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{{Short description|Graph of neutrons vs. protons in nuclides}}
{{For|a textual list of nuclides|list of nuclides}}

A '''table''' or '''chart of nuclides''' is a two-dimensional [[Cartesian coordinate system|graph]] of [[isotope]]s of the [[Chemical element|elements]], in which one axis represents the [[number of neutrons]] (symbol ''N'') and the other represents the [[number of protons]] (atomic number, symbol ''Z'') in the [[atomic nucleus]].  Each point plotted on the graph thus represents a [[nuclide]] of a known or hypothetical [[chemical element]]. This system of ordering nuclides can offer a greater insight into the characteristics of isotopes than the better-known [[periodic table]], which shows only elements and not their isotopes.  The chart of the nuclides is also known as the '''Segrè chart''', after the Italian physicist [[Emilio Segrè]].<ref name="Byrne">{{ cite book |title=Neutrons, Nuclei and Matter: An Exploration of the Physics of Slow Neutrons |author=J. Byrne  | isbn= 978-0486482385 | year=2011 |location=Mineola, New York | publisher=Dover Publications}}</ref>

== Description and utility ==
{{see also|Valley of stability}}
A chart or table of nuclides maps the nuclear, or [[radioactive]], behavior of nuclides, as it distinguishes the isotopes of an element. It contrasts with a periodic table, which only maps their chemical behavior, since isotopes (nuclides that are variants of the same element) do not differ chemically to any significant degree, with the exception of hydrogen. Nuclide charts organize nuclides along the X axis by their numbers of [[neutron]]s and along the Y axis by their numbers of [[proton]]s, out to the limits of the neutron and proton [[Nuclear drip line|drip lines]]. This representation was first published by Kurt Guggenheimer in 1934<ref>Kurt Guggenheimer. Journal de Physique et le Radium 5 (1934) 253</ref> and expanded by Giorgio Fea in 1935,<ref>Giorgio Fea. Il Nuovo Cimento 2 (1935) 368</ref> [[Emilio Segrè]] in 1945 or Glenn Seaborg. In 1958, [[Walter Seelmann-Eggebert]] and Gerda Pfennig published the first edition of the [[Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart]]. Its 7th edition was made available in 2006. Today, there are several nuclide charts, four of which have a wide distribution: the Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart, the Strasbourg Universal Nuclide Chart, the Chart of the Nuclides from the [[Japan Atomic Energy Agency]] (JAEA), and the Nuclide Chart from [[Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory]] in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |title=What We Do: The Chart of Nuclides |publisher=Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory |url=http://www.knollslab.com/nuclides.html |access-date=14 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018161734/http://www.knollslab.com/nuclides.html |archive-date=18 October 2016 }}</ref> It has become a basic tool of the nuclear community.

{{multiple image
| align             = center
| direction         = vertical
| width             = 300
| image1            = NuclideMap.PNG
| width1            = 
| alt1              = 
| caption1          = A chart of nuclides. Above, cut into three parts for better presentation; below, combined.
| image2            = NuclideMap.svg
| width2            = 300
| alt2              = 
| caption2          = {{plainlist|
{{center|[[Decay mode]]s}}
* {{legend-inline|#000000|None ([[stable isotope|stable]])}}
* {{legend-inline|#63c5de|[[Positron emission]] or [[electron capture]] (decay moves atom one place diagonally down and to right)}}
* {{legend-inline|#ff9472|[[Proton emission]] (decay moves atom one place down)}}
* {{legend-inline|#9b7bbc|[[Neutron emission]] (decay moves atom one place to left)}}
* {{legend-inline|#feff41|[[Alpha decay]] (decay moves atom two places diagonally down and to left)}}
* {{legend-inline|#53b552|[[Spontaneous fission]]}}
* {{legend-inline|#e78cc7|[[Beta decay]] (decay moves atom one place diagonally up and to left)}}
}}
| total_width       = 700
}}

== Trends in the chart of nuclides ==
The trends in this section refer to the following chart, which shows ''Z'' increasing to the right and ''N'' increasing downward, a 90° clockwise rotation of the above landscape-orientation charts.
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
|-
{{Isotones|5_0}}
|-
{{Isotones|6_0}}
|-
{{Isotones|7_0}}
|-
{{Isotones|8_0}}
|-
{{Isotones|9_0}}
|}
[[Image:Isotopes and half-life.svg|thumb|300px|Isotope half-lives. The darker more stable isotope region departs from the line of protons (''Z'') = neutrons (''N''), as the element number ''Z'' becomes larger]]
* '''[[Isotope]]s''' are nuclides with the same number of protons but differing numbers of neutrons; that is, they have the same atomic number and are therefore the same [[chemical element]]. Isotopes neighbor each other vertically. Examples include carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14 in the table above.
* '''[[Isotone]]s''' are nuclides with the same number of neutrons but differing numbers of protons. Isotones neighbor each other horizontally. Examples include carbon-14, nitrogen-15, and oxygen-16 in the table above.
* '''[[Isobar (nuclide)|Isobars]]''' are nuclides with the same number of [[Nucleon|nucleons]] (i.e. mass number) but different numbers of protons and neutrons. Isobars neighbor each other diagonally from lower-left to upper-right. Examples include carbon-14, nitrogen-14, and oxygen-14 in the table above.
* '''[[Isodiapher]]s''' are nuclides with the same difference between their numbers of neutrons and protons (''N''&nbsp;−&nbsp;''Z'').  Like isobars, they follow diagonal lines, but at right angles to the isobar lines (from upper-left to lower-right).  Examples include boron-10, carbon-12, and nitrogen-14 (as ''N''&nbsp;−&nbsp;''Z''&nbsp;=&nbsp;0 for each pair), or boron-12, carbon-14, and nitrogen-16 (as ''N''&nbsp;−&nbsp;''Z''&nbsp;=&nbsp;2 for each pair).
* Beyond the '''neutron [[Nuclear drip line|drip line]]''' along the lower left, nuclides decay by [[neutron emission]].
* Beyond the '''proton drip line''' along the upper right, nuclides decay by [[proton emission]]. Drip lines have only been established for some elements. 
* The [[island of stability]] is a hypothetical region in the top right cluster of nuclides that contains isotopes far more stable than other [[Transuranium element|transuranic elements]].
* There are no stable nuclides having an equal number of protons and neutrons in their nuclei with atomic number greater than 20 (i.e. [[calcium]]) as can be readily observed from the chart. Nuclei of greater atomic number require an excess of neutrons for stability.
* The only stable nuclides having an odd number of protons and an odd number of neutrons are [[hydrogen-2]], [[lithium-6]], [[boron-10]], [[nitrogen-14]] and (observationally) [[tantalum-180m]]. This is because the [[mass–energy equivalence|mass–energy]] of such atoms is usually higher than that of their neighbors on the same isobaric chain, so most of them are unstable to [[beta decay]].
* There are no stable nuclides with mass numbers 5 or 8. There are stable nuclides with all other mass numbers up to 208 with the exceptions of 147 and 151, which are represented by the very long-lived [[samarium-147]] and [[europium-151]]. ([[Bismuth-209]] was found to be radioactive in 2003, but with a half-life of {{val|2.01|e=19|u=years}}.)
* With the exception of the pair [[tellurium-123]] and [[antimony-123]], odd mass numbers are never represented by more than one stable nuclide. This is because the mass–energy is a [[convex function]] of atomic number, so all nuclides on an odd isobaric chain except one have a lower-energy neighbor to which they can decay by beta decay. See [[Mattauch isobar rule]]. (<sup>123</sup>Te is expected to decay to <sup>123</sup>Sb, but the half-life appears to be so long that the decay has never been observed.)
* There are no stable nuclides having atomic number greater than ''Z''&nbsp;=&nbsp;82 ([[lead]]),<ref>Holden,CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 90th Edition §11</ref> although [[bismuth]] (''Z''&nbsp;=&nbsp;83) is stable for all practical human purposes and [[thorium]] (''Z''&nbsp;=&nbsp;90) and [[uranium]] (''Z''&nbsp;=&nbsp;92) are sufficiently long-lived to occur on Earth in large quantities. Elements with atomic numbers from 1 to 82 all have stable isotopes, with the exceptions of [[technetium]] (''Z''&nbsp;=&nbsp;43) and [[promethium]] (''Z''&nbsp;=&nbsp;61).

== Tables ==
{{Isotope colour chart
| border_iso1 = {{Iso2|94|Nb|Y}}
| border_info1 = Border: Isomer is {{Iso/-/text}}
| border_iso2 = {{Iso2|198|Au|V|V}}
| border_info2 = Border: Isomer is {{Iso/V/text}}
| border_iso3 = {{Iso2|91|Nb|G|I}}
| border_info3 = Border: Isomer is {{Iso/I/text}}
| border_iso4 = {{Iso2|102|Rh|B|B}}
| border_info4 = Border: Isomer is {{Iso/B/text}}
| border_iso5 = {{Iso2|93|Nb|R|G}}
| border_info5 = Border: Isomer is {{Iso/G/text}}
| border_iso6 = {{Iso2|204|Pb|R|Y}}
| border_info6 = Border: Isomer is {{Iso/Y/text}}
| border_iso7 = {{Iso2|180|Ta|-|R}}
| border_info7 = Border: Isomer is {{Iso/R/text}}
}}
For convenience, three different views of the data are available on Wikipedia: two sets of "segmented tables", and a single "unitized table (all elements)". The unitized table allows easy visualizion of proton/neutron-count trends but requires simultaneous horizontal and vertical scrolling. The segmented tables permit easier examination of a particular chemical element with much less scrolling. Links are provided to quickly jump between the different sections.

=== Segmented tables ===
* [[Table of nuclides (segmented, narrow)]]
* [[Table of nuclides (segmented, wide)]]

=== Full table ===
<!--For instructions on using templates in the isotope table, see [[Template talk:Iso1]]-->
The nuclide table below shows [[nuclide]]s (often loosely called "isotopes", but this term properly refers to nuclides with the same atomic number, see above), including all with [[half-life]] of at least one day.<ref>The data for these tables came from [[Brookhaven National Laboratory]], which has an interactive [https://www-nds.iaea.org/relnsd/vcharthtml/VChartHTML.html Table of Nuclides] with data on ~3000 nuclides.</ref> They are arranged with increasing [[atomic numbers]] from left to right and increasing [[neutron]] numbers from top to bottom.

Cell color denotes the half-life of each nuclide; if a border is present, its color indicates the half-life of the most stable [[nuclear isomer]]. In graphical browsers, each nuclide also has a [[tool tip]] indicating its half-life.
Each color represents a certain range of length of half-life, and the color of the border indicates the half-life of its nuclear isomer state. Some nuclides have multiple nuclear isomers, and this table notes the one with the longest half-life.
Dotted borders mean that a nuclide has a nuclear isomer with a half-life in the same range as the ground state nuclide.
The dashed lines between several nuclides of the first few elements are the experimentally determined proton and neutron [[nuclear drip line|drip lines]].

<!--NOTE TO EDITORS: Nuclide data is edited at [[Template:Isotones]]. Discussions regarding article content and nuclide data all take place at [[Talk:Isotope table (complete)]] -->
{{Table of nuclides}}
<!--EDITORS NOTE: You may not see perfect right-justified alignment with 270-em spacing. It's a compromise for Safari, Internet Explorer, and Firefox.-->

[[File:Warszawa Centrum Nowych Technologii UW-4.jpg|thumb|right|Fragment of table of nuclides as seen on a monument in front of [[University of Warsaw]]'s Centre of New Technologies, with the four elements named by or for Polish scientists shown in the title ("including [[polonium|Po]], [[radium|Ra]], [[curium|Cm]], [[copernicium|Cn]]") and below the table:<br/>[[polonium]] (<sub>84</sub>Po) discovered in 1898,<br/>[[radium]] (<sub>88</sub>Ra) discovered in 1898,<br/>[[curium]] (<sub>96</sub>Cm) discovered in 1944,<br/>[[copernicium]] (<sub>112</sub>Cn) discovered in 1996.]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://wwwndc.jaea.go.jp/CN14/sp/ Chart of the Nuclides 2014 (Japan Atomic Energy Agency)]
* [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/ Interactive Chart of Nuclides (Brookhaven National Laboratory)]
* [https://www.epj-n.org/articles/epjn/full_html/2019/01/epjn180014/epjn180014.html Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart – New 10th edition 2018]
* [https://nucleonica.com/ Nucleonica web driven nuclear science]
* [https://www-nds.iaea.org/relnsd/vcharthtml/VChartHTML.html IAEA Live Chart of Nuclides]
* [[Image:Ndslivechart.png]] app for mobiles:  [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=iaea.nds.nuclides  Android ]  or   [https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/isotope-browser/id943890538?mt=8 Apple] – for PC use [http://www-nds.iaea.org/livechart The Live Chart of Nuclides - IAEA ]
* [https://people.physics.anu.edu.au/~ecs103/chart/index.php The Colourful Nuclide Chart], by Edward Simpson of Australian National University
* [https://energyeducation.ca/simulations/nuclear/nuclidechart.html Nuclide chart (EnergyEducation.ca)]
* [http://atom.kaeri.re.kr Another example of a Chart of Nuclides from Korea] Data up to Jan 1999 only

{{Nuclides navbox}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Table Of Nuclides}}
[[Category:Tables of nuclides]]

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