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{{short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Same-sex unions|marriage}}

[[Same-sex marriage]] has been fully recognized in the U.S. state of [[Minnesota]] since August 1, 2013. Same-sex marriages have been recognized if performed in other jurisdictions since July 1, 2013, and the state began issuing [[marriage license]]s to same-sex couples on August 1. After 51.9% of state voters rejected a [[2012 Minnesota Amendment 1|constitutional amendment]] to ban same-sex marriage in November 2012, the [[Minnesota Legislature]] passed a same-sex marriage bill in May 2013, which Governor [[Mark Dayton]] signed on May 14, 2013. Minnesota was the second state in the [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]], after [[Same-sex marriage in Iowa|Iowa]], to legalize marriage between same-sex couples,<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.msnbc.com/thomas-roberts/marriage-equality-minnesota-gay-rights/ |title=Marriage equality in Minnesota: A gay-rights victory in the Midwest|date=September 13, 2013 |access-date=May 13, 2013}}</ref> and the first in the region to do so by enacting legislation rather than by court order. Minnesota was the first state to reject a constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage, though [[Same-sex marriage in Arizona|Arizona]] rejected one in 2006 that banned all legal recognition and later approved one banning only marriage.

Minnesota is also where one of the first same-sex marriage cases in the world took place. In ''[[Baker v. Nelson]]'', the [[Minnesota Supreme Court]] held unanimously in 1972 that it did not violate the [[Constitution of the United States|U.S. Constitution]] to limit [[marriage]] to opposite-sex couples, and the [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] refused to hear the case on appeal. This decision would finally be repealed on June 26, 2015 in the case of ''[[Obergefell v. Hodges]]''.

==Legal history==
===Lawsuits===
''[[Baker v. Nelson]]'' was the [[Timeline of same-sex marriage#1970s|first case]] in the history of the [[United States]] in which a same-sex couple sued for marriage rights. In late 1971, the [[Minnesota Supreme Court]] affirmed a lower court decision to prohibit marriages between same-sex partners, noting that its interpretation of state law did not violate the [[Constitution of the United States]].<ref>Sources: Michael McConnell Files, "Full Equality, a diary", (volume 2ab), Tretter Collection in GLBT Studies, [[University of Minnesota|''U&nbsp;of&nbsp;M&nbsp;Libraries'']].
* Letter addressed to Gerald R. Nelson, Clerk of District Court, from George M. Scot, County Attorney. "The consequences of an interpretation of our marriage statutes which would permit males to enter into the marriage contract could be to result in an undermining and destruction of the entire legal concept of our family structure in all areas of law." May 1970, page 6.</ref><ref name="Marriage law">"Minnesota Statutes Annotated", ''West Publishing&nbsp;Co.'' (1970)
* Chapter&nbsp;517.01: '''Marriage a civil contract'''. "Marriage, so far as its validity in law is concerned, is a civil contract, to which the consent of the parties, capable in law of contracting, is essential." 
* Chapter&nbsp;517.03: '''Marriages prohibited'''. [The list does not include parties of the same gender.]</ref> The [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] accepted their appeal but declined to review the case.<ref name=opinion>The U.S. Supreme Court was required to accept an appeal of the court's "opinion" as a matter of right, a practice that the ''[[Supreme Court Case Selections Act]]'' ended in 1988.</ref><ref>Sources: Michael McConnell Files, "America's First Gay Marriage" (binder&nbsp;#3), Tretter Collection in GLBT Studies, ''U&nbsp;of&nbsp;M Libraries''.
* October&nbsp;Term, 1972: "Appellee's Motion to Dismiss Appeal and Brief" by George M. Scott, County Attorney
* page 7: "Questions Raised by This Appeal Are [[Mootness|Moot]]".</ref><ref name=library>{{citation|url=http://www.leg.state.mn.us/lrl/issues/gay.asp|title=Same-Sex Marriage in Minnesota|date=June 2009|work=Minnesota Legislative Reference Library}}</ref> On October 10, 1972, a one-sentence order said, "The appeal is dismissed for want of a substantial federal question."<ref>{{cite court |litigants=Baker v. Nelson |vol=409 |opinion=810 |court=U.S. |date=1972 |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/21017674/Baker-v-Nelson-409-U-S-810-1972 |access-date=October 20, 2012}}</ref> In early 1971, the couple in question, [[Michael McConnell and Jack Baker]], re-applied in [[Blue Earth County, Minnesota|Blue Earth County]] and obtained a [[marriage license]]. Baker's name change to Pat Lyn may have encouraged county officials to assume they were a heterosexual couple. Reverend Roger Lynn, a minister from the [[Hennepin Avenue United Methodist Church]], conducted the ceremony at a private home. Because the license was never revoked,<ref>Newsletter (p.&nbsp;6), "Hidden Treasures from the Stacks", September&nbsp;2013; [https://www.archives.gov/files/kansas-city/press/newsletter/2013-september.pdf#page=6 available online] from ''The National Archives at Kansas City''.</ref><ref name=ruling>Sources: Michael McConnell Files, "America's First Gay Marriage" (binder&nbsp;#4), Tretter Collection in GLBT Studies, ''U&nbsp;of&nbsp;M&nbsp;Libraries''.
* Fifth Judicial District, File #07-CV-16-4559;
** 18 September 2018: CONCLUSIONS OF LAW by Assistant Chief Judge Gregory Anderson, at 4; [https://www.lib.umn.edu/sites/www.lib.umn.edu/files/2021-09/McConnellvBlueEarthCounty-17-Sept-2018-ConclusionsofLaw_ORDER.pdf#page=4 available online] from ''U of M Libraries''.
** . . . "The September 3, 1971 marriage of James Michael McConnell and Pat Lyn McConnell, a/k/a Richard John Baker, has never been dissolved or annulled by judicial decree and no grounds currently exist on which to invalidate the marriage."
** "The marriage is declared to be in all respects valid".</ref> their wedding became the earliest same-sex marriage ever to be recorded in the public files of any civil government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.advocate.com/people/2019/3/01/meet-gay-men-whose-1971-marriage-was-finally-recognized|title=Meet the Gay Men Whose 1971 Marriage Was Finally Recognized|website=Advocate|date=March 1, 2019|author=Matt Baume|authorlink=Matt Baume}}</ref><ref>William N. Eskridg Jr. and Christopher R. Riano, "Marriage Equality: From Outlaws to In-Laws", ''Yale University Press'' (2020), Chapter 24.</ref>

Responding to the state Supreme Court ruling, at the [[Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party]] (DFL) State Convention in June 1972, delegates voted to add a plank to the party platform supporting same-sex marriage rights.<ref>Source: resolution&nbsp;71.d; Richard Moe (Chairman), "The 1972 DFL Platform", ''Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor State Central Committee'' (9-11&nbsp;June&nbsp;1972 at Rochester, MN)
* Mocked by leadership as the "[[Michael McConnell and Jack Baker#Same-sex marriage activism|lunatic fringe]]", admired by peers.</ref> This is the first known case of support by a major United States political party for same-sex marriage,<ref>Michael McConnell Files, "America's First Gay Marriage" [Binder #7], Tretter Collection in GLBT Studies, ''U&nbsp;of&nbsp;M&nbsp;Libraries''.</ref> though it is worth noting that many DFL state representatives disassociated themselves from the plank and the DFL party rules subsequently changed to make amendments to the party platform much harder to achieve for future conventions.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fjXxZY99PDkC&q=1972+DFL+platform&pg=PA26|title=Bringing Lesbian and Gay Rights Into the Mainstream: Twenty Years of Progress (pp. 26 & 27)|author=Steve Endean|date=13 April 2006|isbn=9781136574115}}</ref>

In May 2010, Marry Me Minnesota, a gay rights organization, sued the state of Minnesota, challenging the state's ''Defense of Marriage Act'', which was passed in 1997.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.marrymeminnesota.org/index.html|title=Marry Me Minnesota|access-date=January 9, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090630024215/http://www.marrymeminnesota.org/index.html|archive-date=June 30, 2009}}</ref> The trial court dismissed the suit in March 2011, citing ''Baker v. Nelson'' as "binding precedent". Marry Me Minnesota, founded by same-sex couples for the purpose of suing the state, announced plans to appeal the decision.<ref>''Star Tribune'': [http://www.startribune.com/local/117624298.html Abbey Simons, "Judge dismisses challenge to gay marriage barriers," March 8, 2011], accessed March 9, 2011</ref>

===Efforts to amend the State Constitution===
{{Main|2012 Minnesota Amendment 1}}
[[File:2012-0619-Bond-Dayton.jpg|thumb|left|[[Julian Bond]] and Governor [[Mark Dayton]] at a "Vote No" rally against Minnesota Amendment 1 in June 2012]]
In 2004, 2006, 2007 and 2009, bills were introduced to the [[Minnesota House of Representatives]] and [[Minnesota Senate|Senate]] to have voters consider an amendment to the [[Minnesota Constitution]], restricting [[marriage]] to unions between a man and a woman and outlawing [[civil union]]s that offer comparable rights.

On May 11, 2011, the Minnesota Senate passed a bill by 37 votes to 27 to place a proposed amendment to the State Constitution on the ballot that would ban same-sex marriage, though not civil unions. It passed the House ten days later 70–62. The question presented to voters on the ballot on November 8, 2012 read: "Shall the Minnesota Constitution be amended to provide that only a union of one man and one woman shall be valid or recognized as a marriage in Minnesota?"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sos.state.mn.us/index.aspx?page=1719 |title=Minnesota Secretary of State: Constitutional Amendments and the 2012 General Election |publisher=sos.state.mn.us |date=September 24, 2012 |access-date=May 9, 2013}}</ref> The amendment was defeated by voters, making Minnesota the first [[U.S. state]] to reject a constitutional ban on same-sex marriage. Arizona [[2006 Arizona Proposition 107|rejected a ban on same-sex marriages and civil unions in 2006]] but then [[2008 Arizona Proposition 102|adopted a ban on only same-sex marriages in 2008]]. Minnesota's constitutional amendment proposal was rejected by 51.9% of voters.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://elections.msnbc.msn.com/ns/politics/2012/minnesota/#.UJotNobll8M|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121109180428/http://elections.msnbc.msn.com/ns/politics/2012/Minnesota#.UJotNobll8M|url-status = dead|archive-date = November 9, 2012|title = Minnesota election results|author = MSNBC |publisher = [[MSNBC]]|date = November 7, 2012}}</ref>

The amendment was opposed by the grassroot organization Minnesotans United for All Families. President [[Barack Obama]] also expressed his opposition to the amendment, as did [[Minnesota Vikings]] football player [[Chris Kluwe]], who featured in numerous advertisements opposing the amendment. The main organization to support the amendment was Minnesota for Marriage, which was supported by the state's [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] bishops.

===Same-sex marriage law===
[[File:First marriage at Minneapolis City Hall on August 1, 2013.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Timeline of same-sex marriage#1970s|first]] same-sex marriage performed following passage of the revised marriage statute, [[Minneapolis]], August&nbsp;1, 2013]]
In 1997, the [[Minnesota Legislature]] passed a [[Statute|statutory]] ban on same-sex marriage shortly after passage of the federal ''[[Defense of Marriage Act]]'' (DOMA) in the [[United States Congress]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Minnesota Statutes 2007 – Chapter 517. Domestic Relations|publisher=Minnesota Legislature – Office of the Revisor of Statutes|year=2007|url=https://www.revisor.leg.state.mn.us/bin/getpub.php?pubtype=STAT_CHAP&year=2007&section=517#stat.517.03.0|access-date=March 7, 2009}}</ref>

In late 2008, Senator [[John Marty]], announced plans to introduce a bill legalizing same-sex marriage.<ref>{{cite news|title=Key dates in gay marriage debate|publisher=Star Tribune|date=December 18, 2008|url=http://www.startribune.com/local/stpaul/36355769.html|access-date=February 7, 2009}}</ref> On February 19, 2009, a bill to allow [[civil union]]s was introduced to the [[Minnesota House of Representatives]], and sponsored by representatives [[Joe Mullery]], [[Mindy Greiling]], and [[Tom Tillberry]]. A same-sex marriage bill was introduced to the [[Minnesota Senate]] on March 5, 2009. Its authors were senators [[D. Scott Dibble|Scott Dibble]], [[Linda Higgins]], [[John Marty]], [[Mee Moua]], and [[Patricia Torres Ray]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Same-sex marriage bill introduced in legislature |url=http://www.minnesota.christianexaminer.com/Articles/Mar09/Art_Mar09_05.html |access-date=December 21, 2012 |newspaper=Minnesota Christian Examiner|date=March 2009}}</ref> The bill failed to get a hearing by the Senate Judiciary Committee.
[[File:VIDEO-_Rally_for_the_same_sex_marriage_in_the_Minnesota_capitol.webm|thumb|Rally for same-sex marriage at the [[Minnesota State Capitol]], May&nbsp;13, 2013]]
In December 2012, Representative [[Alice Hausman]] and Senator Marty announced plans to introduce same-sex marriage legislation in 2013. They and legislative leaders expressed varying views on its prospects.<ref>{{cite news|last=Budig|first=T.W.|title=Same-sex marriage supporters want to move quickly on a bill|url=http://erstarnews.com/2012/12/19/same-sex-marriage-supporters-want-to-move-quickly-on-a-bill/|access-date=December 21, 2012|newspaper=Star News|date=December 19, 2012}}</ref> In January 2013, Senator Dibble said [[Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party|Democrats]] planned to focus early in the session on "kitchen-table issues" of improving the economy and creating jobs and would wait at least a month or two before pressing for the legalization of same-sex marriage.<ref>{{cite news|title=State senator promises gay marriage bill in 2013 session|url=http://www.kare11.com/news/article/1004494/14/State-senator-promises-gay-marriage-bill-in-2013-session|access-date=January 4, 2013|newspaper=KARE11|date=January 2, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216081229/http://www.kare11.com/news/article/1004494/14/State-senator-promises-gay-marriage-bill-in-2013-session|archive-date=February 16, 2013}}</ref> On February 28, 2013, ''HF 1054'', officially titled ''Marriage between two persons provided for, and exemptions and protections based in religious associations provided for'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.revisor.mn.gov/bills/bill.php?b=House&f=HF1054&y=2013&ssn=0 |title=HF 1054 Status in the House for the 88th Legislature (2013 - 2014) |publisher=Revisor.mn.gov |access-date=2013-12-02}}</ref> was introduced in the Minnesota Legislature to legalize same-sex marriage in the state.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.revisor.mn.gov/bills/bill.php?view=chrono&f=HF1054&y=2013&ssn=0&b=house#actions|title = HF 1054 Status in the House for the 88th Legislature (2013 - 2014)
|author = Minnesota State Legislature |publisher = Minnesota State Legislature|date = 10 May 2013}}</ref> On March 12, both the Senate and House policy committees passed the same version of the marriage bill, ''Senate Bill SF925'' and ''House Bill HF1054''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Baskt|first=Brian|title=Minn. House, Senate Panels Pass-Gay-Marriage-Bills |url=http://www.sfgate.com/|agency=Associated Press|publisher=SF Gate|access-date=March 13, 2013|date=December 5, 2011}}</ref> Other committees of each chamber reviewed the financial impact of the legislation on 6 and 7 May.<ref>{{cite news|last=Boldt|first=Megan|title=Gay marriage clears Minnesota House panel; floor vote on hold|url=http://www.twincities.com/ci_23181239/minnesota-houses-gay-marriage-bill-up-committee-vote|access-date=May 7, 2013|newspaper=twincities.com|date=May 7, 2013}}</ref> On May 9, 2013, the House passed the legislation by a vote of 75–59, with all but two Democrats voting for the bill and all but four [[Republican Party of Minnesota|Republicans]] voting against.<ref name="startribune1">{{cite web|url=http://www.startribune.com/politics/206794041.html |title=Minnesota House approves gay marriage bill after two-hour debate |publisher=startribune.com |date=May 9, 2013 |access-date=May 9, 2013}}</ref> On May 13, 2013, the Senate passed the bill on a vote of 37–30, with all but three Democrats voting for the bill and all but one Republican voting against.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.startribune.com/in-historic-vote-minnesota-senate-approves-same-sex-marriage/207231321/|title=In historic vote, Minnesota Senate approves same-sex marriage|publisher=startribune.com|date=May 14, 2013}}</ref> [[Governor of Minnesota|Governor]] [[Mark Dayton]] signed the bill into law on May 14, 2013 on the south steps of the [[Minnesota State Capitol]] before a crowd of 6,000 people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mprnews.org/story/2013/05/14/politics/dayton-signs-same-sex-marriage-bill|title=Dayton signs same-sex marriage bill at Capitol ceremony|date=May 14, 2013|publisher=MPR News}}</ref> Under the provisions of the legislation, the first same-sex marriage were likely to take place on August 1, 2013.<ref>{{cite news|last=Wong|first=Curtis|title=Minnesota Legalizes Gay Marriage: Gov. Mark Dayton Signs Bill Into Law |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/14/minnesota-gay-marriage-legal-_n_3275484.html|access-date=May 14, 2013|newspaper=Huffpost Gay Voices |date=May 14, 2013}}</ref> The legislation also gives Minnesota courts authority over [[divorce]] proceedings in the case of a same-sex couple married in Minnesota when neither party resides in a state that recognizes their marriage.<ref>[https://www.revisor.mn.gov/bills/text.php?number=SF0925&session=ls88&version=latest&session_number=0&session_year=2013 518.07 Residence of Parties], accessed May 12, 2013</ref> Some [[List of counties in Minnesota|Minnesota counties]] announced plans to make marriage licenses available as early as June 6.<ref>{{cite news|last=Olson|first=Rochelle |title=Largest Minnesota counties to make same-sex marriage license applications available June 6 |url=http://www.startribune.com/local/west/209574101.html |access-date=June 4, 2013|newspaper=Minneapolis Star Tribune|date=May 30, 2013}}</ref>

The law took effect on July 1, 2013, and Minnesota has recognized the validity of same-sex marriages from other jurisdictions since then. The state began issuing its own marriage licenses to same-sex couples on August 1, 2013.<ref>{{cite news|last=Miranda |first=Maricella |title=New 2013 Minnesota Laws in Effect July 1|url=http://kstp.com/article/stories/s3082732.shtml |access-date=July 13, 2013|newspaper=KSTP.com|date=June 28, 2013}}</ref> Margaret Miles and Cathy ten Broeke were the first couple to be married in [[Minneapolis]] at midnight on August 1, in a ceremony officiated by Mayor [[R. T. Rybak]] at [[Minneapolis City Hall]].<ref>{{cite news|title=1st to tie the knot: Margaret Miles, and Cathy ten Broeke|url=http://www.startribune.com/lifestyle/217855781.html|access-date=December 7, 2013|newspaper=Star Tribune|date=August 1, 2013}}</ref> The definition of marriage in the state of Minnesota is now the following:<ref>[https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/?id=517.01 2015 Minnesota Statutes 517.01 CIVIL MARRIAGE CONTRACT.]</ref>
{{blockquote|A civil marriage, so far as its validity in law is concerned, is a civil contract between two persons, to which the consent of the parties, capable in law of contracting, is essential. [Minn. Stat. § 517.001]}}

==Native American nations==
Same-sex marriage is legal on the reservations of the [[Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa]], the [[Grand Portage Indian Reservation|Grand Portage Band of Chippewa]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://maiba.org/pdf/GrandPortageJudicialCode.pdf|title=Title 1. Courts|publisher=Minnesota American Indian Bar Association|access-date=December 27, 2015 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215215723/http://maiba.org/pdf/GrandPortageJudicialCode.pdf|archive-date=2019-02-15}}</ref> and the [[Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe]], three [[Ojibwe]] tribes forming part of the [[Minnesota Chippewa Tribe]], as well as the [[Prairie Island Indian Community]], a [[Dakota people|Dakota]] tribe. The first same-sex marriage on the [[Leech Lake Indian Reservation]] was performed on November 15, 2013 for Arnold and Matthew Dahl-Wooley.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/8th-us-native-american-tribe-allows-same-sex-couples-wed161113|title=8th US Native American tribe allows same-sex couples to wed|work=Gay Star News|date=November 16, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131119003828/http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/8th-us-native-american-tribe-allows-same-sex-couples-wed161113|archive-date=November 19, 2013}}</ref>

While there are no records of same-sex marriages as understood from a [[Western world|Western]] perspective being performed in [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] cultures, there is evidence for identities and behaviours that may be placed on the LGBT spectrum. Many of these cultures recognized [[two-spirit]] individuals who were born male but wore women's clothing and performed everyday household work and artistic handiwork which were regarded as belonging to the feminine sphere.<ref name="lang"/> The Ojibwe people have traditionally recognized two-spirit individuals, known in the [[Ojibwe language]] as {{lang|oj|niizh manidoowag}} ({{IPA|oj|niːʒ maˈnɪˌdoːˌwak|pron}}).<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Gender and Society|volume=1|last=O'Brien|first=Jodi|date=2009|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-1412909167|page=64}}</ref> Many were wives in [[Polygyny|polygynous]] households. Two-spirit individuals are known in the [[Dakota language]] as {{lang|dak|wiŋkta}} ({{IPA|dak|ˈwĩkta|pron}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dictionary.swodli.com/|title=Dakota online dictionary|work=dictionary.swodli.com|access-date=May 10, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321220925/https://dictionary.swodli.com/|archive-date=March 21, 2024}}</ref> Many {{lang|dak|wiŋkta}} married [[cisgender]] men without indication of polygyny, but some remained unmarried and lived in their own [[tipi]]s, and were visited by married men for [[sexual intercourse]] when the men's wives were pregnant or menstruating, and therefore when sexual intercourse was forbidden to them.<ref name="lang">{{cite book|title=Men as women, women as men: changing gender in Native American cultures|url=https://archive.org/details/menaswomenwomena0000lang|url-access=registration|author=Sabine Lang|publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1998 |isbn=0-292-74701-2}}</ref> The two-spirit status thus allowed for marriages between two biological males to be performed in these tribes.

==Economic impact==
The [[Williams Institute]] estimated in April 2013 that if marriage were extended to same-sex couples in Minnesota, the state would see an economic boost of [[United States dollar|$]]42 million over the course of three years, with a boost of $27 million in the first year alone. This net impact would be the result of savings in expenditures on state means-tested public benefit programs and an increase in state income and sales tax revenue.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt4zd153qd/qt4zd153qd.pdf?t=mlgeha|title=Estimating the Economic Boost of Marriage for Same-Sex Couples in Minnesota|website=Williams Institute|date=April 2013}}</ref>

==Demographics and marriage statistics==
Approximately 1,640 same-sex couples married in Minnesota from August to September 2013, representing about one-third of all marriages performed during that time. 75% of same-sex marriage licenses were issued in [[Hennepin County, Minnesota|Hennepin]] and [[Ramsey County, Minnesota|Ramsey]] counties. Approximately 1,433 marriage licenses were issued to same-sex couples in the twelve counties that rejected Minnesota Amendment 1 in 2012. Of the counties that favored the amendment, [[Clay County, Minnesota|Clay County]] issued the most licenses at 31.<ref>[http://www.twincities.com/2013/09/01/gay-couples-claim-1-in-3-minnesota-marriage-licenses/ Gay couples claim 1 in 3 Minnesota marriage licenses]</ref>

The Minnesota State Demographer's office estimated that there were 8,594 married same-sex couple households in the state in July 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://minnesota.cbslocal.com/2018/05/09/rc-same-sex-marriage-5th-anni/|title=Reality Check: 5 Years Of Same-Sex Marriage In Minnesota|website=CBS Minnesota|date=9 March 2018|author=Pat Kessler}}</ref> The [[2020 United States census|2020 U.S. census]] showed that there were 10,049 married same-sex couple households (4,240 male couples and 5,809 female couples) and 7,808 unmarried same-sex couple households in Minnesota.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALDHC2020.PCT15?t=Families%20and%20Living%20Arrangements&d=DEC%20Demographic%20and%20Housing%20Characteristics|title=PCT1405 Couple Households, By Type|access-date=11 December 2023|work=United States Census Bureau}}</ref>

==Domestic partnerships==
Eighteen cities in Minnesota, covering a total population of more than one million, have [[domestic partnership]] registries allowing unmarried same-sex and opposite-sex couples the right to obtain a certificate signifying that they are not related by blood and are committed to each other.<ref>{{citation|url=http://minnesotaindependent.com/77461/one-million-minnesotans-now-covered-by-domestic-partner-registries|title=One Million Minnesotans Now Covered by Domestic Partner Registries|date=February 10, 2011|newspaper=The Minnesota Independent}}</ref><ref name=Outfront>{{cite web|title=Domestic Partnerships|url=http://www.outfront.org/library/marriage/dpregistry|publisher=OutFront Minnesota|access-date=July 17, 2012}}</ref> [[Minneapolis]] was the first city to establish a domestic partnership registry in the state in 1991, followed by [[Duluth, Minnesota|Duluth]] (2009),<ref name=Duluth>{{cite news|last=Kimball|first=Joe|title=Duluth to offer domestic partner certificates|url=http://www.minnpost.com/political-agenda/2009/05/duluth-offer-domestic-partner-certificates|access-date=July 17, 2012|newspaper=Minnpost|date=May 29, 2009}}</ref> [[Saint Paul, MN|St. Paul]] (2009),<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.startribune.com/local/51427797.html|title=St. Paul OKs domestic partner registry|date=July 23, 2009|newspaper=Star Tribune}}</ref> [[Edina, Minnesota|Edina]] (2010),<ref name="Edina passes domestic partner registry">{{cite news|last=Birkey|first=Andy|title=Edina passes domestic partner registry|url=http://thecolu.mn/3688/edina-passes-domestic-partner-registry|newspaper=TheColu.mn|date=June 2, 2010}}</ref> [[Rochester, MN|Rochester]] (2010),<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.postbulletin.com/newsmanager/templates/localnews_story.asp?z=2&a=460149|title=Rochester City Council passes domestic-partnership ordinance|date=July 7, 2010|newspaper=Post Bulletin|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20100715062127/http://www.postbulletin.com/newsmanager/templates/localnews_story.asp?z=2&a=460149|archive-date=July 15, 2010}}</ref> [[Maplewood, MN|Maplewood]] (2010),<ref name=Maplewood>{{cite news|last=Nelson|first=Tim|title=Maplewood passes domestic partnership ordinance|url=http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2010/11/09/maple-wood-domestic-partners/|access-date=July 17, 2012|newspaper=Minnesota Public Radio|date=November 9, 2010}}</ref> [[Golden Valley, MN|Golden Valley]] (2010),<ref name=StarTribune>{{cite news|last=Smetanka|first=Mary|title=Golden Valley is 7th city to approve domestic partner registry|url=http://www.startribune.com/local/west/108814024.html|access-date=July 17, 2012|newspaper=StarTribune|date=November 17, 2010}}</ref> [[St. Louis Park, MN|St. Louis Park]] (2011),<ref>{{citation|url=http://mnsun.com/articles/2011/01/27/st_louis_park/news/sl27registry.txt|title=St. Louis Park passes final vote on domestic partnership registration ordinance|date=January 26, 2011|newspaper=MN Sun}}</ref> [[Red Wing, Minnesota|Red Wing]] (2011),<ref>{{cite news|last=Brett|first=Brouse|title=Red Wing to recognize domestic partnerships|url=http://postbulletin.com/news/stories/display.php?id=1455616|access-date=July 17, 2012|newspaper=PostBulletin|date=May 24, 2011}}</ref> [[Richfield, MN|Richfield]] (2011),<ref>{{citation|url=http://richfield.patch.com/articles/richfield-to-recognize-same-sex-couples|title=Richfield to Recognize Same-Sex Couples|date=January 25, 2011|newspaper=Richfield Patch|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826050545/http://richfield.patch.com/articles/richfield-to-recognize-same-sex-couples|archive-date=August 26, 2011}}</ref> [[Shoreview, MN|Shoreview]] (2011),<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.presspubs.com/shoreview/news/article_4598e7f8-e52e-11e0-9140-001cc4c03286.html|title=Same-sex couples can now register in Shoreview|date=September 22, 2011|newspaper=Shoreview Press}}</ref> [[Robbinsdale, Minnesota|Robbinsdale]] (2011), [[Falcon Heights, Minnesota|Falcon Heights]] (2011),<ref name="F">{{cite web|last=Aslanian |first=Sasha |url=http://minnesota.publicradio.org/collections/special/columns/cities/archive/2011/07/falcon-heights-becomes-12th-city-to-add-domestic-partner-registry.shtml |title=Falcon Heights is 12th city with domestic partner registry |publisher=Minnesota Public Radio |date=July 28, 2011 |access-date=June 10, 2012}}</ref> [[Hopkins, Minnesota|Hopkins]] (2011), [[Shorewood, Minnesota|Shorewood]] (2011),<ref>{{cite news|last=Dillmann|first=Chris|title=Shorewood OKs domestic partnership registration|url=http://www.waconiapatriot.com/articles/2011/11/25/the_pioneer/news/news07.txt|access-date=July 17, 2012|newspaper=The Pioneer|date=November 25, 2011}}</ref> [[Crystal, Minnesota|Crystal]] (2011), [[Eagan, Minnesota|Eagan]] (2012),<ref>{{cite news|last=Birkey|first=Andy|title=Eagan City Council passes domestic partner registry|url=http://www.tcdailyplanet.net/news/2012/01/04/eagan-city-council-passes-domestic-partner-registry|newspaper=Twin Cities Daily Planet|date=January 4, 2012}}</ref> and [[Eden Prairie, Minnesota|Eden Prairie]] (2012).<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.startribune.com/local/west/137835633.html|title = Eden Prairie OKs registry for domestic partners|author = Mary Jane Smetanka|publisher = [[Star Tribune]]|date = January 24, 2012}}</ref>

==Public opinion==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+style="font-size:100%" | Public opinion for same-sex marriage in Minnesota
|-
! Poll source
! Dates administered
! Sample size
! Margin of error
! Support
! Opposition
! Do not know / refused
|-
| [http://ava.prri.org/#lgbt/2023/States/lgbt_ssm/m/US-MN Public Religion Research Institute]
| [https://www.prri.org/research/views-on-lgbtq-rights-in-all-50-states/ March 9 – December 7, 2023]
| 450 adults
| ?
| {{Yes|'''73%'''}}
| 24%
| 3%
|-
| [http://ava.prri.org/#lgbt/2022/States/lgbt_ssm/m/US-MN Public Religion Research Institute]
| [http://ava.prri.org/methodology-2022 March 11 – December 14, 2022]
| ?
| ?
| {{Yes|'''77%'''}}
| 21%
| 2%
|-
| [http://ava.prri.org/#lgbt/2021/States/lgbt_ssm/m/US-MN Public Religion Research Institute]
| [http://ava.prri.org/methodology-2021 March 8 – November 9, 2021]
| ?
| ?
| {{Yes|'''82%'''}}
| 17%
| 1%
|-
| [http://ava.prri.org/#lgbt/2020/States/lgbt_ssm/m/US-MN Public Religion Research Institute]
| [http://ava.prri.org/methodology-2020 January 7 – December 20, 2020]
| 886 adults
| ?
| {{Yes|'''78%'''}}
| 19%
| 3%
|-
| [http://ava.prri.org/#lgbt/2017/States/lgbt_ssm/m/US-MN Public Religion Research Institute]
| [http://ava.prri.org/methodology-2017 April 5 – December 23, 2017]
| 1,412 adults
| ?
| {{Yes|'''67%'''}}
| 27%
| 6%
|-
| [http://ava.prri.org/#lgbt/2016/States/lgbt_ssm/m/US-MN Public Religion Research Institute]
| [http://ava.prri.org/methodology-2016 May 18, 2016 – January 10, 2017]
| 2,060 adults
| ?
| {{Yes|'''63%'''}}
| 27%
| 10%
|-
| [http://ava.prri.org/#lgbt/2015/States/lgbt_ssm/m/US-MN Public Religion Research Institute]
| [http://ava.prri.org/methodology-2015 April 29, 2015 – January 7, 2016]
| 1,496 adults
| ?
| {{Yes|'''57%'''}}
| 37%
| 6%
|-
| [http://ava.prri.org/#lgbt/2014/States/lgbt_ssm/m/US-MN Public Religion Research Institute]
| [http://ava.prri.org/methodology-2014 April 2, 2014 – January 4, 2015]
| 1,035 adults
| ?
| {{Yes|'''58%'''}}
| 33%
| 9%
|-
| [http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/elections/2014/us/exit-polls Edison Research]
| November 4, 2014
| ?
| ?
| {{Yes|'''58%'''}}
| 39%
| 3%
|-
| [https://today.yougov.com/news/2014/09/07/battleground-tracker-2014-national-attitudes/ New York Times/CBS News/YouGov]
| September 20 – October 1, 2014
| 2,562 likely voters
| ± 2.2%
| {{Yes|'''52%'''}}
| 34%
| 14%
|-
| [http://www.startribune.com/local/212258231.html Star Tribune Minnesota]
| June 11–13, 2013
| 800 adults
| ± 3.5%
| {{Yes|''46%''}}
| 44%
| 10%
|-
| [http://www.surveyusa.com/client/PollReport.aspx?g=df84ac43-e970-4aaf-9088-4f0ea30cdd70 SurveyUSA]
| April 19–21, 2013
| 500 adults
| ± 4.5%
| {{Yes|'''51%'''}}
| 47%
| 2%
|-
| [http://www.publicpolicypolling.com/pdf/2011/PPP_Release_MN_012413.pdf Public Policy Polling]
| January 18–20, 2013
| 1,065 voters
| ± 3.0%
| {{Yes|''47%''}}
| 45%
| 8%
|-
| [http://www.publicpolicypolling.com/pdf/2011/PPP_Release_MN_1103.pdf Public Policy Polling]
| November 2–3, 2012
| 1,164 likely voters
| ± 2.9%
| {{Yes|''49%''}}
| 41%
| 10%
|-
| [http://www.publicpolicypolling.com/pdf/2011/PPP_Release_MN_1008.pdf Public Policy Polling]
| October 5–8, 2012
| 937 likely voters
| ± 3.2%
| {{Yes|''47%''}}
| 43%
| 10%
|-
| [http://www.publicpolicypolling.com/pdf/2011/PPP_Release_MN_912121.pdf Public Policy Polling]
| September 10–11, 2012
| 824 likely voters
| ± 3.4%
| 43%
| {{No|''46%''}}
| 11%
|-
| [http://www.publicpolicypolling.com/pdf/2011/PPP_Release_MiscellaneousMN_060512.pdf Public Policy Polling]
| May 31 – June 3, 2012
| 973 voters
| ± 3.1%
| {{Yes|''47%''}}
| 42%
| 11%
|-
| [http://www.publicpolicypolling.com/pdf/2011/PPP_Release_MN_012712.pdf Public Policy Polling]
| January 21–22, 2012
| 1,236 voters
| ± 2.8%
| 43%
| {{No|''47%''}}
| 10%
|-
| [http://www.publicpolicypolling.com/pdf/PPP_Release_MN_06011118.pdf Public Policy Polling]
| May 27–30, 2011
| 1,179 voters
| ± 2.9%
| {{Yes|''46%''}}
| 45%
| 9%
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[LGBT rights in Minnesota]]
*[[Same-sex marriage in the United States]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=https://www.revisor.mn.gov/bills/bill.php?b=House&f=HF1054&ssn=0&y=2013|title=HF 1054 Status in the House for the 88th Legislature (2013 - 2014)|work=MN Revisor's Office|archive-date=February 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216064958/https://www.revisor.mn.gov/bills/bill.php?b=House&f=HF1054&ssn=0&y=2013}}
* {{cite book|last1=McConnell|first1=Michael|last2=Baker|first2=Jack|first3=Gail|last3=Karwoski|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/926312828|title=The wedding heard 'round the world : America's first gay marriage|location=Minneapolis, MN|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|date=2016|isbn=9780816699261}}

{{LGBT in Minnesota}}
{{Same-sex marriage in the United States}}

[[Category:Same-sex marriage in the United States by state|Minnesota]]
[[Category:LGBTQ rights in Minnesota]]
[[Category:2013 in LGBTQ history]]
[[Category:2013 in Minnesota]]

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