Burnetiamorpha)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 23 (3): 631–642. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2003)023[0631:ASSOLP]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0272-4634.
  11. ^ Sidor, Christian A.; Hopson, James A.; Keyser, André W. (2004-12-10). "A new burnetiamorph therapsid from the Teekloof Formation, Permian, of South Africa". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 24 (4): 938–950. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0938:ANBTFT]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0272-4634.
  12. ^ Kammerer, Christian F.; Sidor, Christian A. (2021-01-13). Angielczyk, Kenneth (ed.). "A new burnetiid from the middle Permian of Zambia and a reanalysis of burnetiamorph relationships". Papers in Palaeontology. 7 (3): 1261–1295. doi:10.1002/spp2.1341. ISSN 2056-2799.
  13. ^ Liu, Jun; Rubidge, Bruce; Li, Jinling (2010-01-22). "A new specimen of Biseridens qilianicus indicates its phylogenetic position as the most basal anomodont". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 277 (1679): 285–292. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0883. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 2842672. PMID 19640887.
  14. ^ Sidor, Christian A. (2003). "The naris and palate of Lycaenodon longiceps (Therapsida: Biarmosuchia), by comments on their early evolution in the Therapsida". Journal of Paleontology. 77 (5): 977–984. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2003)077<0977:TNAPOL>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0022-3360.
  15. ^ Smith, Roger M. H.; Rubidge, Bruce S.; Sidor, Christian A. (2006-06-12). "A new burnetiid (Therapsida: Biarmosuchia) from the Upper Permian of South Africa and its biogeographic implications". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 26 (2): 331–343. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[331:ANBTBF]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0272-4634.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bullacephalus&oldid=1248399040"