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{{wikibookspar||The Opensource Handbook of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology}}
 
Nanotechnology includes the many techniques used to create structures at a size scale below 100 nanometers. One nanometer (nm) is one billionth, or 10<sup>-9</sup> of a [[meter]]. For comparison, typical [[carbon]]-carbon [[bond length]]s, or the spacing between these [[atom]]s in a [[molecule]], are in the range .12-.15 nm, and a [[DNA]] [[double-helix]] has a diameter around 2 nm. On the other hand, the smallest [[Cell (biology)|cellular]] lifeforms, the [[Bacterium|bacteria]] of the genus [[Mycoplasma]], are around 200 nm in length.
 
Nanotechnological techniques include those used for fabrication of [[nanowire]]s, those used in [[semiconductor fabrication]] such as deep ultraviolet [[photolithography|lithography]], [[electron beam lithography]], focused [[ion beam]] machining, [[nanoimprint lithography]], [[chemical vapor deposition|atomic layer deposition, and molecular vapor deposition]], and further including [[self-assembly|molecular self-assembly]] techniques such as those employing di-block [[copolymer]]s. However, all of these techniques preceded the nanotech era, and are extensions in the development of scientific advancements rather than techniques which were devised with the sole purpose of creating nanotechnology or which were results of nanotechnology research.
 
General fields involved with proper characterization of these systems include [[physics]], [[chemistry]], and [[biology]], as well as [[mechanical engineering|mechanical]] and [[electrical engineering]]. However, due to the inter- and multidisciplinary nature of nanotechnology, subdisciplines such as [[physical chemistry]], [[materials science]], or [[biomedical engineering]] are considered significant or essential components of nanotechnology. The proper design, synthesis, characterization, and application of materials are dominant concerns of nanotechnologists. The manufacture of [[polymers]] based on [[molecular structure]], or the design of [[computer chip]] layouts based on [[surface science]] are examples of nanotechnology in modern use. [[Colloidal suspension]]s also play an essential role in nanotechnology.
 
Technologies currently branded with the term 'nano' are little related to and fall far short of the most ambitious and transformative technological goals of the sort in [[molecular manufacturing]] proposals, but the term still connotes such ideas. Thus there may be a danger that a "nano [[Bubble (economics)|bubble]]" will form from the use of the term by scientists and entrepreneurs to garner funding, regardless of (and perhaps despite a lack of) interest in the transformative possibilities of more ambitious and far-sighted work.