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[[File:Aurangabad - Ajanta Caves (36).JPG|thumb|Outside the chaitya at Cave 19, [[Ajanta Caves]], also with four zones using small repeated "chaitya arch" [[motif (visual arts)|motifs]].]]
[[File:IA Development of the Chaitya arch.jpg|thumb|Development of the chaitya arch from the [[Lomas Rishi Cave]] on, from a book by [[Percy Brown (art historian)|Percy Brown]].]]
A '''chaitya''', chaitya hall, '''chaitya-griha''', (Sanskrit:''Caitya''; Pāli: ''[[Cetiya]]'') refers to a shrine, sanctuary, temple or prayer hall in [[Indian religions]].<ref name="Trainor1997p34"/><ref name=buswell161/> The term is most common in [[Buddhism]], where it refers to a space with a [[stupa]] and a rounded [[apse]] at the end opposite the entrance, and a high roof with a rounded profile.<ref>Michell, 66–67; Harle, 48</ref> Strictly speaking, the chaitya is the [[stupa]] itself,<ref>Harle (1994), 48</ref> and the Indian buildings are chaitya halls, but this distinction is often not observed. Outside India, the term is used by Buddhists for local styles of small stupa-like monuments in [[Nepal]], [[Cambodia]], [[Indonesia]] and elsewhere. In the historical texts of [[Jainism]] and [[Hinduism]], including those relating to architecture, ''chaitya'' refers to a temple, sanctuary or any sacred monument.<ref name=Chanchreek/><ref name=gonda418/><ref name="Kramrisch1946p147"/>
Most early examples of chaitya that survive are [[Indian rock-cut architecture]]. Scholars agree that the standard form follows a tradition of free-standing halls made of wood and other plant materials, none of which has survived. The curving ribbed ceilings imitate timber construction. In the earlier examples, timber was used decoratively, with wooden ribs added to stone roofs. At the [[Bhaja Caves]] and the "Great Chaitya" of the [[Karla Caves]], the original timber ribs survive; elsewhere marks on the ceiling show where they once were. Later, these ribs were rock-cut. Often, elements in wood, such as screens, porches, and balconies, were added to stone structures. The surviving examples are similar in their broad layout, though the design evolved over the centuries.<ref>Michell, 66, 374; Harle, 48, 493; Hardy, 39</ref>
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