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Might be helpful to specify that these most populous cities each possess a population of at least 1 million people |
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The ancestors of [[Aboriginal Australians]] began arriving from south-east Asia 50,000 to 65,000 years ago, during the [[Last Glacial Period|last glacial period]].<ref name="ClarksonJacobs2017">{{Cite journal|last1=Clarkson|first1=Chris|last2=Jacobs|first2=Zenobia|last3=Marwick|first3=Ben|last4=Fullagar|first4=Richard|last5=Wallis|first5=Lynley|last6=Smith|first6=Mike|last7=Roberts|first7=Richard G.|last8=Hayes|first8=Elspeth|last9=Lowe|first9=Kelsey|last10=Carah|first10=Xavier|last11=Florin|first11=S. Anna|last12=McNeil|first12=Jessica|last13=Cox|first13=Delyth|last14=Arnold|first14=Lee J.|last15=Hua|first15=Quan|last16=Huntley|first16=Jillian|last17=Brand|first17=Helen E. A.|last18=Manne|first18=Tiina|last19=Fairbairn|first19=Andrew|last20=Shulmeister|first20=James|last21=Lyle|first21=Lindsey|last22=Salinas|first22=Makiah|last23=Page|first23=Mara|last24=Connell|first24=Kate|last25=Park|first25=Gayoung|last26=Norman|first26=Kasih|last27=Murphy|first27=Tessa|last28=Pardoe|first28=Colin |title=Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago|journal=Nature|volume=547|issue=7663|year=2017|pages=306–310|issn=0028-0836|doi=10.1038/nature22968|pmid=28726833|bibcode=2017Natur.547..306C|hdl=2440/107043|s2cid=205257212|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Veth" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Martin A. J. |last2=Spooner |first2=Nigel A. |last3=McDonnell |first3=Kathryn |last4=O'Connell |first4=James F. |date=January 2021 |title=Identifying disturbance in archaeological sites in tropical northern Australia: Implications for previously proposed 65,000-year continental occupation date |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/gea.21822 |journal=Geoarchaeology |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=92–108 |doi=10.1002/gea.21822 |bibcode=2021Gearc..36...92W |issn=0883-6353 |s2cid=225321249 |access-date=16 October 2023 |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004091731/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/gea.21822 |url-status=live }}</ref> They settled the continent and had formed approximately 250 distinct language groups by the time of European settlement, maintaining some of the longest known continuing [[Indigenous Australian art|artistic]] and [[The Dreaming|religious traditions]] in the world.<ref name="Flood" /> Australia's [[history of Australia|written history]] commenced with [[European maritime exploration of Australia|European maritime exploration]]. The Dutch were the first known Europeans to reach Australia, in 1606. British colonisation began in 1788 with the establishment of the [[penal colony]] of [[Colony of New South Wales|New South Wales]]. By the mid-19th century, most of the continent had been explored by European settlers and five additional self-governing [[Crown colony|British colonies]] were established, each gaining [[responsible government]] by 1890. The colonies [[Federation of Australia|federated]] in 1901, forming the Commonwealth of Australia.<ref name="Contiades Fotiadou 2020 p. 389"/> This continued a process of increasing autonomy from the [[United Kingdom]], highlighted by the ''[[Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942]]'', and culminating in the [[Australia Acts]] of 1986.<ref name="Contiades Fotiadou 2020 p. 389">{{Cite book | last1=Contiades | first1=X. | last2=Fotiadou | first2=A. | title=Routledge Handbook of Comparative Constitutional Change | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2020 | isbn=978-1-3510-2097-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GmoPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA389 | page=389 | access-date=17 July 2023 | archive-date=19 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419202011/https://books.google.com/books?id=GmoPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA389 | url-status=live }}</ref>
Australia is a [[Federalism in Australia|federal]] [[parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[constitutional monarchy]] comprising [[States and territories of Australia|six states and ten territories]]: the states of [[New South Wales]], [[Victoria (state)|Victoria]], [[Queensland]], [[Tasmania]], [[South Australia]] and [[Western Australia]]; the major mainland [[Australian Capital Territory]] and [[Northern Territory]]; and other minor or external territories. Its population of nearly {{#expr:{{Data Australia|poptoday}} / 1000000 round 0}} million<ref name="popclock"/> is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/1301.0~2012~Main%20Features~Geographic%20distribution%20of%20the%20population~49 |title= Geographic Distribution of the Population |access-date= 1 December 2012 |date= 24 May 2012 |archive-date= 14 April 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210414084634/https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/1301.0~2012~Main%20Features~Geographic%20distribution%20of%20the%20population~49 |url-status= live }}</ref> [[Canberra]] is the nation's capital, while [[List of cities in Australia by population|its most populous cities]] are [[Sydney]], [[Melbourne]],<!-- join the discussion on the talk page --> [[Brisbane]], [[Perth]] and [[Adelaide]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2023 |title=Regional population |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/latest-release |access-date=23 April 2023 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010145251/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/latest-release |url-status=live }}</ref> Australian governments have promoted [[Multiculturalism in Australia|multiculturalism]] since the 1970s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-09 |title=The Success of Australia's Multiculturalism |url=https://humanrights.gov.au/about/news/speeches/success-australias-multiculturalism |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=[[Australian Human Rights Commission]] |language=en-AU |quote=[In Australia], multiculturalism as policy emerged in the 1970s. It replaced the initial policy approach of assimilation that was adopted towards mass immigration from Europe in the immediate post-Second World War years. In the very simplest of terms, multiculturalism means there is public endorsement and recognition of cultural diversity. It means a national community defines its national identity not in ethnic or racial terms, but in terms that can include immigrants. It means a national community accepts that its common identity may evolve to reflect its composition. |archive-date=4 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204080131/https://humanrights.gov.au/about/news/speeches/success-australias-multiculturalism |url-status=live }}</ref> Australia is [[Culture of Australia|culturally]] diverse and has one of the highest foreign-born populations in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Culturally and linguistically Diverse Australian |url=https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports-data/population-groups/cald-australians/overview |access-date=20 February 2024 |website=Australian Government, Australian Institute of Health and Welfare |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219224057/https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports-data/population-groups/cald-australians/overview |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Donnell |first=James |date=27 November 2023 |title=Is Australia a cohesive nation? |url=https://www.abc.net.au/religion/social-cohesion-australia-diversity-inequality-threats/103133458 |access-date=21 February 2024 |website=ABC Australia |archive-date=20 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220034741/https://www.abc.net.au/religion/social-cohesion-australia-diversity-inequality-threats/103133458 |url-status=live }}</ref> Its abundant natural resources and well-developed international trade relations are crucial to the country's economy, which generates its income from various sources: predominantly services (including [[Banking in Australia|banking]], [[Australian property market|real estate]] and [[International students in Australia|international education]]) as well as [[Mining in Australia|mining]], [[Manufacturing in Australia|manufacturing]] and [[Agriculture in Australia|agriculture]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Trade and Investment at a glance 2021 |url=https://www.dfat.gov.au/publications/trade-and-investment/trade-and-investment-glance-2021#australias-industry-structure |website=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade |publisher=Australian Government |access-date=27 February 2024 |archive-date=3 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803141124/https://www.dfat.gov.au/publications/trade-and-investment/trade-and-investment-glance-2021#australias-industry-structure |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-26 |title=Australian Industry |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/industry/industry-overview/australian-industry/2021-22 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics |publisher=Australian Government |access-date=27 February 2024 |archive-date=27 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227023233/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/industry/industry-overview/australian-industry/2021-22 |url-status=live }}</ref> It [[International rankings of Australia|ranks highly]] for quality of life, health, education, economic freedom, civil liberties and political rights.<ref name="Global Australia 2021">{{Cite web | title=Statistics and rankings | website=Global Australia | date=18 May 2021 | url=https://www.globalaustralia.gov.au/why-australia/statistics-and-rankings | access-date=28 March 2023 | archive-date=28 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328003912/https://www.globalaustralia.gov.au/why-australia/statistics-and-rankings | url-status=live }}</ref>
Australia has a [[Developed Countries|highly developed]] market economy and [[List of countries by GNI (PPP) per capita|one of the highest per capita incomes]] globally.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=39&pr.y=6&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512,668,914,672,612,946,614,137,311,962,213,674,911,676,193,548,122,556,912,678,313,181,419,867,513,682,316,684,913,273,124,868,339,921,638,948,514,943,218,686,963,688,616,518,223,728,516,558,918,138,748,196,618,278,522,692,622,694,156,142,624,449,626,564,628,565,228,283,924,853,233,288,632,293,636,566,634,964,238,182,662,453,960,968,423,922,935,714,128,862,611,135,321,716,243,456,248,722,469,942,253,718,642,724,643,576,939,936,644,961,819,813,172,199,132,733,646,184,648,524,915,361,134,362,652,364,174,732,328,366,258,734,656,144,654,146,336,463,263,528,268,923,532,738,944,578,176,537,534,742,536,866,429,369,433,744,178,186,436,925,136,869,343,746,158,926,439,466,916,112,664,111,826,298,542,927,967,846,443,299,917,582,544,474,941,754,446,698,666&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a= |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2015 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |date=6 September 2015 |access-date=1 April 2019 |archive-date=6 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906100138/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=39&pr.y=6&sy=2012&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512,668,914,672,612,946,614,137,311,962,213,674,911,676,193,548,122,556,912,678,313,181,419,867,513,682,316,684,913,273,124,868,339,921,638,948,514,943,218,686,963,688,616,518,223,728,516,558,918,138,748,196,618,278,522,692,622,694,156,142,624,449,626,564,628,565,228,283,924,853,233,288,632,293,636,566,634,964,238,182,662,453,960,968,423,922,935,714,128,862,611,135,321,716,243,456,248,722,469,942,253,718,642,724,643,576,939,936,644,961,819,813,172,199,132,733,646,184,648,524,915,361,134,362,652,364,174,732,328,366,258,734,656,144,654,146,336,463,263,528,268,923,532,738,944,578,176,537,534,742,536,866,429,369,433,744,178,186,436,925,136,869,343,746,158,926,439,466,916,112,664,111,826,298,542,927,967,846,443,299,917,582,544,474,941,754,446,698,666&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a= |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Human Development Report 2021-22 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |access-date=9 September 2022 |website=United Nations Development Programme |archive-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908114232/http://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=31 October 2011 |title=Australians the world's wealthiest |url=https://www.smh.com.au/executive-style/luxury/australians-the-worlds-wealthiest-20111101-1mt2r.html |access-date=24 July 2012 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |archive-date=10 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140710153747/http://www.smh.com.au/executive-style/luxury/australians-the-worlds-wealthiest-20111101-1mt2r.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It is a [[middle power]], and has the world's [[List of countries by military expenditures|thirteenth-highest military expenditure]].<ref name="Lowy">{{Cite report |url=https://power.lowyinstitute.org/downloads/lowy-institute-2023-asia-power-index-key-findings-report.pdf |title=Lowy Institute Asian Power Index |date=2023 |page=29 |isbn=978-0-6480189-3-3 |access-date=4 February 2024 |archive-date=20 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220212559/https://power.lowyinstitute.org/downloads/lowy-institute-2023-asia-power-index-key-findings-report.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2017 |url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2018-04/sipri_fs_1805_milex_2017.pdf |website=www.sipri.org |access-date=12 August 2018 |archive-date=2 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502201938/https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2018-04/sipri_fs_1805_milex_2017.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> It is a member of international groups including the [[United Nations]]; the [[G20]]; the [[OECD]]; the [[World Trade Organization]]; [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]]; the [[Pacific Islands Forum]]; the [[Pacific Community]]; the [[Commonwealth of Nations]]; and the defence and security organisations [[ANZUS]], [[AUKUS]], and the [[Five Eyes]]. It is also a [[major non-NATO ally]] of the [[United States]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rachman |first=Gideon |date=13 March 2023 |title=Aukus, the Anglosphere and the return of great power rivalry |url=https://www.ft.com/content/e4abd866-54cb-4923-9a66-ebb5b5ed67bf |url-access=subscription |access-date=19 March 2023 |work=Financial Times |archive-date=20 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320005932/https://www.ft.com/content/e4abd866-54cb-4923-9a66-ebb5b5ed67bf |url-status=live }}</ref>
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