User:Tamaz.young/School segregation in the United States

1. The article provides a great basic understanding of school segregation in the United States supported with many facts, which include laws, court rulings, and scholarly studies. However, I believe I can develop more depth of that understanding within the article by adding more content about legal segregation in today’s society and the effect of school segregation in race relations external to academia. As a High-importance subject for many WikiProjects involving education, civil rights and United States History, this article is crucially relevant to understanding the history of race relations in this country where racism and discrimination are still huge barriers in the wake and rise of movements that demand racial equality.
2. In order to raise the rating of “School segregation in the United States”, a higher presence of pictures in the latter half is needed, and the organization can be changed slightly to present a better flow of material. Additionally, many minor edits can be made regarding grammar to present a more encyclopedic prose and increase the quality of the writing style while also adding more external links, citations, and references.
3. I will be adding more information about segregation that exists today within desegregated institutions, specifically how standardized testing and AP classes leads to less exposure to minorities from whites. Also, I will be providing more context on the concept of white flight and private school education.
4. I want to add a subtopic in the topic of Sources of contemporary segregation to provide theoretical concepts that relate to school segregation. Specifically, I would like to draw the parallel between Derrick Bell’s critical race theory and combatting segregation in schools.

Raffel, Jeffrey A. 1998. Historical Dictionary of School Segregation and Desegregation : the American Experience / Jeffrey A. Raffel, 176-177, 231-234. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press.

This is a dictionary which is relevant for the lead section of the article to establish a definition of the topic.

Reardon, Sean F, and Ann Owens. 2014. “60 Years After ‘Brown’: Trends and Consequences of School Segregation.” Annual Review of Sociology 40: 199–218. [1]

This journal entry analyzes evidence regarding trends and consequences of both racial and economic school segregation since Brown v. Board of Education. This is relevant to the topic of Historical segregation.

Little, Becky. 2020. “What Is ‘Redlining’?: How a New Deal Housing Program Enforced Segregation.” A&E Television Networks, October 20, 2020. [2]

This is a news article that details the relationship between the Federal Housing Act and and segregation. This is relevant to the topic of Historical segregation.

Card, David, and Jesse Rothstein. 2007. “Racial Segregation and the Black–white Test Score Gap.” Journal of Public Economics 91, no. 11: 2177–2178.  [3]

This is a scholarly journal that studies the relationship between school segregation and the academic achievement gap. . This is relevant to the topic of More recent segregation.

Rosiek, Jerry. 2019. “School Segregation: A Realist’s View.” Phi Delta Kappan 100, no. 5 : 8–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/0031721719827536

This is a journal entry that focuses on segregation and racism today. This is relevant to expanding the topic of More recent segregation.

Tatum, Beverly Daniel. 1997. “Why Are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in THE Cafeteria?” and Other Conversations about the Development of Racial Identity. New York, NY: Basic Books.

This is a book that contributes information on how desegregated places can still function as segregated in modern times. This is relevant to expanding the topic of More recent segregation.

Böhlmark, Anders, Helena Holmlund, and Mikael Lindahl. 2016. “Parental Choice, Neighbourhood Segregation or Cream Skimming? An Analysis of School Segregation after a Generalized Choice Reform.” Journal of Population Economics 29, no. 4: 1155–1190. [4] This paper studies the evolution of school segregation in Sweden in the aftermath of the 1992 universal voucher reform, which spurred the establishment of new independent schools and introduced parental choice. This is relevant to my topic because the information regarding school choice and new schools is directly related to what happens in United States.

Coates, Ta-Nahesi. 2014. “The Case for Reparations.” The Atlantic, June. This is a magazine articles that focuses on the reparations for blacks in the United States. This is relevant to the subtopic of school choice and its financial limits.

Levesque, Roger J.R. 2017. The Science and Law of School Segregation and Diversity. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017. Oxford Scholarship Online. [5]

This book shows how the legal system’s effectiveness in addressing school segregation has reversed after the civil rights era.

Coates, Ta-Nehisi. 2015. Between the World and Me. New York, NY: Spiegel & Grau. This is a book about navigating through life as a black individual despite such pervasive and constant racism. This is relevant to address how desegregation avoided racism, the real root of the problem.

Noah, Trevor. 2016. Born A Crime: Stories from a South African Childhood. New York: Spiegel & Grau, Chs. 4 & 5. pp.51-76.

This book is an autobiographical comedy book about Trevor Noah. His story of segregation shows how the racial academic achievement gap begins and persists.

Billings, Stephen B, David J Deming, and Jonah Rockoff. 2014. “SCHOOL SEGREGATION, EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, AND CRIME: EVIDENCE FROM THE END OF BUSING IN CHARLOTTE-MECKLENBURG.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 129, no. 1: 435–476. [6]

This study analyzes how the end of race-based busing widened racial inequality, despite efforts by the district to mitigate the effect of segregation through compensatory resource allocation. This is relevant to the topic of Implications of segregation because these outcomes show desegregation failed to accomplish solving racial issues.

Goldsmith, Pat Rubio. 2011. “Coleman Revisited: School Segregation, Peers, and Frog Ponds.” American Educational Research Journal 48, no. 3: 508–535. [7]

This journal demonstrates how students from minority-concentrated schools attain less education in the long run than students from White-concentrated schools regardless of if the student is of the minority or white. This is relevant to economics not being the most important factor in determining levels of school segregation.

Jerry Roziek analyzes the importance of combatting racism itself to solve the problem of school segregation instead of aspects like school choice, housing patterns, and zoning policies which avoid the root of the problem.^[1] Society fails not as a result of insufficient data, which demonstrates the negative educational outcomes, but as a result of the societal pressure of racism that overshadows this data.^[1] He introduces Derrick Bell's critical race theory, specifically focusing on the concept of racial realism: to view the U.S. as a place where racism will always reside and believe that the reality of curing racism was a threat to the motives of civil rights.^[1] In relation to schooling, the removal of desegregation orders was a result of the view that communities were becoming less racist. However, this removal led to an increase in school segregation.

Another theory that influences school segregation is the anti-blackness theory which paints blackness as external to Western human rights.^[1] Michael Dumas relates this theory by acknowledging that the awareness of the theory can help teachers respond to the pervasiveness of the social force of racism by supporting black children everywhere.^[1] In Ta-Nehisi Coates's Between the World and Me, he focuses on navigating life in a black body in a world built off of such racial brutality that racism is the single most important driving force in prohibiting movement in society.^[2]