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{{Short description|Class of light cruisers of the Royal Netherlands Navy}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=H.M. Java 1935-5 in Nederlands Indië.jpg
|Ship caption=''Java'' circa 1935
}}
{{Infobox ship class overview
|Name=''Java'' class
|Builders=*[[Damen Schelde Naval Shipbuilding|Koninklijke Maatschappij de Schelde]], [[Vlissingen|Flushing]]
* [[Nederlandsche Scheepsbouw Maatschappij]], [[Amsterdam]]
* [[Wilton-Fijenoord]], [[Schiedam]] (cancelled)
|Operators={{naval|Netherlands}}
|Class before= {{sclass|Holland|cruiser|4}}
|Class after= {{HNLMS|De Ruyter|1935|2}}
|Subclasses=
|Built range=1916–1926
|In commission range=1925–1944
|Total ships planned=3
|Total ships completed=2
|Total ships cancelled=1
|Total ships active=
|Total ships laid up=
|Total ships lost=2
|Total ships retired=
|Total ships preserved=
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=as built
|Ship type=[[Light cruiser]]
|Ship displacement=*{{cvt|6776|t|LT|lk=on}} standard
* {{cvt|8339|t|LT}} full load
|Ship length= {{convert|155.3|m|ftin|abbr=on}} [[Length overall|oa]]
|Ship beam={{convert|16|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|Ship draught={{convert|6.1|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|Ship propulsion=*3-shaft Germania geared steam turbines
* 8 Schultz-Thornycroft boilers
* {{convert|73000|shp|abbr=on}}
|Ship speed={{convert|31|kn|lk=in}}
|Ship range={{convert|3600|nmi|abbr=on|lk=in}} at {{convert|12|kn|abbr=on}}
|Ship complement=525
|Ship sensors=
|Ship EW=
|Ship armament=*10 × [[Bofors]] {{cvt|150|mm|in|1}} guns
* 8 (''Java'') or 6 (''Sumatra'') × [[Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/60|Bofors 40&nbsp;mm anti-aircraft guns]]
* 8 × [[Browning Arms Company|Browning]] .50 [[machine gun]]s
* 2 x [[Depth charge]] rails with each rail being able to carry 5 depth charges
* 36 [[naval mine|Mines]]
|Ship armour=*{{convert|7.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} belt
* {{cvt|2.5|to|5|cm|in|abbr=on}} deck
* {{convert|12.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} conning tower
* {{convert|10|cm|in|abbr=on}} shields
|Ship aircraft= 2 [[Fokker C.VII-W]] [[floatplane]]s
|Ship aircraft facilities=
|Ship notes=
}}
|}

The '''''Java'' class''' was a class of [[light cruiser]]s of the [[Royal Netherlands Navy]], with the [[lead ship]] named after the island of [[Java (island)|Java]] in the [[Dutch East Indies]]. Originally, three ships were planned: [[HNLMS Java (1921)|''Java'']], [[HNLMS Sumatra (1920)|''Sumatra'']], and ''Celebes''. ''Celebes'' was intended to be the [[flagship]] of the naval commander in the Dutch East Indies, and therefore she was slightly bigger than the other two ships. However, the contract was cancelled with 30&nbsp;tons of material already prepared (a new ship, {{HNLMS|De Ruyter|1935|6}} was later built to fill that requirement).

The class was designed by the Dutch with technical oversight by the German company [[Krupp]], and constructed in the [[Netherlands]].  Armed with ten {{convert|150|mm|in|1|adj=on}} guns, they were of comparable capability to the German and British cruisers designs of the time. However, these were not [[Gun turret|turret-mounted]], and by the time the cruisers were finally launched after all the delays caused by the upheaval of [[World War I]] (''Sumatra'' in 1920, ''Java'' in 1921), the ships had already become outdated. Nevertheless, both ''Sumatra'' and ''Java'' were still active at the outbreak of [[World War II]], mainly for colonial duties. Both vessels were lost in the war, with ''Java'' torpedoed and sunk by the Japanese in 1942 in the Dutch East Indies and ''Sumatra'' [[Scuttling|scuttled]] as a [[Breakwater (structure)|breakwater]] during the [[Allied invasion of Normandy]] in 1944.

==Design and description==
The naval policy of the Netherlands in the early 20th century was focused on the colonial territories the nation had gathered, primarily the [[Dutch East Indies]]. At the time, the Dutch East Indies was a major supplier of oil and a source of wealth for the Dutch. However, with the onset of [[World War I]] and the rise of the [[Empire of Japan]] as a naval power in the Pacific, the Dutch could no longer match richer nations in the construction of large, powerful warships and instead focused their fleet policy on vessels capable of carrying out delaying and harassing actions until reinforced.{{sfn|Chesneau|1980|p=385}} The design of the new [[cruiser]]s was completed in 1916, produced by Dutch naval architects with technical supervision from the German military supplier [[Krupp]] and reflected the era's layout of guns on a cruiser-sized ship.{{sfn|Van Willigenburg|2010|p=22}}{{sfn|Gardiner|Gray|1985|p=367}} At the time when the design was completed, the cruisers would have been of comparable capability to concurrent British and German designs.{{sfn|Whitley|1996|p=190}}

With their planned service in the Dutch East Indies, the ''Java'' class was designed with this in mind, as they were intended to be the most powerful ships on station in the area. The cruisers measured {{convert|155.3|m|ftin}} [[Length overall|long overall]] and {{cvt|153|m|ftin}} [[Waterline length|at the waterline]] with a [[Beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{cvt|16|m|ftin}} and a [[Draft (hull)|mean draught]] of {{cvt|6.1|m|ftin}}. The cruisers had a [[Displacement (ship)|standard displacement]] of {{convert|6776|t|LT|lk=on}} and were {{cvt|8339|t|LT}} at full load. As designed, the cruisers were to have machinery consisting of a three-shaft system of Germania geared turbines powered by steam created from eight oil-fired Schulz-Thornycroft boilers. This would give the vessels the designed power of {{convert|72000|shp|lk=in}} allowing them to reach their design speed of {{convert|31|kn|lk=in}}. However, during construction a fire destroyed the machinery of ''Sumatra'' and the Germania turbines were replaced by Zoelly-pattern turbines which later proved troublesome.{{sfn|Whitley|1996|p=190}} The vessels carried {{cvt|1200|LT|t|order=flip}} of oil giving the ''Java'' class a range of {{convert|3600|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|12|kn}}.{{sfn|Gardiner|Gray|1985|p=367}}{{sfn|Whitley|1996|p=190}}

The ''Java'' class had a main armament of ten [[Bofors]] Mk 6 {{convert|150|mm|in|1|adj=on}}/50 [[Caliber (artillery)|calibre]] guns placed in single mounts, each with a forward facing [[gun shield]].{{sfn|Whitley|1996|p=190}}{{efn|Von Münching claims that the main armament of the ''Java'' class were ten [[Krupp]] 15 cm no. 6L/50 guns, which were originally intended to be used as fortress artillery.{{sfn|von Münching|1978|p=13}} Supposedly the guns were meant to be used at the [[Ehrenbreitstein Fortress|fortress of Ehrenbreitstein]].{{sfn|von Münching|1978|p=13}} However, later heavier guns would be placed at the fortress.{{sfn|von Münching|1978|p=13}}}} Two mounts were placed fore and aft along the [[Centerline (nautical)|centreline]] with guns "No.2" and "No.9" [[superfiring]]. The other six mounts were placed abeam, three to each side of the [[superstructure]]. A broadside from the cruisers would consist of seven guns. The 150 mm guns had a range of {{convert|23200|yd|m|order=flip}} when firing at an angle of 29 degrees.{{sfn|Whitley|1996|p=190}} The [[fire-control system]] was made by the firm Hazemeijer in [[Hengelo]].{{sfn|Mark|1997|p=10}} For secondary armament, the cruisers mounted four {{cvt|75|mm|in|1}}/55 cal. (13-pounder) guns.{{sfn|Chesneau|1980|p=385}}{{sfn|Gardiner|Gray|1985|p=367}} In addition, both cruisers had two [[depth charge]] rails with each rail being able to carry five depth charges.{{sfn|Mark|1997|p=10}} Furthermore, they could also carry 36 [[naval mine|mines]] aboard.{{sfn|von Münching|1978|p=13}}

As built, the cruisers had {{convert|7.5|cm|adj=on}} armour in a [[waterline]] [[Belt armor|belt]] that extended {{cvt|392+1/2|ft|m|order=flip}} that covered the machinery and [[Magazine (artillery)#Naval magazines|magazine]] spaces. This reduced to {{cvt|5|cm}} for {{cvt|42+1/2|ft|m|order=flip}} aft to protect the steering gear. The vessels had {{cvt|2.5|cm}} [[Deck (ship)|deck]] armour that increased to 5 cm on the sloped sides where they meet the upper edge of the side belt. The [[Funnel (ship)|funnel]] uptakes had 5 cm, the [[conning tower]] {{cvt|12.5|cm}} and the gun shields {{cvt|10|cm}} armour. Within the ship, the [[Bulkhead (partition)|bulkheads]] had {{cvt|6|cm}} armour.{{sfn|Whitley|1996|p=190}}

''Celebes'', the third ship of the class, was to be constructed to a modified design. Displacing {{cvt|7205|LT|t|order=flip}} and a length overall of {{cvt|158.3|m|ftin}},{{sfn|Gardiner|Gray|1985|p=367}} the design was intended for the ship to act as the [[Squadron (naval)|squadron]]'s [[flagship]] and be able to accommodate a [[flag officer]] and their staff.{{sfn|Whitley|1996|p=190}} 

===Criticism of design===
Since the design was completed in 1916, the armament layout reflected the ideas of the time. The placement of the guns in single mounts was based on the [[Ironclad warship|ironclad]]-age belief that if a direct hit to a gun would only disable the one gun, instead of multiple if the guns were placed in [[Gun turret|turrets]]. Furthermore, the guns were only protected by a forward-facing gun shield. This was done to save weight, as placing additional armour around the guns would have increased the vessel's displacement. These were flaws with the design, as the gunners were left exposed in battle and the gun layout prevented their full use.{{sfn|Van Willigenburg|2010|p=22}}

===Modifications===
Shortly after entering service ''Java'' and ''Sumatra'' were fitted with aircraft and handling [[derrick]]s for two [[Fairey III]]D aircraft purchased in 1924. However, the Faireys proved to be too fragile for service in the Dutch East Indies and were replaced in 1926 with [[Fokker C.VII-W]] [[floatplane]]s.{{sfn|Whitley|1996|p=190}} During a major refit in 1934–1935 the two cruisers had their pole [[Mast (sailing)|foremast]] replaced with a tubular one that had a [[Director (military)|director]] tower atop with a [[searchlight]] platform.{{sfn|Gardiner|Gray|1985|p=367}}{{sfn|Whitley|1996|p=190}} The [[mainmast]] was cut down and repositioned and the searchlights rearranged. Furthermore, the 75 mm guns were landed and replaced with six single-mounted [[Bofors 40 mm L/60 gun|Bofors Mk III {{cvt|40|mm}} guns]] in ''Sumatra'' and eight in ''Java'' for [[anti-aircraft warfare]]. The new guns were fitted on the aft shelter deck.{{sfn|Whitley|1996|p=190}} Additionally, four {{cvt|12.7|mm}} machine guns were added.{{sfn|Van Willigenburg|2010|p=22}}{{sfn|Whitley|1996|p=190}}{{efn|Gardiner & Gray claim six machine guns were added{{sfn|Gardiner|Gray|1985|p=367}} while Whitley states that it is possible some {{cvt|20|mm}} cannon were installed.{{sfn|Whitley|1996|p=190}}}}

==Construction==
The production of two cruisers was authorised on 15 July 1915 as part of the 1915–16 Dutch military programme.{{sfn|Gardiner|Gray|1985|p=367}} The design was completed in 1916 and orders were placed with the [[keel]] of the first ship of the class, ''Java'', [[Keel laying|laid down]] on 31 May 1916 at the [[Damen Schelde Naval Shipbuilding|Schelde naval shipyards]]. The second ship, ''Sumatra'', was laid down on 15 July 1916 at Nederlandse Scheepsbouw Maatschappij in [[Amsterdam]]. A third ship, ''Celebes'', was ordered to a modified design on 14 June 1917 from the [[Wilton-Fijenoord]] shipyard in [[Schiedam]].{{sfn|Whitley|1996|p=190}} All ships were named for islands in the Dutch East Indies. However, construction was delayed due to a series of issues. Material shortages following the end of World War I, labour issues, political interference in the construction all led to delays. Furthermore, there was a serious fire that destroyed ''Celebes''{{'}} original Germania turbines and required their replacement with Zoelly-pattern versions.{{sfn|Van Willigenburg|2010|p=23}} The construction of ''Celebes'' was cancelled after the budget for the third ship was delayed and her design was found to be obsolete. Only {{cvt|80|LT|t|order=flip}} of material had been prepared for ''Celebes''{{'}} construction and what had been built was broken up on the [[slipway]].{{sfn|Whitley|1996|p=190}} Despite the required replacement of her machinery, ''Sumatra'' was the first to [[Ceremonial ship launching|launch]] on 29 December 1920. ''Java'' followed on 9 August 1921. However, ''Java'' was the first to [[Ship commissioning|commission]], entering service on 1 May 1925, with ''Sumatra'' following on 26 May 1926.{{sfn|Whitley|1996|p=190}}

== Ships ==
[[File:Hr. Ms. Sumatra VRIJ.jpg|thumb|''Sumatra'']]
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ Construction data{{sfn|Whitley|1996|p=190}}
|-
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | Laid down
! scope="col" | Launched
! scope="col" | Commissioned
! scope="col" | Fate
|-
! scope="row" | {{HNLMS|Java|1921|2}}
| 31 May 1916
| 9 August 1921
| 1 May 1925
| sunk 27 February 1942
|-
! scope="row" | {{HNLMS|Sumatra|1920|2}}
| 15 July 1916
| 29 December 1920
| 26 May 1926
| scuttled 9 June 1944
|-
! scope="row" | ''Celebes''
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| Cancelled 1919
|}

==Service history==
===''Java''===
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM 'Stoomschip H.M.S. 'Java' TMnr 10002145.jpg|thumb|''Java'' in the Dutch East Indies]]
''Java'' was already outdated technologically by the time she was commissioned in 1925. ''Java'' saw action, mostly as a [[convoy]] escort, during the [[Spanish Civil War]] and during the early stages of [[World War II]]. At the outbreak of war with Japan ''Java'' was in  Dutch East Indies waters where she formed part of the fleet of [[American-British-Dutch-Australian Command|ABDA command]] under the command of [[Rear-Admiral]] [[Karel Doorman]]. She fought in the [[Battle of Badung Strait]] in February 1942. During the [[Battle of the Java Sea]] on 27 February 1942, she was sunk by a [[Japanese Long Lance torpedo|Long Lance]] [[torpedo]] from the Japanese cruiser {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Nachi||2}} and sank with heavy loss of life.{{sfn|Whitley|1996|p=191}}{{sfn|Van Willigenburg|2010|p=25}}

===''Sumatra''===
''Sumatra'' also performed convoy duties during World War II and transported part of the [[Dutch royal family]] to safety in Canada, but due to problems with her propulsion she was unfit for combat duty. In the end ''Sumatra'' was [[scuttling|scuttled]] off the coast of [[Normandy]] on 9 June 1944 at [[Ouistreham]] as part of a "gooseberry" pier to protect an artificial [[Mulberry Harbour]] built by the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] as part of [[Operation Overlord]]. ''Sumatra''{{'}}s 150&nbsp;mm guns were used to replace the guns of the {{sclass|Flores|gunboats|1}}, which were worn out by extensive use.{{sfn|Whitley|1996|p=191}}{{sfn|Van Willigenburg|2010|p=24}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==Citations==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |editor-last=Chesneau |editor-first=Roger |year=1980 |title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946 |publisher=Conway Maritime Press |location=Greenwich, UK |isbn=0-85177-146-7}}
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Gardiner |editor-first1=Robert |editor-last2=Gray |editor-first2=Randal |name-list-style=amp |year=1985 |title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921 |publisher=Conway Maritime Press |location=London |isbn=0-85177-245-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Mark |first=Chris |date=1997 |title=Schepen van de Koninklijke Marine in W.O. II |trans-title=Ships of the Royal Netherlands Navy in World War II |language=Dutch |location=Alkmaar |publisher=De Alk |isbn=90-6013-522-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Van Willigenburg |first=Henk |year=2010 |title=Dutch Warships of World War II |publisher=Lanasta |location=Emmen, the Netherlands |isbn=978-90-8616-318-2}}
* {{cite book |last=von Münching |first=L. L. |date=1978 |title=Schepen van de Koninklijke Marine in de Tweede Wereldoorlog |trans-title=Ships of the Royal Netherlands Navy in the Second World War |language=Dutch |location=Alkmaar |publisher=De Alk |isbn=90-6013-903-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Whitley |first=M. J. |year=1996 |title=Cruisers of World War II: An International Encyclopedia |publisher=Arms and Armour Press |location=London |isbn=1-85409-225-1}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last=Anten|first=J.|title=Hr. Ms. Kruisers 'Java' en 'Sumatra'|year=2001|publisher=Asia Maior|location=Zierikzee|isbn=978-9074861182}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.tracesofwar.nl/articles/1924/Lichte-kruisers-van-de-Java-klasse.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027152907/https://www.tracesofwar.nl/articles/1924/Lichte-kruisers-van-de-Java-klasse.htm|archive-date=October 27, 2020|title=Lichte kruisers van de Java-klasse |last=Kimenai |first=Peter |pages=1–8|publisher=[[TracesOfWar.com]]|language=nl|date=February 6, 2010|access-date=March 3, 2018}}
* {{cite book|last=Teitler|first=G.|title=De strijd om de slagkruisers|year=1984|publisher=De Bataafsche Leeuw|location=Dieren|isbn=978-9067070287}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.netherlandsnavy.nl/Javacl.htm Java-class cruisers]

{{Java class light cruiser}}
{{Royal Netherlands Navy cruisers}}
{{WWII Dutch ships}}

[[Category:Cruiser classes]]
[[Category:Java-class cruisers| ]]

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Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/rfd (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:WPMILHIST Infobox style (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WPSHIPS utilities (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WPSHIPS utilities/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/nolinks (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/titleformats (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

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