Mary Tudor, Queen of France

Mary was the fifth child of Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York,^[1] and the youngest of those who survived infancy.^[2][3] She was born at Sheen Palace, on 18 March 1496. A privy seal bill dated from midsummer 1496 authorises a payment of 50 shillings to her nurse, Anne Skeron.^[4][5] Also, Erasmus stated that she was four years old when he visited the royal nursery in 1499–1500.^[5][6] At age six, she was given her own household, complete with "a staff of gentlewomen assigned to wait upon her", a schoolmaster, and a physician.^[4] She was given instruction in French, Latin, music, dancing, and embroidery.^[4][7] Her Governess was Joan Vaux, who she called Mother Guildford; the two shared a close relationship and Mary was furious when Joan was sent back to England upon her arrival in France.^[8][9][10]

As children, Mary and her brother, the future King Henry VIII, shared a close friendship.^[3] He named his first surviving child, the future Queen Mary I, in her honour.^[11] They lost their mother when Mary was just six^[12] and, given the number of bills paid to her apothecary from 1504 to 1509, it would appear that Mary's own health was fragile.^[4][7]

She was known in her youth as one of the most beautiful princesses in Europe;^[4][13] Erasmus said of her that "Nature never formed anything more beautiful."^[14]

In 1506, during a visit from Philip I of Castile, Mary was called to entertain the guests, dancing and playing the lute and clavichord.^[15] In September 1506, Philip died, and on 21 December 1507, Mary was betrothed to his son Charles,^[16][17][18] later Holy Roman Emperor.^[19] The betrothal was called off in 1514.^[4][20][21]

Cardinal Wolsey negotiated a peace treaty with France, and on 9 October 1514, at the age of 18, Mary married the 52-year-old King Louis XII of France at Abbeville.^[22][23] She was accompanied to France by several English maids of honour (one of whom was Anne Boleyn)^[24][25] under the supervision of her old governess Lady or "Mother" Guildford, who acted as her principal lady-in-waiting.^[26][27]

Despite two previous marriages, Louis had no living sons,^[28] and sought to produce one.^[29][30] But he died on 1 January 1515,^[31][32] less than three months after marrying Mary,^[33][34] reputedly worn out by his exertions in the bedchamber, but more likely from the effects of gout.^[35][36][37] Their union produced no children.^[38] Following Louis's death, his successor, King Francis I of France, made unsuccessful attempts to arrange a second marriage for Mary.^[4][39]

Mary had been unhappy in her marriage of state to King Louis XII, as she was almost certainly already in love with Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk.^[21][40] King Henry VIII was aware of Mary's feelings; letters from her in 1515 indicated that she had agreed to wed Louis only on condition that "if she survived him, she should marry whom she liked".^[41][42] However, Henry VIII wanted any future marriage to be to his advantage.^[38] The King's Council, not wishing to see Charles Brandon gain further power at court, was also opposed to the match.^[43][44]

Meanwhile, rumours swirled in France that she would wed either Antoine, Duke of Lorraine, or Charles III, Duke of Savoy.^[45][46] On 26 June 1515, the Duke of Lorraine married Renée of Bourbon instead.^[47] At one point, even King Francis I, perhaps in hope of his wife Queen Claude's death, was one of Mary's suitors in the first week of her widowhood;^[48] Mary asserted that she had given him her confidence in order to avoid his overtures.^[49] A pair of French friars went so far as to warn Mary that she must not wed Charles Brandon, because he "had traffickings with the devil".^[4][48][50]

When King Henry VIII sent Brandon to bring Mary back to England in late January 1515, he made the Duke promise that he would not propose to her.^[51][52][53] Once in France, Mary persuaded Charles to abandon that pledge; Charles later wrote to the King stating he "never saw a woman so weep".^[54] The couple married in secret at the Hotel de Cluny in Paris on 3 March 1515 in the presence of just 10 people, among them King Francis I.^[55][56] Technically, this was treason, as Brandon had married a royal princess without King Henry's consent.^[57] Henry was outraged, and the privy council urged that Charles be imprisoned or executed;^[58][59] Mary, as royalty and the King's favourite sister,^[60] was safe from execution.^[61]

Due to the intervention of Thomas Wolsey and Henry's affection for both his sister and Charles, the couple were given only a heavy fine^[62][4] of £24,000, to be paid to the King in yearly instalments of £1000; the whole of Mary's dower from King Louis XII of £200,000; and the gold plate and jewels King Louis had given or promised her.^[63][64] The £24,000 was later reduced by the King.^[62] They officially later married on 13 May 1515 at Greenwich Palace in the presence of King Henry VIII and his courtiers.^[4][65] In 1528, Charles secured a papal bull from Pope Clement VII legitimising the marriage.^[66][67]

Mary was Charles Brandon's third wife, and he had two daughters, Anne and Mary, by his second wife Anne Browne, who had died in 1510 or 1512.^[68][69] Mary raised the girls with her own children.^[70] Even after her second marriage, Mary was normally referred to at the English court as the Queen of France, and was not known as the Duchess of Suffolk in her lifetime,^[71] despite being legally allowed to be. Mary spent most of her time at the Duke's country seat of Westhorpe Hall in Suffolk.^[72][73]

In the late 1520s, relations between King Henry VIII and his sister Mary were strained when she opposed the King's attempt to obtain an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, whom Mary had known for many years. Mary strongly disliked Anne Boleyn (King Henry's intended wife),^[74][75] whom she had first encountered in France.^[4][25] Anne and her sister Mary Boleyn had been among the maids of honour in the entourage that had accompanied Mary to France for her wedding to King Louis XII.^[76][24]

In March 1532, Venetian Ambassador Carlo Capello wrote of an incident where

one of the chief gentlemen in the service of the said Duke of Norfolk, with 20 followers, assaulted and killed in the sanctuary of Westminster Sir William Pennington chief gentleman and kinsman of the Duke of Suffolk. In consequence of this, the whole Court was in an uproar.^[77]

Though it was said to be caused by a private quarrel, he was "assured it was owing to opprobrious language uttered against Madam Anne by his Majesty's sister, the Duchess of Suffolk, Queen Dowager of France."^[77][78] Anne Boleyn was the niece of the Duke of Norfolk mentioned by Capello.^[67]

Mary had multiple bouts of illness, requiring treatments over her lifetime.^[79][80] She died, age 37, at Westhorpe Hall, Suffolk, on 25 June 1533,^[81] having never fully recovered from the sweating sickness she caught in 1528. The cause of death has been speculated to have been angina, tuberculosis, appendicitis, or cancer.

As an English princess, daughter of a king, sister to the current king, and a dowager queen of France, Mary Tudor's funeral and interment was conducted with much heraldic ceremony.^[82] A requiem mass was held at Westminster Abbey.^[83] Her body was embalmed and held in state at Westhorpe Hall for three weeks.^[84][85]

On 21 July 1533, a delegation from France joined the English delegation for the lavish funeral ceremony.^[86] Her daughter Frances was chief mourner, accompanied by her husband and siblings.^[87] As was tradition, neither Mary's husband nor her brother the king attended.^[79][84]

The funeral procession included 100 torch bearers, clergy carrying the cross, six horses pulling the hearse, other nobility and 100 of the duke's yeomen.^[88] A requiem mass and burial at Bury St. Edmunds Abbey followed the next day.^[89] At the funeral, her step-daughters, Anne and Mary, pushed themselves to the head of the cortège just before the coffin was lowered into the crypt of the Abbey, much to the consternation of their half-siblings.^[90]

Five years later, when the monastery was dissolved, Mary's body was removed to nearby St. Mary's Church, Bury St. Edmunds.^[91] In 1784, her remains were disinterred, her coffin opened, and locks of her hair were taken^[92] by Horace Walpole, Dorothy Bentinck, Duchess of Portland, and several others.^[4]

Upon her arrival in France, Mary was described as being "handsome and well favoured, were not her eyes and eyebrows too light; she is slight, rather than defective from corpulence, and conducts herself with so much grace, and has such good manners, that for her age of 18 years—and she does not look more—she is a paradise."^[93]

Contemporaries lauded her beauty, including her husband, Louis XII, who described her as a "nymph from heaven".^[94] She regularly took part in masques at her brother's court, and enjoyed "hearing singing, instrumental music, and dancing".^[93]

Mary was described as "very lively",^[95] with one nobleman noting "[she] is never still."^[96] She was also said to be cheerful and affable; this is shown when, upon meeting her future husband Louis for the first time, she blew him a kiss in greeting.^[93]

Mary and Charles had four children, two daughters and two sons:^[97]

• Henry Brandon (11 March 1516^[98] – 1522)
• Lady Frances Brandon (16 July 1517^[99] – 20 November 1559), who married Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk before he succeeded to the dukedom, he being 3rd Marquess of Dorset at the time of the marriage. They were the parents of Lady Jane Grey.
• Lady Eleanor Brandon (1519 – 27 September 1547), who married Henry Clifford, 2nd Earl of Cumberland.
• Henry Brandon, 1st Earl of Lincoln (c. 1523 – March 1534).

Mary and Charles raised their children at their home at Westhorpe Hall.^[100] Their two sons, both named Henry,^[101] are commonly mistaken for being the same son. Both boys died when they were children.

Mary's widower later married their son's (Henry Brandon, Earl of Lincoln) betrothed, who was also his ward, the 14-year-old Catherine Willoughby,^[102] by whom he had his two youngest sons.^[103]

She is the main character in several historical fiction novels:^[104]

• When Knighthood Was in Flower, by Edwin Caskoden (the pen name of Charles Major) (1898), the novel was the source material for both the Davies film directed by Robert Vignola and the Disney film, The Sword and the Rose.^[105]
• The Reluctant Queen by Molly Costain Haycraft (1962)
• Mary, Queen of France by Jean Plaidy (1964)
• Princess of Desire by Maureen Peters (1970)^[106]
• Rose of England by Hilda Lewis (1977)
• Heart of a Rose by Hilda Lewis (1978)
• The Secret Bride by Diane Haeger (2008)^[107]
• The Last Boleyn by Karen Harper
• Three Sisters, Three Queens by Philippa Gregory (2016)

• In the 2007 television series The Tudors, Mary and Margaret Tudor were amalgamated into one character named Margaret. While the character's story is more similar to Mary's, she was given the name Margaret to avoid confusion with her namesake niece Mary I of England.^[108][109] Margaret was played by Gabrielle Anwar. She is depicted as marrying the King of Portugal rather than France (as Francis I had already been introduced in the show as King of France, Mary/Margaret could not be shown marrying his predecessor, Louis XII). The fictional Portuguese king lives only a few days until she smothers him in his sleep.^[108][110] She then marries Charles Brandon.
• In The Spanish Princess (television mini series, 2019–2020), Mary Tudor is a main character. Isla Merrick-Lawless portrays a younger version in Season 1 and Sai Bennett portrays an older version in Season 2.
• In The Sword and the Rose (Walt Disney and Perce Pearce film, 1953), Mary Tudor (played by Glynis Johns) falls for the non-noble Brandon (played by Richard Todd) and attempts to run away from England with him, but is forced by Henry VIII to marry the King of France. She relies on her friend, the Duke of Buckingham, to help her, with nearly disastrous consequences.

Mary's portraits and other depictions are mostly subject of heated debate as to if it is really her or somebody else, who draw or painted her or whether the painting is misdated. Confirmed depictions of her include:

• Illumination called Henry VII in mourning, c.1503–1504 which also depicts the three surviving children of Elizabeth of York on left side.
• Painting called The Family of Henry VII with St George and the Dragon, Royal Collection, c. 1503–1509 -shows Mary as second girl on right, with strawberry blonde hair.
• Illumination of The family of Henry VII with Joachim and Anne meeting at the Golden Gate, done after 1503 -depicts Elizabeth of York with four daughters behind her, all depicted with strawberry blonde hair.
• Illuminations of Mary as Queen of France-show her with light red hair.
• So-called marriage portrait depicts Mary holding hands with her second husband Charles Brandon
  • While the identities of the sitters are not questioned, the dating of c.1515 is not accepted unanimously, and later dates have been suggested. Allegedly the version from the collection of the Earl of Yarborough is the original, whilst the Woburn Abbey version is a copy. Both versions shows Mary with brown hair, probably due to darkening of pigments.
  • An engraving from 1784 is based upon the same portrait (Royal Collection; National Trust Collection).

Alleged portraits of Mary Rose meant for Charles V include:

• Portrait of woman by Michael Sittow, traditionally labelled as Catherine of Aragon
  • Mary has been suggested instead, however while initials(K, C or E) would fit her, the author of this reidentification says that Catherine of Aragon had no reason to wear the symbol of scallops(which line the bodice) as they were not her emblem; the pomegranate was. Scallops are a symbol of St. James the Great, patron saint of Spain. Notably, pilgrimage to his shrine in Santiago de Compostela was commemorated by wearing scallops, and it is known Catherine of Aragon made this pilgrimage. The credibility of this reidentification is therefore questionable.
• The Magdalen, National Gallery, London
  • The painting shows a woman in Spanish clothes wearing jewels of the Crown of Castile, including the emerald necklace depicted on tomb of Joanna of Castile. Mary has been suggested as a possible sitter.

Many believe it is the lost painting of Queen Isabella I of Castile by Sittow, but it is not attributed to him.

• Portrait de Marie d'Angleterre in Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris
  • Possibly depicts same woman as in The Magdalene, in different dress, but with Spanish headwear called cofia de tranzado.

Note: on Wikipedia this painting is labelled as by Jean Perréal, location unknown. However, on the museum's webpage it is not labelled as by him but by anonymous Maître de la Reine Marie Tudor(Master of Queen Mary Tudor).

Lost depictions:

• Portrait for Louis XII by Jean Perréal
• An original portrait upon which the drawing entitled Maria Regina Fra. et D. Suffoltiae in British Museum is based.
• Drawing of Mary while in France, by either Anonymous French Master or Jean Clouet(father of Francois Clouet).
  • Nobody knows which(if any) of its multiple versions is the original drawing done from life. There are at least five versions:

2 in Ashmolean Museum, one labelled as by follower of Jean Clouet, and the other by anonymous. 1 in Uffizi Gallery -labelled as Ritratto di donna(portrait of woman) 3911 F, it is a very crude sketch by Francois Clouet, who was a child when Mary was in France. 2 more versions from Bibliothèque Municipale Méjanes, Aix en Provence. Both bear a 16th-century text(thus most likely to be original). However the picture on Wikipedia of one of them is described as not the real drawing but a print of it.

Other suggested depictions:

• Westminster Tournament roll 1511-figure next to Catherine of Aragon in gold-red dress

• Bogdan, Henry (2013). La Lorraine des ducs (in French). Tempus. ISBN 978-2262042752.
• Brown, Mary Croom (1911). Mary Tudor: Queen of France. London: Methuen Publishing.
• Chapman, Hester W. (1969). The Thistle and the Rose: The Sisters of Henry VIII. New York: Coward, McGann & Geoghegan. LCC 79-159754.
• Green, Mary Anne Everett (1854). Lives of the Princesses of England Vol. V. London: Henry Colburn. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
• Perry, Maria (2000). The Sisters of Henry VIII: The Tumultuous Lives of Margaret of Scotland and Mary of France. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-80989-3.
• Richardson, W.C. (1970). Mary Tudor: The White Queen. Peter Owen Publishers. ISBN 0-7206-5206-5.
• Weir, Alison (2002). Henry VIII: King and Court. Pimlico. ISBN 0-7126-6451-3.
• Weir, Alison (2011). Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy. London: Random House.
• Calendar of State Papers, Venice.
• Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 1, 1509 – 1514
• Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 2, 1515 – 1518

• Goff, Cecilie (1930). A Woman of the Tudor Age. London: John Murray.
• Plowden, Alison (1986). Lady Jane Grey and the House of Suffolk. Franklin Watts. ISBN 0-531-15000-3.
• Lorette, Jacky (2024). Mary Tudor Brandon, reine de France, duchesse de Suffolk. Paris, Dacres.

• A short biography
• Mary Tudor Gallery
• studies about famous tapestries representing Mary Tudor
• Images from the Festival Book of the Betrothal to Charles of Castile
• Portraits of Mary Tudor at the National Portrait Gallery, London  
• [1]
• [2]