Proto-Turkic is the linguistic reconstruction of the common ancestor of the Turkic languages that was spoken by the Proto-Turks before their divergence into the various Turkic peoples. Proto-Turkic separated into Oghur (western) and Common Turkic (eastern) branches. Candidates for the proto-Turkic homeland range from western Central Asia to Manchuria,[4] with most scholars agreeing that it lay in the eastern part of the Central Asian steppe,[5] while one author has postulated that Proto-Turkic originated 2,500 years ago in East Asia.[6]
| Proto-Turkic | |
|---|---|
| Reconstruction of | Turkic languages |
| Region | Probably the East and Central Asia,[1] possibly including regions of western Siberia[1] |
| Era | c. 3000 – c. 500 BCE[2][3] |
| Lower-order reconstructions |
|
The oldest records of a Turkic language, the Old Turkic Orkhon inscriptions of the 7th century Göktürk khaganate, already shows characteristics of Eastern Common Turkic. For a long time, the reconstruction of Proto-Turkic relied on comparisons of Old Turkic with early sources of the Western Common Turkic branches, such as Oghuz and Kypchak, as well as the Western Oghur proper (Bulgar, Chuvash, Khazar). Because early attestation of these non-easternmost languages is much more sparse, reconstruction of Proto-Turkic still rests fundamentally on the easternmost Old Turkic of the Göktürks, however it now also includes a more comprehensive analysis of all written and spoken forms of the language.[7]
The Proto-Turkic language shows evidence of influence from several neighboring language groups, including Eastern Iranian, Tocharian, and Old Chinese.[8]
Phonology
editConsonants
editThe consonant system had a two-way contrast of stop consonants (fortis vs. lenis), k, p, t vs. g, b, d. There was also an affricate consonant, ç; at least one sibilant s and sonorants m, n, ń, ŋ, r, l with a full series of nasal consonants. Some scholars additionally reconstruct the palatalized sounds ĺ and ŕ for the correspondence sets Oghuric /l/ ~ Common Turkic *š and Oghuric /r/ ~ Common Turkic *z. Most scholars, however, assume that these are the regular reflexes of Proto-Turkic *l and *r.[9] Oghuric is thus sometimes referred to as Lir-Turkic and Common Turkic as Shaz-Turkic.
A glottochronological reconstruction based on analysis of isoglosses and Sinicisms points to the timing of the r/z split at around 56 BCE–48 CE. As Anna Dybo puts it, that may be associated with
the historical situation that can be seen in the history of the Huns' division onto the Northern and Southern [groups]: the first separation and withdrawal of the Northern Huns to the west has occurred, as was stated above, in 56 BC,... the second split of the (Eastern) Huns into the northern and southern groups happened in 48 AD.[10]
Dybo suggests that during that period, the Northern branch steadily migrated from Western Mongolia through Southern Xinjiang into the north's Dzungaria and then finally into Kazakhstan's Zhetysu until the 5th century.[10]
There was no fortis-lenis contrast in word-initial position: the initial stops were always *b, *t, *k, the affricate was always *č (*ç) and the sibilant was always *s. In addition, the nasals and the liquids did not occur in that position either.[11]
| Bilabial | Dental or alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | *m | *n | *ń /nʲ/ | *ŋ | |
| Plosive and affricate |
fortis | *p | *t | *ç /t͡ʃ/ | *k |
| lenis | *b | *d | *g | ||
| Sibilant | *s | ||||
| Liquid | lateral | *l | (*ĺ /lʲ/) | ||
| rhotic | *r | (*ŕ /rʲ/) | |||
| Semivowel | *j | ||||
Like in many modern Turkic languages, the velars /k/, /g/, and possibly /ŋ/ seem to have had back and front allophones ([k] and [q], [g] and [ɢ], [ŋ] and [ɴ]) according to their environments, with the velar allophones occurring in words with front vowels, and uvular allophones occurring in words with back vowels. The lenis stops /b/, /d/ and /g/~/ɢ/ may have tended towards fricatives intervocalically.[12]
Vowels
editLike most of its descendants, Proto-Turkic exhibited vowel harmony, distinguishing vowel qualities a, ï, o, u vs. ä, e, i, ö, ü, as well as two vowel quantities. Here, macrons represent long vowels. Some scholars (e.g. Gerhard Doerfer) additionally reconstruct a mid back unrounded *ë based on cognate sets with Chuvash, Tuvan and Yakut ï corresponding to a in all other Turkic languages, although these correspondences can also be explained as deriving from *a which underwent subsequent sound changes in those three languages.[13][14] The phonemicity of the distinction between the two close unrounded vowels, i.e. front *i and back *ï, is also rejected by some.[14]
| front | back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | |
| high | *i, *ī /i/ | *ü, *ǖ /y/ | *ï, *ï̄ /ɯ/ | *u, *ū /u/ |
| mid | *e, *ē /e/ | *ö, *ȫ /ø/~/œ/ | (*ë, *ë̄ /ɤ/) | *o, *ō /o/ |
| low | *ä, *ǟ /ɛ/ | *a, *ā /a/ | ||
Morphology
editNouns
editPlurals of nouns were formed using the suffix *-An, but it fell into disuse sometime before the split between Common Turkic and Oghuric. Common Turkic languages today use their respective forms of *-lAr, whereas Chuvash uses -сем, which descends from Proto-Turkic *sāyïn ("every"). Reconstructable possessive suffixes in Proto-Turkic includes 1SG *-m, 2SG *-ŋ, and 3SG *-(s)i, plurals of the possessors are formed by *-z in Common Turkic languages.
Verbs
editThe reconstructable suffixes for the verbs include:
- Aorist: *-Vr
- Past: *-dI
- Negative suffix: *-mA
- 1SG: *-m < *-män < *bän
- 2SG: *-n < *sän
- 3SG: *-∅ < *ï
- 1PL: *-mïz/*-bïz < *bïz
- 2PL: *-sïz < *sïz
Proto-Turkic also involves derivation with grammatical voice suffixes, as in cooperative *körüš, middle *körün, passive *körül, and causative *körtkür.
Vocabulary
editPronouns
edit| Proto-Turkic | Turkish | Azeri | Turkmen | Kazakh | Chuvash | Karakhanid | Uzbek | Uyghur | Bashkir | Kyrgyz | Sakha (Yakut) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | *bë,[15][16] *bän-[17][18] | ben, ban- | mən | men | men, ma- | epĕ, man- | men, man- | men | men | min | men | min |
| you | *së,[15][19] *sän- | sen, san- | sən | sen | sen, sa-, siz | esĕ, san- | sen, san- | sen, siz | sen, siz | hin | sen, siz | en |
| he/she/it | *an-, *o-l | on-, o | on-, o | ol | on-, o-l | un-, văl | an-, ol | u | u | ul | al | kini, ol[20] |
| we | *bïŕ | biz | biz | biz | biz | epir, pir- | biz | biz | biz | beð | biz | bihigi |
| you (plural) | *sïŕ | siz | siz | siz | sender, sizder | esir, sir- | siz | sizlar | senler, siler, sizler | heð | siler, sizder | ehigi |
| they | *o-lar[21] | on-lar | onlar | olar | olar | vĕsem, vĕsen- | olar | ular | ular | ular | alar | kiniler, ollor |
Numbers
edit| Proto-Turkic | Oghur Turkic | Common Turkic | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Volga Bulgar | Chuvash | Karakhanid | Turkish | Azeri | Turkmen | Kazakh | Uzbek | Uyghur | Bashkir | Kyrgyz | Sakha (Yakut) | ||
| 1 | *bï̄r | بىر (bīr) | pĕr | bīr | bir | bir | bir | bir | bir | bir | ber | bir | biir |
| 2 | *ëkï | اَكِ (eki) | ikĕ | ikkī | iki | iki | iki | eki | ikki | ikki | ike | eki | ikki |
| 3 | *üç | وج (več) | viśĕ | üč | üç | üç | üç | üş | uch | üç | ös | üč | üs |
| 4 | *tȫrt | تُوات (tüvet) | tăvată | tȫrt | dört | dörd | dört | tört | to'rt | tört | dürt | tört | tüört |
| 5 | *bë̄ĺ(k) | بيال (byel) | pilĕk | bḗš | beş | beş | bäş | bes | besh | beş | biş | beş | bies |
| 6 | *altı | اَلطِ (altï) | ultă | altï̄ | altı | altı | alty | altı | olti | alte | altı | altı | alta |
| 7 | *jëtï | جىَاتِ (čyeti) | śičĕ | yétī | yedi | yeddi | ýedi | jeti | yetti | yetti | yete | jeti | sette |
| 8 | *säkïŕ | ڛَكِڔ (sekir) | sakăr | sekiz | sekiz | səkkiz | sekiz | segiz | sakkiz | sekkiz | higeð | segiz | аğıs |
| 9 | *tokuŕ | طُخِڔ (tuxïr) | tăhăr | tokūz | dokuz | doqquz | dokuz | toğız | to'qqiz | toqquz | tuğıð | toguz | toğus |
| 10 | *ōn | وان (van) | vună | ōn | on | on | on | on | o'n | on | un | on | uon |
| 20 | *jëgïrmï | جِيِرم (čiyirim) | śirĕm | yegirmī | yirmi | iyirmi | ýigrimi | jıyırma | yigirma | yigrime | yegerme | jıyırma | süürbe |
| 30 | *otuŕ | وطر (vutur) | vătăr | ottuz | otuz | otuz | otuz | otız | o'ttiz | ottuz | utıð | otuz | otut |
| 40 | *kırk | حرح (xïrïx) | hĕrĕh | kïrk | kırk | qırx | kyrk | qırıq | qirq | qiriq | qırq | kırk | - |
| 50 | *ällïg | اَلُّ (ellü) | ală | ellig | elli | əlli | elli | eliw | ellik | ellik | ille | elüü | - |
| 60 | *ältmıĺ | - | utmăl | altmïš | altmış | altmış | altmyş | alpıs | oltmish | atmiş | altmış | altımış | - |
| 70 | *jëtmïĺ | - | śitmĕl | yetmiš | yetmiş | yetmiş | ýetmiş | jetpis | yetmish | etmiş | yetmeş | jetimiş | - |
| 80 | *säkïŕ ōn | سكر وان (sekir van) | sakăr vun | seksȫn | seksen | səksən | segsen | seksen | sakson | seksen | hikhän | seksen | ağıs uon |
| 90 | *tokuŕ ōn | طوخر وان (toxïr van) | tăhăr vun | toksōn | doksan | doxsan | dogsan | toqsan | to'qson | toqsan | tuqhan | tokson | toğus uon |
| 100 | *jǖŕ | جُور (čǖr) | śĕr | yǖz | yüz | yüz | ýüz | jüz | yuz | yüz | yöð | jüz | süüs |
| 1000 | *bıŋ | - | pin | miŋ | bin | min | müň | mıñ | ming | miñ | meñ | miñ | muñ |
References
edit- ^ a b Robbeets & Savelyev 2017, p. 127.
- ^ The Turkic Languages Lars Johanson, Éva Á. Csató · 2015
- ^ The Turks in World History Carter V. Findley · 2005, p.17
- ^ Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Metspalu, Mait; Metspalu, Ene; Valeev, Albert (21 April 2015). "The Genetic Legacy of the Expansion of Turkic-Speaking Nomads across Eurasia". PLOS Genetics. 11 (4): e1005068. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005068. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 4405460. PMID 25898006. "The origin and early dispersal history of the Turkic peoples is disputed, with candidates for their ancient homeland ranging from the Transcaspian steppe to Manchuria in Northeast Asia."
- ^ Robbeets, Martine; Savelyev, Alexander (21 December 2017). Language Dispersal Beyond Farming. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 127. ISBN 978-90-272-6464-0. "It is generally agreed among historians and linguists that the starting point of the Turkic migrations was located in the eastern part of the Central Asian steppe (see, e.g., Golden 1992, Kljastornyj & Suktanov 2009; Menges 1995:55). Turkologists use various definitions for describing the Proto-Turkic homeland, but most indicate more or less the same region. While Janhunen (1996:26, 2015:293) locates the Proto-Turkic homeland fairly precisely in Eastern Mongolia, Rona-Tas (1998:88), in a rather general manner, places the last habitat of the Turkic speakers before the disintegration of the family "in west and central Siberia and in the region south of it." The latter localization overlaps in large part with that proposed by Tenisev et al. (2006), who associate the Proto-Turkic urheimat with the vast area stretching from the Ordos Desert in Inner Mongolia to the foothils of the Sayan-Altai mountains in Southern Siberia."
- ^ Janhunen, Juha (2013). "Personal pronouns in Core Altaic". In Martine Irma Robbeets; Hubert Cuyckens (eds.). Shared Grammaticalization: With special focus on the Transeurasian languages. John Benjamins. p. 223. ISBN 9789027205995.
- ^ Róna-Tas 1998, pp. 69.
- ^ Róna-Tas 1998, pp. 78.
- ^ Róna-Tas 1998, pp. 71–72.
- ^ a b Dybo, A. V. (2007). Chronology of Turkic languages and linguistic contacts of early Turks (PDF) (in Russian). Moscow. p. 770. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-03-11.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Róna-Tas 1998, p. 71.
- ^ Johanson 1998, p. 97.
- ^ Róna-Tas 1998, p. 70.
- ^ a b Johanson 1998, pp. 90–91.
- ^ a b Georg, Stefan (2004-12-22). "Review of Starostin, Dybo, Mudrak, Gruntov & Glumov (2003): Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages". Diachronica. 21 (2): 445–450. doi:10.1075/dia.21.2.12geo. ISSN 0176-4225.
- ^ "Turkic etymology : Query result". starling.rinet.ru. Retrieved 2021-09-23.
- ^ "Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/ben", Wiktionary, 2021-08-20, retrieved 2021-09-23
- ^ "Proto-Turkic/Pronouns and numbers - Wikibooks, open books for an open world". en.wikibooks.org. Retrieved 2021-09-23.
- ^ "Turkic etymology : Query result". starling.rinet.ru. Retrieved 2021-09-23.
- ^ In Sakha (AKA Yakut), kini(ler) is used for animate referents whereas ol(lor) is used for inanimate referents. While the latter is cognate with other third person forms given here, the former descends from Proto-Turkic *gëntü, *këntü '(him/her)self' and is thus cognate, for example, with Turkish kendi.
- ^ This pronoun are constructed by adding a plural suffix to *o-l "he/she/it". However, an Oghur language Chuvash uses a completely different plural suffix that lacks vowel harmony, -sem. According to Róna-Tas (1998), -sem is a late replacement to *-lAr.
Sources
edit- Antonov, Anton; Jacques, Guillaume (2012). "Turkic kümüš 'silver' and the lambdaism vs. sigmatism debate". Turkic Languages. 15 (2): 151–170.
- Décsy, Gyula (1998). The Turkic Protolanguage: A computational reconstruction.
- Vajda, Edward J. (2000). "Review of Décsy (1998)". Language. 76 (2): 473–474.
- Clauson, Gerard (1972). Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth-Century Turkish. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-864112-4.
- Grønbech, Vilhelm (1997). Preliminary Studies in Turkic Historical Phonology (Uralic & Altaic). Curzon: Routledge. ISBN 0-7007-0935-5.
- Johanson, Lars (1998). "History of Turkic". In Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva (eds.). The Turkic Languages. London: Taylor & Francis. pp. 81–125. ISBN 0-415-08200-5.
- Róna-Tas, András (1998). "The reconstruction of Proto-Turkic and the genetic question". In Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva (eds.). The Turkic Languages. London: Taylor & Francis. pp. 67–80. ISBN 0-415-08200-5.
Further reading
edit- Dybo, A.V. (2014). "Early contacts of Turks and problems of Proto-Turkic reconstruction". In: Tatarica: Language, 2, p. 7-17.
- "Wheels and Carts of the Ancient Turks in a Linguistic View". Karadeniz Araştırmaları. XVII (65): 167–176.