Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skuldiz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative forms

*skulþiz

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈskul.diz/

Etymology 1

From Proto-Indo-European *skéltis, from Proto-Indo-European *skel- (“to be obliged, be beholden to, owe, be guilty”), equivalent to Proto-Germanic *skulaną (“to be obligated, owe”) +‎ *-þiz. Cognate with Lithuanian kaltė (“guilt”).

Noun

*skuldiz f

Inflection

i-stemDeclension of *skuldiz (i-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*skuldiz	*skuldīz
vocative	*skuldi	*skuldīz
accusative	*skuldį	*skuldinz
genitive	*skuldīz	*skuldijǫ̂
dative	*skuldī	*skuldimaz
instrumental	*skuldī	*skuldimiz

Synonyms

*skuldaz

Derived terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *skuldi
- Old English: sċyld, sċyldu
  - Middle English: schuld, shild
    - English: shild
- Old Frisian: skeld
  - North Frisian: schild
  - Saterland Frisian: Skeeld
- Old Saxon: *skuld, sculd
  - Middle Low German: schuld, schülde
    - German Low German: Schuld, Schüld
- Old Dutch: skult
  - Middle Dutch: scult, scout
    - Dutch: schuld
      - Afrikaans: skuld
- Old High German: *skuld, sculd, scult, sculda, sculta
  - Middle High German: schult, schulde
    - German: Schuld
      - → Esperanto: ŝuldo
    - Luxembourgish: Schold
    - Yiddish: שולד (shuld)
Old Norse: skuld, Skuld, skyld
- Icelandic: skuld
- Faroese: skuld
- Norwegian: skuld, skyld
- Old Swedish: skuld, skyld
  - Swedish: skuld, skull
- Danish: skyld
- → Scots: skuld, sculd, skyld

Etymology 2

Derived from *skulaną (“to owe”).

Adjective

*skuldiz

bound, obliged

Inflection

Declension of *skuldiz (i-stem)

strong declension
	masculine		feminine		neuter
	singular	plural	singular	plural	singular	plural
nominative	*skuldiz	*skuldijai	*skuldī	*skuldijôz	skuldį, -jatō	*skuldijō
accusative	*skuldijanǭ	*skuldijanz	*skuldijǭ	*skuldijōz	skuldį, -jatō	*skuldijō
genitive	skuldijas, skuldīs	*skuldijaizǫ̂	*skuldijaizōz	*skuldijaizǫ̂	skuldijas, skuldīs	*skuldijaizǫ̂
dative	*skuldijammai	*skuldijaimaz	*skuldijaizōi	*skuldijaimaz	*skuldijammai	*skuldijaimaz
instrumental	*skuldijanō	*skuldijaimiz	*skuldijaizō	*skuldijaimiz	*skuldijanō	*skuldijaimiz

weak declension
	masculine		feminine		neuter
	singular	plural	singular	plural	singular	plural
nominative	*skuldijô	*skuldijaniz	*skuldijǭ	*skuldijōniz	*skuldijô	*skuldijōnō
accusative	*skuldijanų	*skuldijanunz	*skuldijōnų	*skuldijōnunz	*skuldijô	*skuldijōnō
genitive	*skuldīniz	*skuldijanǫ̂	*skuldijōniz	*skuldijōnǫ̂	*skuldīniz	*skuldijanǫ̂
dative	*skuldīni	*skuldijammaz	*skuldijōni	*skuldijōmaz	*skuldīni	*skuldijammaz
instrumental	*skuldīnē	*skuldijammiz	*skuldijōnē	*skuldijōmiz	*skuldīnē	*skuldijammiz

Descendants

Old Norse: skyldr
- Icelandic: skyldur
- Old Swedish: skylder