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{{Short description|Railway station in Portugal}}
{{Infobox station
| name               = [[File:Logo Infraestruturas de Portugal 2.svg|18px]] Santa Apolónia Railway Station
| name_lang          = en
| native_name        = Estação Ferroviária de Santa Apolónia
| native_name_lang   = pt
| image              = Exterior of Santa Apolónia train station (cropped).jpg
| address            = Avenida Infante Dom Henrique 1, 1100-105, [[Lisbon]]
| country            = {{PRT}}
| operator           = [[File:Logo CP 2.svg|18px|link=CP Lisboa]] [[CP Lisboa|Lisbon CP]]
[[File:Logo CP 2.svg|18px|link=Comboios de Portugal]] [[Comboios de Portugal|CP]]
| connections        = [[File:Metropolitano Lisboa logo.svg|18px|link=Lisbon Metro]] {{STN|Santa Apolónia|Lisbon Metro}}
| opened             = {{Start date|1856|10|28|df=y}}
}}
The '''Santa Apolónia Station''' is the oldest [[railway terminus]] in [[Portugal]]. It is situated in the [[Freguesia (Portugal)|civil parish]] of [[São Vicente (Lisbon)|São Vicente]], in the central part of the [[Concelho|municipality]] of [[Lisbon]], on the northern margin of the [[Tagus River]] in the historical district of [[Alfama]].

==History==
[[File:Santa Apolonia Railway Station - A. S. Fonseca.jpg|235px|left|thumb|A 19th century view of the Santa Apolónia station]]
[[File:Santa Apolonia Railway Station interior A. S. Fonseca.jpg|235px|left|thumb|The interior of the main platforms at Santa Apolónia]]
[[File:Lisboa-Santa Apolonia Portugal.jpg|thumb|235px|left|A 20th century view of the Santa Apolónia station]]
{{CPLisbon}}
In December 1844, under the initiative of José Bernardo da Costa Cabral, the ''Companhia das Obras Públicas'' was founded, with the purpose of constructing a rail line between Lisbon and Spain, in addition to intermodal station between rail and maritime services. The station was known as the ''Cais da América'' or ''Cais da Europa'', and allowed rail passengers from Europe to offload to ships for America.<ref name=CFP1996>João Martins, Miguel Sousa & Madalena Brion (1996), p.11</ref>

The initial project was for the construction at the ''Cais dos Soldados'' (''Soldiers Wharf''). Meanwhile, in December 1852, the engineer Thomaz Rumball proposed two alternatives, alongside the ''Museu Militar de Lisboa'' (''Military Museum of Lisbon''), or in the proximity of the ''Largo do Intendente''. Another engineer, Harcourt White, also rejected the option of ''Cais dos Soldades'' in January 1853, because the location was too small to construct a station. He suggested that the station be situated along the river, after the ''Church of Anjos'' in [[Xabregas]], where at the time there was free space. An executive committee was nominated to plan the construction of the Lisbon station, proposing the construction of a building along Rocha do Conde de Óbidos, with the capacity to receive passengers and commerce, with one of the lines continuing to area around the customs house in [[Terreiro do Paço]].<ref>João Martins, Miguel Sousa & Madalena Brion (1996), p.26</ref> The construction project to Spain, therefore, began this year, under orders of [[Fontes Pereira de Melo]],<ref name=CFP1996/>

The actual project to construct the station at ''Cais dos Soldados'' was approved by the government on 8 March 1854.<ref name="SIPA">{{citation |url=http://www.monumentos.pt/Site/APP_PagesUser/SIPA.aspx?id=23182 |title=Estação do Cais dos Soldados/Estação Ferroviária de Santa Apolónia (IPA.00023182/PT031106291099) |publisher=SIPA –Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico |editor=SIPA |location=Lisbon, Portugal |language=Portuguese |first=João |last=Machado |year=2005 |access-date=14 February 2016}}</ref> The plan presented a station that included distinctive elements for commercial and passenger traffic, repair workshops, warehouses and services. For the passenger terminal, the government acquired the old Convent of Santa Apolónia, but the former army arsenal in the location was demolished to make way for the final design. From the beginning, the rail line and the commercial wharf required that land be reclaimed along the Tagus River.<ref name=CFP1996:27>João Martins, Miguel Sousa & Madalena Brion (1996), p.27</ref>

At the inauguration of the first link of the ''Caminho de Ferro do Leste'' (''Eastern line''), between [[Carregado]] and [[Lisboa]], on 28 September 1856, the construction of the station had not already begun.<ref name=SIPA/> In the meantime, the terminal was installed in the provisionary building along the ''Palácio de Coimbra'' (''Palace of Coimbra'').<ref>João Martins, Miguel Sousa & Madalena Brion (1996), p.15</ref>

The project was designed by Angel Arribas Ugarte, and directed by director João Evangelista de Abreu, and his chief engineer Lecrenier, and constructed by the company Oppermann.<ref name=Santos328 /><ref name=ArquitecturaFerro/><ref name=SIPA/> The station was inaugurated on 1 May 1865, with the first line to the station beginning operation in 1873, to connect Santa Apolónia to [[Santos-o-Velho|Santos]].<ref name=Santos328>José Santos (1998), p. 328</ref><ref>João Martins, Miguel Sousa & Madalena Brion (1996), p.29</ref>

Between 1891 and 1957 most passenger services at Santa Apolónia moved to [[Rossio Train Station]], then referred to as the ''Central Station''. Santa Apolonia became one of several land transport hubs, that included [[Gare do Oriente]], situated {{convert|6.5|km|mi}} southwest, [[Cais do Sodré railway station|Cais do Sodré]], Rossio and [[Entrecampos]].

From the 20th century, the national rail service [[Comboios de Portugal]] has operated different suburban, national and international routes (including links to Paris and Madrid, including the high-speed [[Alfa Pendular]] service. Santa Apolónia rail station is connected to the [[Lisbon Metro]] station of the same name, which opened in 2007.
In January 2011, there were six means of transit, between {{convert|250|-|355|m|ft}} length; the platforms were between {{convert|172|-|348|m|ft}}, and a height of {{convert|60|-|70|cm|in}}.<ref>Rede Ferroviária Nacional (6 January 2011), p.73</ref>

==Architecture==
{{Infobox station
| name               = Santa Apolónia
| native_name        = 
| native_name_lang   = pt
| symbol_location    = 
| symbol             = 
| type               = [[Intermodal passenger transport|Intermodal station]]
| image              = Santa Apolónia terminal train station.jpg
| alt                = 
| caption            = ''Intercidades'' (''intercity'') transport on the platform
| address            = Santa Apolónia<br />Avenida Infante Dom Henrique 73<br />Lisboa 1100
| borough            = [[São Vicente (Lisbon)|São Vicente]]
| country            = [[Portugal]]
| coordinates        = 
| owned              = 
| operator           = [[Comboios de Portugal]]
| line               = [[Linha do Norte|Norte line]]<br />Xabregas direct curve
| distance           = 
| platforms          = 4 tracks with 40&nbsp;cm-high platforms and 2 tracks with 90&nbsp;cm-high platforms<ref name=statement-2024>{{cite web|title=Diretório da Rede 2024|date=December 2022|author=[[Infraestruturas de Portugal]]|url=https://servicos.infraestruturasdeportugal.pt/sites/default/files/inline-files/Diretorio%20da%20Rede%202024.pdf|language=pt}}</ref>{{rp|83}}
| tracks             = 7 (one of which is a platform-less [[run-round loop]])
| train_operators    = [[Comboios de Portugal]], [[Lisbon Metro]]
| connections        = [[Lisbon Metro]] ([[File:Metropolitano Lisboa logo.svg|18px|link=Lisbon Metro]] {{STN|Santa Apolónia|Lisbon Metro}}), Bus, Taxi
| structure          = 
| parking            = 
| bicycle            = 
| accessible         = Station without architectural barriers, Ramp/lift for train access, Accessible toilets
| code               = 
| zone               = 
| website            = 
| opened             = <!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD|df=y}} -->
| closed             = <!-- {{End date|YYYY|MM|DD|df=y}} -->
| passengers         = 
| pass_year          = 
| pass_rank          = 
| services           = {{Adjacent stations
|system=Comboios de Portugal|line=Alfa Pendular|right=Lisbon-Oriente
|line4=IC Braga|right4=Lisbon-Oriente
|line5=IC Gui|right5=Lisbon-Oriente
|line6=IC Val|right6=Lisbon-Oriente
|line7=IC Porto|right7=Lisbon-Oriente
|line8=InterRegional Tomar|right8=Lisbon-Oriente
|line9=Regional Tomar|right9=Lisbon-Oriente
|line10=Regional Lisboa-Entroncamento|right10=Lisbon-Oriente
|line11=Regional Lisboa-Entroncamento|right11=Braço de Prata
|line12=Regional Lisboa-Porto|right12=Braço de Prata
|system13=Lisbon CP|line13=Apolobuja|right13=Braço de Prata
}}
}}

The station is situated along the northern margin of the Tagus River, in the Alfama district of Lisbon, integrated into the urban zone, along the ''Rua Caminhos de Ferro''. Fronted by ''Rua Texeira Lopes'', the three-register U-shaped building includes a short facade and long parallel wings extending around the rail platforms.

The principal symmetrical facade consists of a three-register Neoclassical, divided into five unequal veins. The first floor is dominated by five large rounded doorways, in addition to a lateral doorways on opposite ends of the facade, with rounded windows interspersed between the porticos.<ref name=ArquitecturaFerro>{{citation |url=http://arquitecturaferro.blogspot.com/2009/02/estacao-de-santa-apolonia.html |title=Estação de Santa Apolónia |accessdate=12 February 2010 |last=Nunes |first=Bruna |last2=Mascoli |first2=Diana |last3=Henriques |first3=Rodrigo |date=1 February 2009 |publisher=Blog Arquitectura do Ferro |language=Portuguese}}</ref> On the second floor are rounded windows, with the central and lateral windows much larger and with lintels. On the final floor includes a triangular pediment dominated by a clock.<ref name=ArquitecturaFerro/> Similarly, the central and lateral vains include rounded windows, interlaced by square windows.<ref name=ArquitecturaFerro/>

The main part of the building is dominated by a great nave, approximately {{convert|117|m|ft}} long, {{convert|24.6|m|ft}} wide and {{convert|13|m|ft}} tall, consisting of a lattice of wrought iron and glass, typical of the 19th century.

==Services==

{{s-rail-start|noclear=y}}
{{s-rail|title=Comboios de Portugal}}
{{rail line |route=[[Comboios de Portugal#Services|Intercidades]] |col=00A550 |previous= |next=[[Gare do Oriente|Lisboa-Oriente]]<br/><small>''toward [[Guarda railway station (Portugal)|Guarda]]''</small>|rows1=2}}
{{rail line |route=[[Comboios de Portugal#Services|Intercidades]] |col=00A550 |previous= |next=[[Gare do Oriente|Lisboa-Oriente]]<br/><small>''toward [[Covilhã railway station|Covilhã]]''</small>|hide1=yes}}

{{rail line |route=[[Comboios de Portugal#Services|InterRegional]] |col=FA6914 |previous= |next=[[Gare do Oriente|Lisboa-Oriente]]<br/><small>''toward [[Campanhã railway station|Porto-Campanhã]]''</small>|rows1=4}}
{{rail line |route=[[Comboios de Portugal#Services|InterRegional]] |col=FA6914 |previous= |next=[[Entrecampos railway station|Entrecampos]]<br/><small>''toward [[Caldas da Rainha railway station|Caldas da Rainha]]''</small>|hide1=yes}}

{{rail line |route=[[Comboios de Portugal#Services|Regional]] |col=FFA700 |previous= |next=[[Gare do Oriente|Lisboa-Oriente]]<br/><small>''toward [[Covilhã railway station|Covilhã]]''</small>|hide1=yes}}
{{rail line |route=[[Comboios de Portugal#Services|Regional]] |col=FFA700 |previous= |next=[[Entrecampos railway station|Entrecampos]]<br/><small>''toward [[Caldas da Rainha railway station|Caldas da Rainha]]''</small>|hide1=yes}}

{{rail line |route=[[Lusitânia Comboio Hotel]]<br/><small>''Operated jointly with [[Renfe Operadora]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.publico.pt/2012/09/28/economia/noticia/sud-expresso-e-lusitania-expresso-passam-a-comboio-unico-a-partir-de-4-de-outubro-1564987|date=2012-09-28|title=Sud Expresso e Lusitânia Expresso passam a comboio único a partir de 3 de Outubro|accessdate=2020-05-26|work= [[Público (Portugal)|Público]]|language= Portuguese}}</ref>''</small> |col=C1C1C1 |previous= |next=[[Gare do Oriente|Lisboa-Oriente]]<br/><small>''toward [[Madrid-Chamartín railway station|Madrid-Chamartín]]''</small>}}
{{rail line |route=[[Sud Express]]o |col=C1C1C1 |previous= |next=[[Gare do Oriente|Lisboa-Oriente]]<br/><small>''toward [[Gare d'Hendaye|Hendaye]]''</small> }}
{{s-end}}

==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Sources===
* {{citation |last=Almeida |first=D. Fernando de |title=Monumentos e Edifícios Notáveis do Distrito de Lisboa, Lisboa - Tomo II |location=Lisbon, Portugal |year=1975 |language=Portuguese}}
* {{citation |title=Arquitectura de Engenheiros - séculos XIX e XX |location=Lisbon, Portugal |publisher=Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian |issue=Maio/Junho |year=1980 |language=Portuguese}}
* {{citation |last=Santos |first=José |title=O Palácio de Cristal e Arquitectura de Ferro no Porto em Meados do Século XIX |location=Porto, Portugal |publisher=Fundação Engenheiro António de Almeida |year=1989 |pages=387 |language=Portuguese}}
* {{citation |last=Martins |first=João |last2=Sousa |first2=Miguel de |last3=Brion |first3=Madalena |title=O Caminho de Ferro Revisitado: O Caminho de Ferro em Portugal de 1856 a 1996 |location=Caminhos de Ferro Portugueses |year=1996 |language=Portuguese}}

{{Linha do Norte stations}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Santa Apolonia railway station}}
[[Category:Railway stations in Portugal opened in 1856]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Portugal opened in 1865]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Lisbon]]
[[Category:1856 establishments in Portugal]]
[[Category:1865 establishments in Portugal]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Portugal opened in the 19th century]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Portugal opened in the 21st century]]

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