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{{other people}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2011}}
{{Infobox military person
| name          = John Percival
| image         = Capt. John Percival.jpg
| caption       = Captain John "Mad Jack" Percival
| birth_date    = {{Birth date|1779|04|03|df=y}}
| death_date    = {{Death date and age|1862|09|07|1779|04|03|df=y}}
| birth_place   = [[West Barnstable, Massachusetts]]
| death_place   = [[Dorchester, Massachusetts]]
| placeofburial = West Barnstable, Massachusetts
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} -->
| nickname      = Mad Jack
| birth_name    =
| allegiance    = United States
| branch        = Navy
| serviceyears  = 1809–1862
| rank          = Captain
| servicenumber =
| unit          =
| commands      =
| battles       =
| battles_label =
| awards        =
| relations     =
| laterwork     =
}}

'''John Percival''' (3 April 1779 – 7 September 1862), known as '''Mad Jack Percival''', was a celebrated officer in the [[United States Navy]] during the [[Quasi-War]] with [[France]], the [[War of 1812]], the campaign against West Indies pirates, and the [[Mexican–American War]].

==Biography==

===Early life===
Born in [[West Barnstable, Massachusetts]], Percival left his [[Cape Cod]] home at thirteen to work as a cabin boy on a Boston [[Coastal trading vessel|coaster]]. He moved to the merchant service, became a second mate, and while at [[Lisbon]], he was [[Impressment|impressed]] by the [[Royal Navy]]. First sent to {{HMS|Victory}} under [[John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent|Lord Jervis]], he soon received an assignment to a [[Prize law|prize crew]] on a captured Spanish merchantman. Benefiting from lax discipline, Percival led an uprising and escaped to the American merchant ship ''Washington''. Again impressment interrupted his homeward journey—this time by the [[Royal Netherlands Navy|Dutch Navy]]. Managing to escape a second time, once home, he decided to enter the [[U.S. Navy]] in 1799. Subsequently, he served in the [[Quasi-War]] with France as a master's mate and [[midshipman]]. He was discharged in the demobilization of 1801 and went back to the merchant service.

Percival married Maria Pinkerton of [[Trenton, New Jersey]] in 1809. The couple did not have children although they informally adopted a relative, Maria Weeks.

===War of 1812===
====Pre-war====
In 1809, he returned to the U.S. Navy as a [[sailing master]], assigned to {{USS|Syren|1803|6}} at the Norfolk Navy Yard.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A most fortunate ship : a narrative history of Old Ironsides|last=Martin, Tyrone G.|date=2003|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=1591145139|oclc=51022876}}</ref> 

====Ambushing and capturing HMS Eagle====
In 1813, the British [[Royal Navy]] continued to blockade America's major ports.<ref name="Percival">{{cite web|url=http://www.vicsocotra.com/wordpress/2019/06/mad-jack-percival/ |title=Mad Jack Percival |publisher=Daily Socotra|date=2019-06-28|website=vicsocotra|access-date=2020-12-03}}</ref><ref name="Ships">"Ships' Data, U.S. Naval Vessels" by United States. Navy Department p. 376.</ref><ref name="Hannings">{{cite book |last=Hannings |first=Bud |date=2012 |title=The War of 1812: A Complete Chronology with Biographies of 63 General Officers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G46OgJcYeN0C |location=Jefferson, NC |publisher=McFarland & Company |isbn=978-0-7864-6385-5 |pages=133–134}}</ref> The British flagship HMS ''[[HMS Poictiers (1809)|Poictiers]]'', commanded by [[Sir John Beresford, 1st Baronet|Commodore J.B. Beresford]] maintained station just outside [[Sandy Hook, New Jersey|Sandy Hook]] on [[Lower New York Bay]], supported by the schooner HMS ''Eagle''.<ref name="Percival"/><ref name="Ships"/><ref name="Hannings"/> ''Eagle'' had a notorious reputation among local fishermen for seizing both fishing boat crews and the boats' valuable cargoes.<ref name="Percival"/><ref name="Ships"/><ref name="Hannings"/> John Percival volunteered to end the threat, and acquired a fishing boat named ''Yankee''.<ref name="Percival"/><ref name="Ships"/><ref name="Hannings"/> On the morning of 4 July 1813, he concealed 34 armed volunteers in the [[Hold (compartment)|hold]], while he and two volunteers stayed on deck dressed as fishermen.<ref name="Percival"/><ref name="Ships"/><ref name="Hannings"/> Percival then sailed ''Yankee'' as though it was departing on a fishing voyage.<ref name="Percival"/><ref name="Ships"/><ref name="Hannings"/> ''Eagle's'' commander spotted ''Yankee'' and sailed in close so he could order it to transfer the livestock it carried on deck to the nearby ''Poictiers''.<ref name="Percival"/><ref name="Ships"/><ref name="Hannings"/> Percival pretended to comply, and when ''Eagle'' was less than ten feet away, he signaled his volunteers to launch a surprise attack by shouting "Lawrence!" in honor of slain U.S. Navy Captain [[James Lawrence]].<ref name="Percival"/><ref name="Ships"/><ref name="Hannings"/> Percival's volunteers poured out on deck and began firing.<ref name="Percival"/><ref name="Ships"/><ref name="Hannings"/> ''Eagle's'' crew were taken by surprise and fled below deck.<ref name="Percival"/><ref name="Ships"/><ref name="Hannings"/> One of ''Eagle's'' crew struck her colors, thus surrendering to ''Yankee''.<ref name="Percival"/><ref name="Ships"/><ref name="Hannings"/> Three British sailors were killed and there were no American casualties.<ref name="Percival"/><ref name="Ships"/><ref name="Hannings"/> Percival brought the captured ''Eagle'' into port and delivered his prisoners to New York City's [[Whitehall Street]] docks as thousands of Americans were celebrating [[Independence Day (United States)|Independence Day]].<ref name="Percival"/><ref name="Ships"/><ref name="Hannings"/>

====Further operations against British vessels====
Percival joined {{USS|Peacock|1813|6}} on 9 March 1814 and made three cruises during which the ship sloop captured nineteen merchantmen and two warships, {{HMS|Epervier|1812|6}} and the [[East India Company]] armed brig {{ship|HCS|Nautilus}}, 12 percent of the total taken by the U.S. Navy during the war.<ref>Ellis, James H. ''Luminaries of Early West Barnstable: The Stories of a Cape Cod Village'' (Charleston, SC: The History Press, 2014), p. 97.</ref> For his gallantry in the capture of HMS ''Epervier'', he was promoted to lieutenant and presented with a special sword by [[United States Congress|Congress]], shown in the accompanying portrait from about 1860.

===Mid-career===
After the war, the Navy assigned Percival to the Boston Navy Yard. Within weeks, he reported for duty on {{USS|Macedonian|1810|6}}. The captain's clerk, Charles J. Deblois, noted "Lt. P. carries a taught hand, ... He goes by the name of Mad Jack."<ref>Journal of Charles J. Deblois, Captain's Clerk aboard the USS Macedonian, 1818–19, n.p., n.d., National Archives, Microfilm Publication M876</ref> This is the earliest record of Percival's colorful nickname. Apparently tracing to his intense command style, the application of monikers to military and naval officers was common to the time. After a cruise to South America, he returned to serve as executive officer at the Boston yard. In late 1823, he transferred to the frigate {{USS|United States|1797|6}} on the Pacific station under [[Isaac Hull|Commodore Isaac Hull]]. The two New Englanders were close associates and friends throughout their careers. Hull considered Percival "the best sailor I ever saw!"<ref>Stevens, Benjamin F. ''Isaac Hull and American Frigate Constitution'' (Boston: Bostonian Society, 1890), p. 17</ref>

In 1826, Hull put him in command of {{USS|Dolphin|1821|6}} and directed him to the far reaches of the uncharted Pacific to track down the mutineers of the Nantucket whaleship {{ship||Globe|1815 whaleship|2}}. In the [[Mulgrave Islands]], he recovered two innocent crewmen, the only survivors of the ill-fated whaler. The culprits behind the mutiny had killed one another or were dispatched by natives. Mad Jack returned by way of the Sandwich Islands ([[Hawaii]]), the first American naval ship to visit the place. His stay proved controversial and provided fodder for writers over the years. American missionaries clashed with the naval officer who challenged their sway over the local civil authorities. Under growing pressure from visiting merchant and whaling crews, the authorities rescinded a missionary-advocated ban on young women swimming out to the visiting vessels. The missionaries blamed their loss of influence on Percival. Their forceful complaints to Washington compelled Percival to eventually ask for a court of inquiry to clear his name. The court absolved him of wrongdoing, while to this day, United States destroyer squadrons based at Pearl Harbor celebrate Mad Jack Percival Day each May 11, the date ''Dolphin'' left the islands in 1826.

Percival next commanded the U.S. schooner {{USS|Porpoise|1820|2}} on an 1830–1831 cruise against the troublesome West Indian pirates. While on leave in 1832, the department notified him of his promotion to Master Commandant effective in March 1831. After, in 1834–1835, he had the U.S. sloop-of-war {{USS|Erie|1813|2}} on the Brazil station. In 1836, once again, he took over as executive officer in Boston. While assigned this duty, Percival displayed his concern for the welfare of the common sailor. A group of seamen transferring from the Brooklyn yard to Boston were injured, four of them seriously, when their train derailed along the way. The four received a total settlement of $12,862. Percival volunteered to administer a trust set up in behalf of the men. He did so over several years with prudence and faithfulness, paying out every cent to the beneficiaries or their survivors. The extensive and detailed record of Percival's careful and honest handling of the matter can be found in his papers at the Massachusetts Historical Society. (This relatively insignificant episode warrants this brief mention, because a careless writer, relying on insufficient research, wrongly charged that Percival absconded with the funds. From time to time, the misrepresentation is repeated.)

In 1838, he received command of the second-class ship sloop {{USS|Cyane|1837|6}} and headed to the Mediterranean to again serve under Hull. A principal ancillary duty involved educating and training young midshipman. Percival undertook the task with zeal and passion. Prominent men and fellow officers with midshipmen sons commonly asked for their youngster to be placed under the stern tutelage of Mad Jack. The young men did not always appreciate it at the time, but many went on to notable careers. As one example, Gustavus V. Fox chafed under Percival's disciplined approach on the cruise, but went on to become Lincoln's assistant secretary of the navy. Others distinguished themselves in combat. John L. Worden, a ''Cyane'' midshipman, became an admiral and is remembered as a hero of the [[Battle of Hampton Roads]]. One of the most irksome midshipmen on the cruise, nonetheless, recognized and appreciated their skipper. Henry A. Wise summarized the almost universal feeling in the service when he noted: "There is not a better sailor in the world than Cap. Percival or a man of better judgement in the qualities requisite for a Seaman. ... One would suppose from his impatient & passionate temper, that in case of danger he would lose all command of himself. On the contrary no one is cooler or more able to fulfill the duties of his station. To give the devil his due—I would rather trust my life to his charge in case of emergency at Sea than any other man in the United States Navy."<ref>Private Journal of Henry A. Wise, U.S.N. on the USS Cyane, n.p.,n.d., in NA, RG 45</ref>

Percival left ''Cyane'' late in 1839 due to poor health. While waiting for an assignment, he received promotion to captain in September 1841, the highest U.S. Navy rank at the time.

===Circumnavigation voyage===
He began the most memorable chapter of his life in November 1843. The frigate {{USS|Constitution}} presented a major concern to the department. In disrepair, the venerable old ship served as a mere receiving (barracks) ship at Norfolk. Naval Constructor Foster Rhodes figured it would cost $70,000 to fit her out for sea. But the department did not have the money. Acting Secretary David Henshaw, from Massachusetts, knew about Mad Jack's reputation for seamanship and frugality. He told Percival to take a look. Percival reported he could do the work for $10,000. Despite widespread doubts about Percival's findings, Henshaw gave him the task.

By mid-January 1844 Percival informed the secretary he "unhesitatingly" determined the ship ready for "a two or even a three year cruise." And he was prepared to stake "his life and reputation" on his assessment.<ref>Percival to Henshaw, 16 January 1844, Letters Received by the Secretary of the Navy from Captains, 1805–61, 1866–85, National Archives, Microfilm Publication M125.</ref> Accordingly, Henshaw told the captain to get his ship ready for sea. Percival found it necessary to sail to New York to complete his 447-man crew. Percival's orders directed him to carry the first U.S. ambassador to Brazil, proceed to the east coast of Africa and on to the China seas, making his best way back to the United States. He left New York at the end of May 1844. Before the voyage ended in Boston 495 days later, the ship sailed 52,370.5 miles, circumnavigating the globe for the only time in her illustrious career.

A number of members of the crew kept detailed journals of the cruise, and one officer even sketched entertaining watercolors of scenes and incidents along the way. Added to official correspondence, the result is a well-documented trip. One episode stands out above all others. In early May 1845, the ship anchored in Touron Bay, Cochin China (now Vietnam). On the second day, Percival received a note from a French missionary, Bishop Dominique Lefevere, saying the local authorities had him under arrest and condemned him to death. Within an hour, Mad Jack led 80 well-armed men ashore. Percival left a letter for the king of Cochin China demanding the bishop's release. To make his point, he returned to the ship with three mandarins held as hostages. The next day, Percival pressed the issue by capturing three junks belonging to the king, and moved his warship closer to the local forts. On the following day, the prize junks attempted to escape, but were recovered after a brief skirmish. Percival, as well as the Cochin Chinese themselves, denied the gunplay resulted in any casualties. Nonetheless, a rumor of fatalities continued into the 20th century when the confrontation became known as the first armed intervention by a Western nation against present-day Vietnam. In any event, a short while later Lefevere gained his freedom and the French credited the American effort for saving his life. King Louis Philippe intended to reward officers and crew. But political turmoil interfered. Since the king "took a hurried journey from his capital, ... no recognition of their services was ever received by the American tars." Their compensation went "over the walls of the Tuileries gardens" as Louis Philippe escaped to London.<ref>Stevens, Benjamin F. ''A Cruise on the Constitution''. (New York, 1904), p. 58.</ref>

===Later life===
After ''Constitution'' returned from her voyage in October 1845, Captain Percival went on leave and was placed on "waiting orders" status. In 1855, when Percival was 76 years old, the Navy Department placed him on the newly created "Reserve List", a forerunner of the Retired List. Although Percival was alive during the first year of the American Civil War, he took no part in it.

In his last years, Percival gave silver cups to a few people close to him. One, given to the son of his attorney, offered a brief summary of his career. As well as anything, the inscription explains the man. Percival wrote: "This Cup, with the Donor, has made three cruises to the Pacific, one to the Mediterranean, one to the {{not a typo|Brazils}}, two to the West Indies, and once around the world, a distance of about 150,000 miles. Has been 37 years in service and has never refused duty."<ref>Westcott, Allan, Captain Mad Jack Percival ''U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings'' 61 (March 1935), p. 319.</ref> Some years ago, a private collector found the cup in a London flea market, and it was sold for $10,000 in a 2016 Cape Cod auction.

Often described as colorful, Mad Jack attracted the attention of famed authors such as Hawthorne, Melville, and Michener. Melville, in fact, patterned his fictional character Lieutenant Mad Jack after his acquaintance, Percival. In the end, Percival's legendary status is enhanced by the fact his first naval ship, HMS ''Victory'' and his last, USS ''Constitution'', the oldest commissioned warship and the oldest commissioned warship afloat, remain national shrines for their respective nations.

==Death==
Captain Percival died at the age of 83 on 7 September 1862 in [[Dorchester, Massachusetts]] and is buried near his birthplace in West Barnstable's Ancient Cemetery.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ellis|first=James H. |title=Mad Jack Percival: Legend of the Old Navy|location=Annapolis|publisher=Naval Institute Press|year=2002}}</ref>

==Promotions==
* Cabin Boy – c. 1793
* 2nd Mate in Merchant Service – c. 1797
* Impressed into Royal Navy – 24 February 1797
* Escapes from Royal Navy – April 1797
* Masters Mate, USN – July 1799
* Midshipman, USN – 13 May 1800
* Discharged from USN (returns to merchant service) – July 1801
* Sailing Master, USN – 6 March 1809
* Lieutenant, USN – 9 December 1814
* Master Commandant, USN – 3 March 1831
* Captain, USN – 8 September 1841
* Reserved List – 13 September 1855
* Died – 17 September 1862

Source – ''Mad Jack Percival''. James H. Ellis. Naval Institute Press. 2002.

==Namesakes==
Two US Navy ships have been named [[USS Percival|USS ''Percival'']].

Percival Drive in West Barnstable, MA is in the neighborhood of his birthplace, the homestead long since torn down.

Percival Street on [[Meeting House Hill]] in Dorchester is named for him.<ref>{{cite web |website=Dorchester Atheneum |title=Meeting House Hill |url=http://www.dorchesteratheneum.org/page.php?id=629}}</ref>

==References==
:{{DANFS}}
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{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Percival, John}}
[[Category:1779 births]]
[[Category:1862 deaths]]
[[Category:United States Navy officers]]
[[Category:American military personnel of the Quasi-War]]
[[Category:United States Navy personnel of the War of 1812]]
[[Category:American military personnel of the Mexican–American War]]
[[Category:Commanders of the USS Constitution]]

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