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==1990 Democratic revolution's foundation==
With the changes taking place internationally in the communist world, in particular in the Soviet Union, which had sheltered and led Mongolia; young people in Mongolia wanted to make a change in the society and the way the government was running its business. In addition, Mongolia suffered economic hardships from as early as the 1980s. The young people began to meet secretly and discuss it. For example, during his studies in the USSR, [[Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj]] learned about [[Glasnost]], the concepts such as freedom of speech and economic liberties. After returning to Mongolia, he met other like-minded people and tried to present those ideas to a wider audience,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://amantuuh.socanth.cam.ac.uk/search/view_transcript.php?Interview=091102A&Person=990446|title=Interview with Akim Gotov ''(in Mongolian)''|publisher=The Oral History of Twentieth Century Mongolia, University of Cambridge|accessdate=8 July 2013}}</ref> despite attempts of repression from the Politburo-authority of the government,<ref>{{cite web
In October 1989, New Generation, an underground resistance movement was formed.<ref name="Amarsanaa">{{cite book|last=S. and S.|first=Amarsanaa & Mainbayar|title=Concise historical album of the Mongolian Democratic Union|year=2009|pages=3–5, 10, 33–35, 44, 47, 51–56, 58, 66}}</ref>
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|url=http://mongol.undesten.mn/wiki/show/name/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B1%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6+%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD|title=Elbegdorj, Tsakhiagiin|publisher=National Digital Heritage Academy (in Mongolian)|accessdate=8 July 2013}}</ref> During the break of the congress, two young individuals met Elbegdorj and the three agreed to found a democratic movement and to secretly spread the news to other young people.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://tsagtur.mn/2013-03-22-03-36-25/|title=Ch.Enkhee: Special western agencies financially supported|magazine=Tsag Tur(Time and the country)'' (in Mongolian)''|place=Ulaanbaatar|last=S.|first=Bayar|date=22 March 2013|accessdate=8 July 2013}}</ref> Later the three met and united with ten other individuals and they are known as the Thirteen Leaders of Mongolia's Democratic Revolution.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://humuus.mn/?p=1970|title=What are the "First 13 of Democracy" doing?|newspaper=Humuus (People)'' (in Mongolian)''|place=Ulaanbaatar|last=M.|first=Gal|accessdate=8 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Sanders|first=Alan J.K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5JN83EDDLl4C&pg=PA231&dq=elbegdorj&hl=en&sa=X&ei=JC7aUbnIMobV4QTG2oGYDQ&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=elbegdorj&f=false|title=Historical Dictionary of Mongolia. Third edition|publisher=Scarecrow Press|place=Lanham, MD |page=230|year=2010|accessdate=25 June 2013|isbn=978-0-8108-7452-7}}</ref> On his return from the congress, his boss at the newspaper ''Ulaan Od'' warned Elbegdorj that he would be fired if he participated further in any activities out of work or engaged in any conduct inconsistent with communist and socialist ideology.<ref name="young artists" /> Despite the warning, Elbegdorj and his friends met secretly with other young people in the circle auditorium of the [[National University of Mongolia]] and discussed democracy, free market economic policy, and other prohibited subjects of the time, and began to draft a plan to organize a democratic movement.<ref>{{cite web
On 9 December, people from New Generation met students, journalists and others to set up an open organization calling for drastic reform. The group called itself Mongolian Democratic Union.<ref name="Amarsanaa" />
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==Democratic revolution==
On the morning of 10 December 1989, the first open pro-democracy demonstration met in front of the Youth Cultural Center in Ulaanbaatar.<ref>{{cite news|last=G.|first=Dari|title=
Democracy Days to be inaugurated|publisher=news.mn (in Mongolian)|url=http://politics.news.mn/content/89237.shtml|accessdate=8 July 2013|date=5 December 2011}}</ref> There, Elbegdorj announced the creation of the [[Mongolian Democratic Union]] (MDU).<ref name="CDMongolia">{{cite web|title=
In subsequent months the activists led by 13 democracy leaders including [[Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj]], [[Sanjaasürengiin Zorig]], [[Erdeniin Bat-Üül]], [[Bat-Erdeniin Batbayar]] and others continued to organize demonstrations, rallies, protests and hunger strikes, as well as teachers' and workers' strikes.<ref name="Politburo">{{cite book|title=Parliaments in Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=slpaAe40kn0C&pg=PA143&dq=politburo+resignation+led+to+first+multi+party+election+in+mongolia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=OjjaUYv-CuSh4gTsnICYDg&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false|last=Ahmed and Norton|first=Nizam U. and Philip|page=143|publisher=Frank Cass & Co.Ltd|place=London|isbn=0-7146-4951-1|accessdate=8 July 2013|year=1999}}</ref> The activists had growing support from Mongolians, both in the capital and the countryside and the union's activities led to other calls for democracy all over the country.<ref>{{cite web
On 2 January 1990, Mongolian Democratic Union began distributing leaflets calling for a democratic revolution.<ref name="Amarsanaa" /> When the government did not comply with this and later, more aggressive demands, demonstrations occurred. On January 14, 1990, some 1000 protesters met on square in front of Lenin Museum which has been renamed as Freedom Square since then in [[Ulaanbaatar]]. A demonstration on [[Sükhbaatar Square]] on 21 January (in weather of -30 C) followed. Protestors carried banners alluding to Chinggis Khaan (also referred to [[Genghis Khan]]), rehabilitating a figure which Soviet schooling neglected to praise.<ref name="Fineman">{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1990-01-24/news/mn-609_1_rock-music/2|title=Mongolia Reform Group Marches to Rock Anthem|first=Mark|last=Fineman|date=1990-01-24|accessdate=2012-12-26|publisher=[[Los Angeles Times]]|quote=Mongolia-watchers in Beijing said that... the democracy movement is rooted more in nationalism than in dissent.... 'Watching it unfold, you get the feeling this is more a pro-nationalist and pro-Mongolian movement than it is anti-party or anti-government,' said a diplomat who left Ulan Bator on Monday.}}</ref> They celebrated Daramyn Tömör-Ochir, a politician who was purged from the MPRP in 1962 as part of the MPRP's efforts to suppress the commemoration of the 800th anniversary of Genghis Khan's birth. And the rebels carried a modified [[Flag of Mongolia]] which lacked a star symbolizing socialism; this flag would become the new flag after the revolution.<ref>{{cite book|title=Truth, History, and Politics in Mongolia: The Memory of Heroes|first=Christopher|last=Kaplonski|year=2004|publisher=Psychology Press|pages=51, 56, 60, 64–65, 67, 80–82|ISBN=1134396732}}</ref>
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