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==Origins==
The conflation of Jews and revolution emerged in the atmosphere of destruction of [[Russia during World War I]]. Many [[Russian Jews]] had actually volunteered to serve the Tsar in the war, and in 1914 there were at least 400,000 Jews serving in the Russian army. By the end of 1915, some five million [[Polish Jews]] of the Russian Empire had become subjects of [[Imperial Germany]], the consequence of the Russian defeats.<ref>Friedman (1997), pp. 253, 239, n33</ref> When the [[October Revolution|revolutions of 1917]] crippled Russia's war effort, conspiracy theories grew up - even far from Berlin and Petrograd, many Britons for example, ascribed the Russian Revolution to an 'apparent conjunction of Bolsheviks, Germans and Jews.' <ref>Fromkin (2009) pp. 247-248</ref> And in fact the [[Wilhelmstrasse]] had looked at the possibilities of a public embrace of Zionism.<ref>McMeekin (2012), p. 348</ref> A recent history of the intended use of world religions in World War I, concluded that "neither [[Max Bodenheimer]]'s committee of German Zionists, nor the Zionist Executive, nor any kind of organized international Jewish network had much of anything to do with either the February or October Revolution."<ref>McMeekin (2012), p.347</ref>
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