Dnieper

The river is also sometimes called by the Russian name Dnepr.^[7][8] The initial D in Dnieper is generally silent when pronounced in English, although it may be sounded: /ˈniːpər/^[9] or /dəˈniːpər/.^[10] It derives from Russian: Днепр, romanized: Dnepr,^[11][12] pre-revolutionary spelling Днѣпръ, Dněpr.

Dnipro derives from Ukrainian: Дніпро, romanized: Dnipro.^[12] The English pronunciation is /dəˈniːproʊ/.^[13] The Ukrainian name has a rare form Дніпр, Dnipr and rare dialectal Дніпер, Dniper.^[14] The Middle Ukrainian form attested in the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries was Днѣпръ, Dnǐpr.^[14] The city of Dnipro is named for the river.

The name varies slightly in the local Slavic languages of the three countries through which it flows:

• Belarusian: Дняпро, romanized: Dnyapro, [dⁿʲaˈprɔ], or Днепр Dnyepr,^[15] [ˈdⁿʲɛpr]
• Russian: Днепр, romanized: Dnepr [ˈdⁿʲepr] ^ⓘ; formerly spelled Днѣпръ^[16]
• Ukrainian: Дніпро, romanized: Dnipro, IPA: [ɟⁿʲiˈprɔ] ^ⓘ; poetic Дніпр, Dnipr; formerly Дніпер^[17] Dniper, [ˈɟⁿʲiper], or older Днѣпръ^{[citation needed]} (Dnipr, [ˈdⁿ⁽ʲ⁾ipr]^{[citation needed]})

These names are all cognate, deriving from Old East Slavic Дънѣпръ (Dŭněprŭ). The origin of this name is disputed but generally derived from either Sarmatian *Dānu Apara ("Farther River") in parallel with the Dniester ("Nearer River") or from Scythian *Dānu Apr ("Deep River") in reference to its lack of fords,^[18][19] from which was also derived the Late Antique name of the river, Δάναπρις Danapris, as found in the Ravenna Cosmography.^[20][21]

The earlier Graeco-Roman name of the river, as attested by Herodotus, was "Borysthenes" (Ancient Greek: Βορυσθενης, romanized: Borusthenēs;^[21] Latin: Borysthenes, Ukrainian: Бористен, Борисфен, romanized: Borysten, Borysfen^[14]) and later Δάναπρις Danapris.^[21] The name Borysthenes was derived from a Scythian name whose form was:

• either Baurastāna, meaning "yellow place,"^[22]
• or Baurustāna meant "place of beavers."^[23]
  • this name was linked to the mantle of beaver skins worn by the Iranic water goddess Arəduuī Sūrā Anāhitā, whose epithet of āp (Avestan: 𐬁𐬞, lit. 'water') was connected to the name of the daughter of the river-god Borysthenēs in Scythian mythology, the Earth-and-Water goddess Api, whose own name meant "water."^[23]

Ovid used Borysthenius, an adjective derived from Borysthenes, as the river's poetic Latin name.^[24]

The Huns' name for the river, Var, was derived from Scythian *Varu, meaning "Broad." This name was connected to the Graeco-Roman name of the Volga river, Oarus (Ancient Greek: Οαρος, romanized: Oaros; Latin: Oarus), which was also derived from Scythian *Varu.^[25]

In Ukrainian it is also known poetically as Славутич, Slavutych or Славута, Slavuta,^[14] from an old name used in Kievan Rus'. This is due to the influence of the Old East Slavic epic The Tale of Igor's Campaign and its modern adaptations on Ukrainian literature. This usage also lent its name to the city of Slavutych, founded in the wake of the Chernobyl disaster in 1986 to house displaced workers,^{[26][page needed]} and to the Slavutych station of the Kyiv Metro.

In Crimean Tatar, the river is known as Özü. In Turkish it is Özü or Özi.^[27]

The total length of the river is variously given as 2,145 kilometres (1,333 mi)^[2] or 2,201 km (1,368 mi),^{[28][29][30][31]} of which 485 km (301 mi) are within Russia, 700 km (430 mi) are within Belarus,^[2] and 1,095 km (680 mi) are within Ukraine. Its basin covers 504,000 square kilometres (195,000 sq mi), of which 289,000 km² (112,000 sq mi) are within Ukraine,^[32] 118,360 km² (45,700 sq mi) are within Belarus.^[2]

The source of the Dnieper is the sedge bogs (Akseninsky Mokh) of the Valdai Hills in central Russia, at an elevation of 220 m (720 ft).^[32] For 115 km (71 mi) of its length, it serves as the border between Belarus and Ukraine. Its estuary, or liman, used to be defended by the strong fortress of Ochakiv.^{[citation needed][33]}

The southernmost point in Belarus is on the Dnieper to the south of Kamaryn in Brahin Raion.^[34]

The Dnieper has many tributaries (up to 32,000) with 89 being rivers of 100+ km.^[35] The main ones are, from its source to its mouth, with left (L) or right (R) bank indicated:

Many small direct tributaries also exist, such as, in the Kyiv area, the Syrets (right bank) in the north of the city, the historically significant Lybid (right bank) passing west of the centre, and the Borshahivka (right bank) to the south.

The water resources of the Dnieper basin compose around 80% of the total for all Ukraine.^[35]

The Dnieper Rapids were part of the trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks, first mentioned in the Kyiv Chronicle.^{[clarification needed]} The route was probably established in the late eighth and early ninth centuries and gained significant importance from the tenth until the first third of the eleventh century. On the Dnieper the Varangians had to portage their ships round seven rapids, where they had to be on guard for Pecheneg nomads.

Along this middle flow of the Dnieper, there were 9 major rapids (although some sources cite a smaller number), obstructing almost the whole width of the river, about 30 to 40 smaller rapids, obstructing only part of the river, and about 60 islands and islets.

After the Dnieper hydroelectric station was built in 1932, they were inundated by Dnieper Reservoir.

There are a number of canals connected to the Dnieper:

• The Dnipro – Donbas Canal;
• The Dnipro – Kryvyi Rih Canal;
• The Kakhovka Irrigation System (including Kakhovka Canal, SE Kherson Oblast);
• The Krasnoznamianka Irrigation System (SW Kherson Oblast);
• The North Crimean Canal—will largely solve the water problem of the peninsula, especially in the arid northern and eastern Crimea;
• The Inhulets Irrigation System.

The river is part of the quagga mussel's native range.^[36] The mussel has been accidentally introduced around the world, where it has become an invasive species.^[36]

The city of Kherson lies on the northern bank, upstream of the Dnieper delta, before the Dnieper meets the Southern Bug river in the Dnieper–Bug estuary.

Nowadays the Dnieper River suffers from anthropogenic influence resulting in numerous emissions of pollutants.^[37] The Dnieper is close to the Prydniprovsky Chemical Plant radioactive dumps (near Kamianske) and susceptible to leakage of its radioactive waste. The river is also close to the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station (Chernobyl Exclusion Zone) which is located next to the mouth of the Pripyat River.

Almost 2,000 km (1,200 mi) of the river is navigable (to the city of Dorogobuzh).^[35] The Dnieper is important for transportation in the economy of Ukraine.^{[citation needed]} Its reservoirs have large ship locks, allowing vessels of up to 270 by 18 metres (886 ft × 59 ft) access as far as the port of Kyiv, and thus are an important transportation corridor.^{[citation needed]} The river is used by passenger vessels as well. Inland cruises on the rivers Danube and Dnieper have had a growing market in recent decades.^{[citation needed]}

Upstream from Kyiv, the Dnieper receives the water of the Pripyat River. This navigable river connects to the Dnieper-Bug canal, the link with the Bug River. Historically, a connection with the Western European waterways was possible, but a weir without any ship lock near the town of Brest, Belarus, has interrupted this international waterway. Poor political relations between Western Europe and Belarus mean there is little likelihood of reopening this waterway in the near future.^[38] River navigation is interrupted each year by freezing and severe winter storms.

From the mouth of the Pripyat River to the Kakhovka Hydroelectric Station, there are six sets of dams and hydroelectric stations, which produce 10% of Ukraine's electricity.^[35] The Kakhovka dam was destroyed on 6 June 2023 during the Russian invasion of Ukraine,^[39] with the subsequent drying up of the Kakhovka Reservoir revealing the original course of the river in the area and disconnecting four canal networks known as the Great Meadow.^[40]

The first constructed was the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station (or DniproHES) near Zaporizhzhia, built between 1927 and 1932 with an output of 558 MW.^[41] It was destroyed during World War II, but was rebuilt in 1948 with an output of 750 MW.^{[citation needed]}

^{[citation needed]}

• The Dnieper River in different regions
•  
  The Dnieper River in Dorogobuzh, Russian Empire, before 1917
•  
  The Dnieper River in Kremenchuk, Ukraine
• The Dnieper river in Ukraine from a helicopter, 2004

Major cities, over 100,000 in population, are in bold script. Cities and towns located on the Dnieper are listed in order from the river's source (in Russia) to its mouth (in Ukraine):

Arheimar, a capital of the Goths, was located on the Dnieper, according to the Hervarar saga.^[42]

The River Dnieper has been a subject of chapter X of a story by Nikolai Gogol A Terrible Vengeance (1831, published in 1832 as a part of the Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka short stories collection). It is considered as a classical example of description of the nature in Russian literature. The river was also described in the works of Taras Shevchenko.

In the adventure novel The Long Ships (also translated Red Orm), set during the Viking Age, a Scanian chieftain travels to the Dnieper Rapids to retrieve a treasure hidden there by his brother, encountering many difficulties. The novel was very popular in Sweden and is one of few to depict a Viking voyage to eastern Europe.

The River Dnieper has been a subject for artists, great and minor, over the centuries. Major artists with works based on the Dnieper are Arkhip Kuindzhi and Ivan Aivazovsky.

The River Dnieper makes an appearance in the 1964 Hungarian drama film The Sons of the Stone-Hearted Man (based on the novel of the same name by Mór Jókai), where it appears when two characters are leaving Saint Petersburg but get attacked by wolves.

In 1983, the concert program "Song of the Dnieper" from the "Victory Salute" series was released, dedicated to the 40th anniversary of the liberation of the city of Kiev from the German fascist invaders. The program includes songs by Soviet composers, Ukrainian folk songs, and dances performed by the Song and Dance Ensemble of the Kiev Military District led by A. Pustovalov, P. Virsky Ukrainian National Folk Dance Ensemble, Kyiv Bandurist Capella, the Military Band of the Headquarters of the Kiev Military District led by A. Kuzmenko, singers Anatoliy Mokrenko, Lyudmila Zykina, Anatoliy Solovianenko, Dmytro Hnatyuk, Mykola Hnatyuk. Filming on the battlefield, streets and squares of Kiev. Scriptwriter – Victor Meerovsky. Directed by Victor Cherkasov. Operator – Alexander Platonov.^[43]

The 2018 film Volcano was filmed at the river in Beryslav, Kherson Oblast.

In 1941, Mark Fradkin wrote "Song of the Dnieper" to the words of Yevgeniy Dolmatovsky.^[44]

• The Dnieper in painting
•  
  Catherine II leaving Kaniów in 1787 by Johann Gottlieb Plersch
•  
  Dnieper by Arkhip Kuindzhi, 1881
•  
  Moonlit Night on the Dnieper by Arkhip Kuindzhi, 1882
•  
  Ice in the Dnieper by Ivan Aivazovsky, 1872
•  
  Sapphire Dnieper by Jan Stanisławski, 1904

• The river is one of the symbols of the Ukrainian nation^[45] and is mentioned in the national anthem of Ukraine.
• There are several historical names that connect the name of the river with Ukraine: Dnieper Ukraine (Naddniprianshchyna), Right-bank Ukraine, Left-bank Ukraine, and others.
• The cities Dnipro, Dniprorudne, Kamianka-Dniprovska are named after the river.
• The Zaporozhian Cossacks lived on the lower Dnieper and their name refers to their location "beyond the rapids".^[46]
• The folk metal band Turisas have a song called "The Dnieper Rapids" on their 2007 album The Varangian Way.^[47]

• 2022–23 Dnipro River skirmishes
• List of crossings of the Dnieper
• List of rivers of Belarus
• List of rivers of Russia
• List of rivers of Ukraine
• Middle Dnieper culture
• Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks