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[[File:Army2016demo-065.jpg|thumb|9A52-2 launch vehicle of 9K58 / BM-30 Smerch MLRS]]
[[File:9К58 Смерч 3.jpg|thumb|9K58 Smerch (IDELF-2008 - Ministry of Defence of Russia exposition)]]
The '''BM-30 ''Smerch''''' ({{lang-rus|Смерч}}, "whirlwind"), '''9K58 Smerch''' or '''9A52-2 Smerch-M''' is a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] heavy [[multiple rocket launcher]]. The system is intended to defeat personnel, armored, and [[soft target]]s in concentration areas, artillery batteries, command posts and [[ammunition depot]]s. It was designed in the early 1980s and entered service in the [[Soviet Army]] in 1989.<ref>{{ru icon}} [http://www.vk.mesi.ru/arms2108.html MLRS Smerch]</ref> When first observed by the West in 1983, it received the code '''MRL 280mm M1983'''. It is expected to be superseded by the [[9A52-4 Tornado]].
==Operational history==
The first confirmed combat uses of the Smerch were in two war zones in 2014. Syrian military forces used the system against rebel forces during the [[Syrian civil war]], including in fighting in [[Jobar]].<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IXg3joI0n8c</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pk_AdzMZytw</ref><ref>[https://www.bellingcat.com/news/mena/2014/12/27/syrias-bm-30-smerchs-emerging-from-the-shadows/ Syria’s BM-30 Smerchs, emerging from the shadows] Dec 27, 2014</ref> It was also used by Russia-backed militants to deliver explosive and cluster munitions to Ukrainian military positions and locals of Donetsk and Lugansk regions in the [[War in Donbass]].<ref>[https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/09/01/ukraine-rising-civilian-toll-luhansk Ukraine: Rising Civilian Toll in Luhansk]</ref><ref>https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/10/20/ukraine-widespread-use-cluster-munitions</ref> Several have been seen in use by pro-Russian rebels.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bellingcat-vehicles.silk.co/page/1152-Makeevka%3A-Smerch|title=[1152] Makeevka: Smerch|date=22 January 2015|work=Bellingcat Vehicles|accessdate=11 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bellingcat-vehicles.silk.co/page/1154-Makeevka%3A-Smerch|title=[1154] Makeevka: Smerch|date=22 January 2015|work=Bellingcat Vehicles|accessdate=11 February 2015}}</ref> The [[Russian Ground Forces]] used the BM-30 in Syria in October 2015 during the [[Russian intervention in Syria]].<ref>[http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/russian-troops-fire-artillery-rockets-syria/story?id=34322668 Russian Troops Fire Artillery and Rockets in Syria] - ABCNews.com, 7 October 2015</ref>
==Components==
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* '''9A52'''- Standard variant on [[MAZ-7310|MAZ-79111]] truck.
* '''9A52-2''' - Modified variant on [[MAZ-7310|MAZ-543M]] truck.
* '''9A52-2T''' - Export version, based on the [[Tatra T816]] 10x10 truck.<ref>http://otvaga2004.narod.ru/xlopotov_8/2010_smerch1.htm</ref>
* '''[[9A52-4]]''' - Lighter, airmobile version on [[KamAZ]]-6350 truck with modular 6-round rocket pack. Demonstrated in 2007.
{{clear}}
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* {{flag|India}} - 42 9A52-2T systems in service.
* {{flag|Iraq}} - 0 systems in 2016.<ref>http://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk?pag=article&aid=93042&cid=24</ref>
* {{flag|Kazakhstan}}<ref>http://otvaga2004.narod.ru/publ_w7_2010/matybulak/43/otvaga_matybulak_260.jpg</ref>
* {{flag|Kuwait}} - 27 systems in 1996.
* {{MAR}} - 36 systems PHL03/AR2 Chinese version.<ref>{{cite news|title=China Providing AR2 Long-range MLRS to Morocco |url=http://www.kanwa.com/dnws/showpl.php?id=626 |accessdate=21 September 2013 |date= |publisher=Kanwa Daily News |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925080657/http://www.kanwa.com/dnws/showpl.php?id=626 |archivedate=25 September 2013 |df= }}</ref><ref>[https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/67/212 United Nations Register of Conventional Arms]</ref>
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* '''{{vanchor |PHL-03}}''' - Chinese development of the PHL96. The PHL03 is a highly digitized PHL96 with a computerized fire control system (FCS) incorporating GPS/GLONASS, similar to that of the [[Type 81 (rocket launcher)#Type 90B|Type 90A SPMRL]], with a four-man crew (compared with three for the BM-30/PHL96), which entered service around 2004-2005,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://baike.baidu.com/view/4025237.htm|title=PHL03式远程火箭炮_百度百科|publisher=|accessdate=23 December 2014}}</ref> only a year or two after its predecessor, the PHL96. As with the PHL96, the PHL03 is not exactly a guided SPMRL because it is the submunitions that are guided, not the rockets themselves.
* '''{{vanchor |AR-1}}''' - Chinese development of the PHL03. This is actually the first model of the Chinese versions of the BM-30 SPMRL that is a truly a guided rocket system, in that the rockets themselves are guided by the simple primitive cascade inertial terminal guidance used on the [[Weishi Rockets|WS series SPMRL]], which became standard for later Chinese versions. Russia had already developed a guided version of the BM-30 with mid-course radio command guidance to immediately correct the error in the flight of the rocket once detected by the ballistic tracking radar, but this was not adopted due to financial constraints.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://baike.baidu.com/view/435856.htm|title=BM-30龙卷风式火箭炮系统_百度百科|publisher=|accessdate=23 December 2014}}</ref>
* '''{{vanchor |AR-1A}}''' - Chinese development of the AR-1. A 10-round version of the AR-1, with two launching boxes, each containing five expandable launching tubes. Once rockets are launched, the entire launch box is replaced, instead of individually reloading each tube as in earlier versions, thus greatly reducing the reload time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://club.xilu.com/emas/msgview-821955-4273681.html|title=й³ڱָȱݣʵڣ-½-½|publisher=|accessdate=23 December 2014}}</ref><ref>[http://www.fyjs.cn/viewarticle.php?id=241742 AR-2 SPMRL]</ref>
* '''A-100E''' - Export variant of the AR-1A. In service with the [[Pakistan Army]].
* '''AR-2''' - Chinese development of the AR-1/1A manufactured by [[Norinco]], with range increased to 130 km.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wenku.baidu.com/view/8d9431bdf121dd36a32d82b6.html|title=AR2300Զ̻ϵͳ|publisher=|accessdate=23 December 2014}}</ref>
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{{Commons category|BM-30 Smerch}}
* [http://www.thetankmaster.com/ENGLISH/AFV/9a52_1.asp Smerch - 9A52 - 300mm multi-barreled rocket launcher – Walk around photos]
* [http://www.splav.org/en/arms/smerch/index.asp Splav State Research and Production Enterprise]
{{PostWWIISovietAFVS}}
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