Kesennuma (気仙沼市, Kesennuma-shi) is a city in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 August 2020[update], the city had an estimated population of 59,803 and a population density of 190 inhabitants per square kilometre (490/sq mi) in 26,390 households.[1] The total area of the city is 332.44 square kilometres (128.36 sq mi). Large sections of the city were destroyed by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami and major fires on March 11, 2011.[2]
Kesennuma
気仙沼市 | |
|---|---|
 Kesennuma Fishing Port | |
 Flag  Seal | |
 Location of Kesennuma in Miyagi Prefecture | |
  Kesennuma | |
| Coordinates: 38°54′29″N 141°34′11.8″E / 38.90806°N 141.569944°E | |
| Country | Japan |
| Region | Tōhoku |
| Prefecture | Miyagi |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Noboru Suzuki |
| Area | |
| • Total | 332.44 km2 (128.36 sq mi) |
| Population (July 1, 2022) | |
| • Total | 58,982 |
| • Density | 180/km2 (460/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+9 (Japan Standard Time) |
| Phone number | 0226-22-6600 |
| Address | 1-1-1 Yōka-machi, Kesennuma-shi 988-8501 |
| Climate | Cfa |
| Website | Official website |
| Symbols | |
| Bird | Seagull |
| Fish | Bonito |
| Flower | Azalea |
| Tree | Japanese Black Pine |
Geography
editKesennuma is in the far northeastern corner of Miyagi Prefecture. The city wraps around the western part of Kesennuma Bay and also includes the island of Ōshima. Its deeply indented rias coastline forms the southern boundary of the Sanriku Fukkō National Park, which stretches north to Aomori Prefecture.
The city borders Hirota Bay, Kesennuma Bay, and the Pacific Ocean to the east and Minamisanriku, Miyagi to the south. Iwate Prefecture makes up the remainder of its borders, with the city of Ichinoseki to the west, and the city of Rikuzentakata to the north. The highest point in Kesennuma is the 711.9 metres (2,336 ft) high Mount Ōmori, on the border with Motoyoshi, while the lowest point is at sea level. The Ō River flows through the city and into Kesennuma Bay.
Neighboring municipalities
editIwate Prefecture
Miyagi Prefecture
Climate
edit
Kesennuma has a humid climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) characterized by mild summers and cold winters. The average annual temperature in Kesennuma is 11.2 °C (52.2 °F). The average annual rainfall is 1,375.8 mm (54.17 in) with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 22.9 °C (73.2 °F), and lowest in January, at around 0.3 °C (32.5 °F).[3] Its record high is 36.0 °C (96.8 °F), reached on 15 August 1994, and its record low is −12.6 °C (9.3 °F), reached on 17 February 1980.[4]
| Climate data for Kesennuma (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1976-present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 15.7 (60.3) |
17.7 (63.9) |
23.5 (74.3) |
30.8 (87.4) |
34.0 (93.2) |
33.0 (91.4) |
36.7 (98.1) |
36.5 (97.7) |
34.9 (94.8) |
29.2 (84.6) |
23.4 (74.1) |
20.5 (68.9) |
36.7 (98.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 4.4 (39.9) |
5.2 (41.4) |
8.9 (48.0) |
14.4 (57.9) |
19.0 (66.2) |
22.0 (71.6) |
25.4 (77.7) |
27.2 (81.0) |
24.1 (75.4) |
18.9 (66.0) |
13.1 (55.6) |
6.9 (44.4) |
15.8 (60.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 0.3 (32.5) |
0.7 (33.3) |
3.9 (39.0) |
8.9 (48.0) |
13.8 (56.8) |
17.6 (63.7) |
21.3 (70.3) |
22.9 (73.2) |
19.7 (67.5) |
14.0 (57.2) |
8.0 (46.4) |
2.7 (36.9) |
11.2 (52.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −3.2 (26.2) |
−3.1 (26.4) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
3.9 (39.0) |
9.2 (48.6) |
13.9 (57.0) |
18.3 (64.9) |
19.7 (67.5) |
16.1 (61.0) |
9.7 (49.5) |
3.4 (38.1) |
−0.9 (30.4) |
7.2 (45.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −12.5 (9.5) |
−12.6 (9.3) |
−9.8 (14.4) |
−4.1 (24.6) |
0.0 (32.0) |
4.1 (39.4) |
9.9 (49.8) |
11.7 (53.1) |
5.7 (42.3) |
−0.3 (31.5) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
−10.1 (13.8) |
−12.6 (9.3) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 44.2 (1.74) |
38.7 (1.52) |
94.5 (3.72) |
106.6 (4.20) |
128.2 (5.05) |
153.7 (6.05) |
193.7 (7.63) |
149.7 (5.89) |
184.3 (7.26) |
148.7 (5.85) |
74.3 (2.93) |
51.6 (2.03) |
1,375.8 (54.17) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 6.4 | 6.1 | 8.6 | 8.7 | 10.3 | 10.6 | 13.6 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 9.6 | 7.5 | 7.3 | 112.7 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 168.5 | 162.5 | 187.1 | 199.3 | 197.4 | 159.5 | 145.1 | 162.1 | 138.6 | 155.7 | 158.9 | 152.5 | 1,985.1 |
| Source: Japan Meteorological Agency[3][4] | |||||||||||||
Demographics
editPer Japanese census data,[5] the population of Kesennuma has declined over the past 40 years.
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1920 | 43,824 | — |
| 1930 | 55,209 | +26.0% |
| 1940 | 63,653 | +15.3% |
| 1950 | 76,391 | +20.0% |
| 1960 | 84,110 | +10.1% |
| 1970 | 87,914 | +4.5% |
| 1980 | 92,246 | +4.9% |
| 1990 | 88,152 | −4.4% |
| 2000 | 82,394 | −6.5% |
| 2010 | 73,489 | −10.8% |
| 2020 | 61,147 | −16.8% |
History
editThe area of present-day Kesennuma was part of ancient Mutsu Province and has been settled since at least the Jōmon period by the Emishi people, as evidenced by numerous shell middens found in coastal areas. During the later portion of the Heian period, the area was ruled by the Northern Fujiwara. During the Sengoku period, the area was contested by various samurai clans before the area came under the control of the Date clan of Sendai Domain during the Edo period, under the Tokugawa shogunate. The town of Kesennuma was established on June 1, 1889 within Motoyoshi District, Miyagi with the establishment of the modern municipalities system.
Kesennuma City was formed on June 1, 1953, when the town of Kesennuma annexed the neighboring town of Shishiori and village of Matsuiwa. On April 1, 1955, the city annexed the villages of Niitsuki, Hashikami and Oshima. On March 31, 2006, the town of Karakuwa and on September 1, 2009 the town of Motoyoshi (both from Motoyoshi District) were likewise incorporated into Kesennuma.
On March 11, 2011, large parts of the city were destroyed by the tsunami which followed the Tōhoku earthquake. The island of Ōshima and its 3,000 residents, included in the city limits, was isolated by the tsunami which damaged the ferry connections.[6] After the tsunami, spilled fuel from the town's fishing fleet caught fire and burned for four days.[7] As of 22 April 2011, the city had confirmed 837 deaths with 1,196 missing.[8]
In August 2013, residents decided to scrap a fishing boat - the Kyotoku Maru No 18 - which was swept inland by a giant wave during the 2011 tsunami. There had been plans to preserve the boat as a monument, as it had become a symbol of the tsunami.[9]
In 2014, Kesennuma was designated as Japan's first "slow town".[10]
Government
editKesennuma has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city legislature of 24 members. Kessenuma, together with Motoyoshi District contributes three seats to the Miyagi Prefectural legislature. In terms of national politics, the city is part of Miyagi 6th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.
Economy
editKesennuma relies on tourism and commercial fishing, the latter being what the city is known for, especially its shark, tuna, pacific saury and skipjack tuna production, keeping the fishing port very active. Prior to the 2011 disaster, the city was Japan's busiest port for processing bonito and swordfish. Presently, fishing and associated industries account for 85% of jobs in the town.[11]
Education
editKesennuma has 14 public elementary schools and eight junior high schools operated by the town government, and four public high schools operated by the Miyagi Prefectural Board of Education and one private high school.[12] The prefectural government also operates one special educational school.
Transportation
editRailway
editEast Japan Railway Company (JR East) - Kesennuma Line (operations suspended indefinitely and replaced by a BRT system)
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- Kurauchi - Rikuzen-Koizumi - Motoyoshi - Koganezawa - Ōya-Kaigan - Rikuzen-Hashikami - Saichi - Matsuiwa - Minami-Kesennuma - Fudōnosawa - Kesennuma
East Japan Railway Company (JR East) - Ōfunato Line (operations suspended indefinitely and replaced by a BRT system)
Highway
editSister cities
editInternational
edit- Puntarenas, Costa Rica[13]
- Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province, China[13]
- Changyi District, Jilin, China[13]
- Friendship relation with Ports of Kesennuma and Seattle, Washington, United States
Japanese sister cities
edit- Ichinoseki, Iwate, Japan
- Murone, Iwate, Japan
Notable people from Kesennuma
edit- Isshin Chiba, voice actor
- Satoru Kanemura, professional baseball player
- Tetsuo Kanno, politician
- Shinji Maggy, comedian and magician
- Itsunori Onodera, politician
- Rikako Sasaki, idol singer
References
edit- ^ Kesennuma City official statistics (in Japanese)
- ^ "Blaze engulfs northeast Japan waterfront after quake". Reuters. March 11, 2011. Retrieved March 11, 2011.
- ^ a b 気仙沼 平年値（年・月ごとの値） 主な要素. Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved 2019-12-16.
- ^ a b 観測史上1～10位の値（年間を通じての値）. Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved 2019-12-16.
- ^ Kesennumapopulation statistics
- ^ Asahi Shimbun, "Islanders cut off from mainland due to tsunami", 29 March 2011.
- ^ The Economist, "Disaster in Japan: Come back in ten years' time", 26 March 2011, pp. 47-48.
- ^ Bloomberg L.P., "Tsunami abetted fishing sector fall", The Japan Times, 26 April 2011, p. 8.
- ^ Wingfield-Hayes, Rupert. "Japanese town to scrap marooned 'tsunami boat'". BBC News. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
- ^ Cittaslow official home page
- ^ Matsuyama, Kanoko, and Stuart Biggs, (Bloomberg L.P.), "Tsunami - insult to injury", Japan Times, 30 April 2011, p. 3.
- ^ Kesennuma City home page (in Japanese)
- ^ a b c "International Exchange". List of Affiliation Partners within Prefectures. Council of Local Authorities for International Relations (CLAIR). Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 21 November 2015.