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{{use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox political party
| name = Citizens
| native_name = Ciudadanos
| logo = [[File:Ciudadanos logo 2017.svg|frameless|250px]]
| colorcode = {{Citizens (Spanish political party)/meta/color}}
| president = [[Inés Arrimadas]]
| secretary_general = {{Interlanguage link|Marina Bravo Sobrino|es}}
| spokesperson = [[Inés Arrimadas]]
| ideology = {{nowrap|[[National liberalism]]<br>[[Conservative liberalism]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Close|first=Caroline|date=12 February 2019|chapter=The liberal party family ideology: Distinct, but diverse|title=Liberal Parties in Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RceHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT431|editor1-last=Close|editor1-first=Caroline|editor2-last=van Haute|editor2-first=Emilie|publisher=[[Routledge]]|pages=338–339|isbn=9781351245487}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nzz.ch/meinung/spanien-geht-auf-eine-neue-politische-umwaelzung-zu-ld.1441452|title=Spanien geht auf eine politische Umwälzung zu|newspaper=[[Neue Zürcher Zeitung]]|language=de|date=3 December 2018|accessdate=3 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.derstandard.de/story/2000093044581/andalusien-wahl-rechte-reconquista-in-spanien|title=Andalusien-Wahl: Rechte Reconquista in Spanien|newspaper=[[Der Standard]]|language=de|date=3 December 2018|accessdate=3 December 2018}}</ref><br>[[Secularism]]{{sfn|Flesher Fominaya|Garvía Soto|2008|p=233|ps=: "El núcleo duro C's es el no-nacionalismo y el laicismo identitario".}}<br>[[Populism]]<ref name="Damiani2020">{{cite book|author=Marco Damiani|title=Populist Radical Left Parties in Western Europe: Equality and Sovereignty|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1zPNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT97|year=2020|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-02264-4|page=97}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Leonardo Morlino|author2=Francesco Raniolo|title=The Impact of the Economic Crisis on South European Democracies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T7uRDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA50|year=2017|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-52371-2|page=50}}</ref><br>[[Pro-Europeanism]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://globalriskinsights.com/2018/01/catalonia-rise-ciudadanos-spain/|author=Niall Walsh|title=Catalonia: The rise of Ciudadanos|date=January 2, 2018|accessdate=February 2, 2018}}</ref><br>[[Spanish nationalism]]<ref name="Anduiza2018">{{cite book|author1=Eva Anduiza|author2=Marc Guinjoan|author3=Guillem Rico|chapter=Economic Crisis, Populist Attitudes, and the Birth of Podemos in Spain|editor1=Marco Giugni|editor2=Maria T. Grasso|title=Citizens and the Crisis: Experiences, Perceptions, and Responses to the Great Recession in Europe|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mexIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA67|year=2018|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-68960-9|page=67}}</ref>}}
| headquarters = C / Alcalá 253 28027 [[Madrid]], [[Spain]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ciudadanos-cs.org/|title=Ciudadanos Web Site||language=Spanish|date=11 November 2019|accessdate=11 November 2019}}</ref>
| website = {{url|https://www.ciudadanos-cs.org}}
| country = Spain
| abbreviation = Cs
| leader1_title = Spokesperson in Congress
| leader1_name =
| founded = 7 June 2005 (CC)<br>4 March 2006 (Cs) in Catalonia
| dissolved =
| newspaper =
| youth_wing = Group of Young Citizens (J's)
| membership_year = 2020
| membership = {{increase}} 27,402<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20200228/arrimadas-igea-tendran-otro-rival-primarias-militante-valenciano/2004911.shtml |title= Arrimadas e Igea tendrán otro rival en las primarias de Ciudadanos, un militante valenciano |language=Spanish |publisher=RTVE |date=2020-02-28}}</ref>
| position = {{Nowrap|[[Centre-right politics|Centre-right]]<ref name="Mavrodi2017">{{cite book|author1=Georgia Mavrodi|author2=Michalis Moutselos|chapter=Is Spain Becoming a Country of Emigration Again? Data Evidence and Public Responses|editor1=Jean-Michel Lafleur|editor2=Mikolaj Stanek|title=South-North Migration of EU Citizens in Times of Crisis|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNlCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA93|year= 2017|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-39763-4|page=93}}</ref><ref name="FieldGray2019">{{cite book|author1=Bonnie N. Field|author2=Caroline Gray|chapter=The Spanish Parliament in Context|editor1=Jorge M. Fernandes|editor2=Cristina Leston-Bandeira|title=The Iberian Legislatures in Comparative Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rgKaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT53|year= 2019|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-06520-7|page=53}}</ref><ref name="FraileHenández2020">{{cite book|author1=Marta Fraile|author2=Enrique Henández|chapter=Determinants of Voting Behaviour|editor1=Diego Muro|editor2=Ignacio Lago|title=The Oxford Handbook of Spanish Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BtjODwAAQBAJ&pg=PA383|year=2020|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-882693-4|page=383|quote=''Ciudadanos''&hellip;competes with the PP in the centre-right of the ideological continuum.}}</ref>}}
| colours = {{color box|{{Citizens (Spanish political party)/meta/color}}|border=darkgray}} [[Orange (colour)|Orange]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ciudadanos-cs.org/var/public/sections/page-imagen-del-partido/manual-estilo-cs.pdf|title=Manual de Identidad Corporativa}}</ref>
| europarl = [[Renew Europe]]
| european = [[Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party|Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe]]
| seats1_title = [[Congress of Deputies (Spain)|Congress of Deputies]]
| seats1 = {{composition bar|10|350|hex={{Citizens (Spanish political party)/meta/color}}}}
| seats2_title = [[Senate of Spain|Senate]]
| seats2 = {{composition bar|9|265|hex={{Citizens (Spanish political party)/meta/color}}}}
| seats3_title = [[European Parliament]]
| seats3 = {{composition bar|8|59|hex={{Citizens (Spanish political party)/meta/color}}}}
| seats4_title = [[Autonomous communities of Spain|Regional Parliaments]]
| seats4 = {{composition bar|117|1248|hex={{Citizens (Spanish political party)/meta/color}}}}
| seats5_title = [[Municipalities of Spain|Local Government]]
| seats5 = {{composition bar|2789|67611|hex={{Citizens (Spanish political party)/meta/color}}}}
| seats6_title = [[Autonomous Communities of Spain|Regional government]]
| seats6 = {{Composition bar|5|19|hex={{Citizens (Spanish political party)/meta/color}}}} (With the [[People's Party (Spain)|People's Party)]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Citizens''' ({{lang-es|link=no|Ciudadanos}} {{IPA-es|θjuðaˈðanos|}} {{audio|ES-ES ciudadanos.ogg|listen}}; {{lang-ca|link=no|Ciutadans}} {{IPA-ca|siwtəˈðans|}}; {{lang-eu|link=no|Hiritarrak}}; {{lang-gl|link=no|Cidadáns}}; shortened as '''Cs'''—'''C's''' until January 2017), officially '''Citizens–Party of the Citizenry''' (''Ciudadanos–Partido de la Ciudadanía''),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/spain.html|website=Parties and Elections in Europe|title=Spain|first=Wolfram|last=Nordsieck|year=2019|accessdate=28 April 2019}}</ref> is a [[national liberalism|national]]-[[liberalism and radicalism in Spain|liberal]]<ref>{{cite web|first=Klaus-Jürgen|last=Nagel|date=November 2019|title=Catalonia and Spain’s Constitutional Crisis: Time for a Federal Solution?|url=http://50shadesoffederalism.com/case-studies/catalonia-and-spains-constitutional-crisis-time-for-a-federal-solution/|website=50 Shades of Federalism}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Haupt|first=Florian|date=25 October 2019|title=Der Rechtsausleger|language=de|url=https://www.spiegel.de/sport/fussball/streit-um-clasico-barcelona-vs-real-die-rolle-von-spaniens-ligachef-a-1293229.html|work=[[Der Spiegel]]}}</ref> [[List of political parties in Spain|political party in Spain]].
 
Founded in [[Catalonia]] in 2006, the party received 25.4% of votes and 36 deputies in the [[2017 Catalan regional election|December 2017 Catalan regional election]], making it the largest single party in the [[Parliament of Catalonia]]. Nevertheless, it has never taken power so its actual political stance remains a source of debate between supporters and adversaries, beyond a strong opposition to [[Catalan nationalism]]<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://salamancartvaldia.es/not/12171/albert-rivera-el-nacionalismo-es-una-ideologia-obsoleta-|title=Albert Rivera: "El nacionalismo es una ideología obsoleta"|first=Salamanca RTVE al|last=día}}</ref><ref name="cuatro.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.cuatro.com/planetacalleja/invitados/albert-rivera/Calleja-norteamericano-congresos-Albert-Rivera_2_2080605018.html|title=Albert Rivera, a los que le llaman facha: "En Cataluña, lo más progresista es facha"}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite journal|last=|first=|year=2017|title=Catalexit?|url=|journal=The Economist|volume=January 7th-13th|pages=19|via=}}</ref> and the [[Catalan independence movement]]. The party used the phrase "Catalonia is my homeland, Spain is my country and Europe is our future" to outline the ideology which the party self-describes as [[Postnationalism|postnationalist]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ciudadanos-cs.org/statico/pdf/ideario.pdf|title=Citizens' Ideario|author=Ciudadanos – Partido de la Ciudadanía|website=ciudadanos-cs.org|language=Spanish|accessdate=27 September 2016|quote=Tercera, por el vacío de representación que existía en el espacio electoral de ultra-derecha no nacionalista|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122084358/http://www.ciudadanos-cs.org/statico/pdf/ideario.pdf|archive-date=22 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Javier González">{{cite web|url=https://www.ciudadanos-cs.org/prensa/javier_gonzalez_nuestro_objetivo_es_impulsar_una_tercera_via_politica_en_espana/2166/|title=Javier González: 'Nuestro objetivo es impulsar una tercera vía política en España|date=9 April 2009|author=Diari de Terrassa|website=ciudadanos-cs.org|language=Spanish|accessdate=27 September 2016|quote=Somos postnacionalistas y no queremos luchar contra un nacionalismo con otro. Vamos sin banderas, casi desnudos, abriendo camino sin fronteras desde la Constitución}}</ref> In spite of that, it has been deemed by a variety of sources to profess a populist [[Spanish nationalism|Spanish nationalist]] ideology.<ref name="Anduiza2018"/><ref name="Ramoneda2018"/><ref name="Elordi2018"/>
 
Citizens used to present itself as a [[centre-left]] party that offered a mix of [[social democracy|social-democratic]] and [[Social liberalism|liberal-progressive]] positions on its platform,<ref>{{cite web|title=Albert Rivera, la cara visible de Ciutadans|publisher=laSexta|date=1 December 2013|url=http://www.lasexta.com/programas/el-objetivo/noticias/albert-rivera-cara-visible-ciutadans_2013120100114.html|access-date=23 June 2015|quote=Somos un partido de tradición socialdemócrata y liberal-progresista}}</ref> but it dropped any mention to social democracy from its principles in February 2017<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://elpais.com/politica/2017/02/04/actualidad/1486205681_943757.html|journal=[[El País]]|title=Ciudadanos elimina la socialdemocracia de su ideario y abraza el liberalismo progresista|first=Juan José|last=Mateo|date=4 February 2017}}</ref> and by 2018 was judged by some to have experienced a further swing to the right, as it began to compete with the PP, and later also with [[Vox (political party)|Vox]], to become the leading right-of-centre party in the country.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2019/04/17/ideas/1555511241_891764.html|work=[[El País]]|date=20 April 2019|first=Santos|last=Juliá|title=Derechas|author-link=Santos Juliá}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/albert-rivera-ciudadanos-all-out-war-on-the-spanish-right/|first=Diego|last=Torres|date=3 May 2018|journal=[[Politico]]|title=All-out war on the Spanish right}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|journal=[[The Financial Times]]|date=20 April 2019|title=Spain's open election highlights its polarisation problem|url=https://www.ft.com/content/819e8bf2-60fc-11e9-a27a-fdd51850994c?list=intlhomepage}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/dec/03/far-right-success-in-andalucia-reflects-spains-fragmented-politics|journal=[[The Guardian]]|title=Far-right success in Andalucía reflects Spain's fragmented politics|date=3 December 2018|first=Sam|last=Jones}}</ref> It has recently been described by media<ref>https://www.huffingtonpost.es/2018/04/21/un-periodico-frances-define-a-ciudadanos-como-partido-de-extrema-derecha_a_23416826/</ref><ref>https://www.lasemaineduroussillon.com/2018/04/20/catalogne-le-parti-dextreme-droite-ciudadanos-propose-a-manuel-valls-detre-candidat-a-barcelone/</ref> and [[Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas|CIS]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elespanol.com/espana/20160204/99740323_0.html|title=Ciudadanos: del centro a la derecha según el CIS}}</ref> (a Spanish public research institute) as right-oriented.
 
== History ==
Citizens was formed in Catalonia in July 2006 in response to the call made in a manifesto by a group of well-known figures in Catalan civic society (among them [[Albert Boadella]], [[Félix de Azúa]], [[Francesc de Carreras]] and [[Arcadi Espada]]) in which they called for a new political force to "address the real problems faced by the general public". In this manifesto, they also warned that "the rhetoric of hatred promulgated by official [[Generalitat of Catalonia|Catalan government]] media against everything Spanish is more alarming than ever" and that "the (Catalan) nation, promoted as an homogenous entity, has taken over the space where an undeniably diverse society lived".<ref>[http://www.ciutadansdecatalunya.com/pdf/eng.pdf Manifesto signed by some intellectuals which preceded the formation of the party] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227060215/http://www.ciutadansdecatalunya.com/pdf/eng.pdf |date=February 27, 2008 }}.</ref>
 
In July 2005, this group of personalities, almost entirely based in [[Barcelona]], formed a political platform called ''Ciutadans de Catalunya'', or [[Citizens of Catalonia]]. They organised several round tables and conferences and by 2006 they had announced the formation of a new political party. In their first conference of 2006, [[Albert Rivera]], a young lawyer from Barcelona, was elected president.
 
In the [[2006 Catalan regional election|2006 elections for the Parliament of Catalonia]], Cs won 3% of the votes and returned three MPs. In the [[2010 Catalan regional election|2010 elections]], a similar result was achieved (3.4%, 3 MPs). Mainly as a counter to the growing public support for independence in Catalonia, Cs has since further grown substantially in support as one of the most outspoken opponents of this movement. In the [[2012 Catalan regional election|2012 snap elections]], the number of votes more than doubled (7.6%, 9 MPs). All but one of these seats were in the [[Province of Barcelona]]. In the [[2015 Catalan regional election|2015 elections]], Cs more than doubled its votes again (17.9%, 25 MPs), becoming the second largest faction in the Catalan parliament.
 
In 2013, the party started organising in the rest of Spain with a manifesto called "La conjura de Goya" ("Confederacy of Goya") that took place in the Congress Palace of [[Madrid]]. In the [[2015 Spanish general election|2015 general elections]], Cs entered parliament with 13.9% and 40 seats. As PP's [[Mariano Rajoy]] refused the mandate to form a government, Cs promised the second-largest party PSOE support in parliament in exchange for a number of political concessions. However, this pact would have needed the support of [[Podemos (Spanish political party)|Podemos]] and finally did not gain a parliamentarian majority, paving the way for a repeat election. In the [[2016 Spanish general election|2016 snap elections]], Cs lost 0.8% of the popular vote and 8 seats due to Spain's electoral system. After these elections, Cs could strike a deal with the conservative PP in supporting its government in exchange for a number of political concessions. [[2015–16 Spanish government formation|After a 10-month political deadlock]], PP leader Mariano Rajoy was able to become Prime Minister thanks to Cs support and an abstention of PSOE.
 
In the [[2014 European Parliament election in Spain|2014 European elections]], the party received 3.16% of the national vote and elected two [[Member of the European Parliament|MEP]]s.<ref>http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2014/06/12/pdfs/BOE-A-2014-6233.pdf</ref> Both MEPs joined the [[Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Group|Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe]] (ALDE) group. In the [[2019 European Parliament election in Spain|2019 European elections]] the party obtained 12% of the vote, and won a total of 7 MEPs (which, post-brexit, has become 8 MEPs).<ref> https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2019/05/27/inenglish/1558941321_189987.html</ref>
 
The party was accepted into the [[Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party]] on 4 June 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.aldeparty.eu/en/news/ciudadanos-nowoczesna-nasa-stranka-and-civic-position-join-alde-party |title=Archived copy |access-date=15 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006015444/https://www.aldeparty.eu/en/news/ciudadanos-nowoczesna-nasa-stranka-and-civic-position-join-alde-party |archive-date=6 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 
Rivera resigned on 11 November 2019 after the party lost 80% of its seats in the [[November 2019 Spanish general election|November 2019 General Election]]. The position of party president is currently vacant.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2019/11/11/inenglish/1573467972_489207.html|title=Ciudadanos leader Albert Rivera quits after election debacle|last=Blas|first=Elsa García de|date=2019-11-11|work=El País|access-date=2019-11-14|last2=País|first2=El|language=en|issn=1134-6582}}</ref>
 
== Ideology ==
{{update|section|inaccurate=yes|date=October 2017}}
At first, Citizens branded itself as a [[centre-left]] party in its statement of principles (''ideario''). While Rivera refused to locate Citizens on the political spectrum for a time, he has recently been placing Cs in the [[political centre]]. Although some observers agreed with the party's ''ideario'' by describing Cs as centre-left<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Delgado Ramos|first1=David|year=2011|title=Elecciones al Parlament 2010: fin de ciclo en Cataluña|url=http://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/eserv/bibliuned:DerechoPolitico-2011-80-508r0/Documento.pdf|language=Spanish|journal=Revista de Derecho Político|publisher=UNED|volume=80|access-date=28 May 2015|quote=El incremento se produjo a costa del PSC, donde en algunos de sus tradicionales «feudos» su electorado optó por votar a Ciutadans como opción «españolista» y de centro-izquierda más adecuada para no votar a su otra opción, el Partido Popular, más alejada ideológicamente de sus postulados.}}{{Dead link|date=July 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Gutiérrez Díez|first=José Manuel|title=A case of misreckoning: the Catalan election of 2012|journal=BORDA: Working Papers (University of Salamanca)|date=January 2014|url=http://gredos.usal.es/jspui/bitstream/10366/122471/3/Misreckoning.pdf|access-date=8 August 2015|quote=Cs (''Ciudadanos''). Catalan party (in practice), without reference in Spain. Centre-left}}</ref><ref>[http://country.eiu.com/article.aspx?articleid=1029863687&Country=Spain&topic=Politics Catalan vote sends mixed messages] - ''Economist Intelligence Unit''</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Latest poll shows support for new party Podemos leveling out|first=Anabel|last=Díez|url=http://elpais.com/elpais/2015/02/09/inenglish/1423471168_219529.html|newspaper=[[El País]]|date=9 February 2015|accessdate=5 May 2015|quote=''new left-wing party Podemos and the center-left non-nationalist Catalan formation Ciudadanos are faring well in the polls''}}</ref><ref>{{in lang|es}} [http://www.bcn.cat/estadistica/castella/dades/telec/eur/eurue/ceurue34.htm «Cs Ciudadanos Centro-izquierda»], ''Ayuntamiento de Barcelona''</ref><ref>[http://www.directe.cat/noticia/76245/ciutadans-ja-es-veu-amb-grup-parlamentari-propi-al-nou-parlament Ciutadans ja es veu amb grup parlamentari propi al nou Parlament] - ''Directe!cat''</ref> and others agree with Rivera's last definition by describing the party as centrist,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/spanish-politics-socialists-attempt-to-end-political-impasse-by-forming-coalition-with-centrist-a6893781.html|title=Spanish politics: Socialists attempt to end political impasse by forming coalition with centrist Ciudadanos party|website=The Independent|quote=Spain’s Socialists have taken a first step towards ending weeks of political paralysis by joining by the centrist Ciudadanos party in a bid to form a new coalition government.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/8dec6bc0-0a79-11e8-839d-41ca06376bf2|title=Spain's centrist pro-unity party gains from Catalan chaos|website=Financial Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.economist.com/europe/2018/02/10/spains-centrist-ciudadanos-are-on-the-march|title=Spain's centrist Ciudadanos are on the march|website=The Economist|quote=His party was formed by disillusioned Catalan Socialists who disliked temporising with nationalists. Last year Mr Rivera repositioned it as a centrist, progressive liberal party.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Castillo|first=Jésus|date=18 March 2015|title=Spain: Podemos, or how to square a circle|url=https://www.research.natixis.com/GlobalResearchWeb/Main/GlobalResearch/GetDocument/GeIV2mdXzfMZEToSr0qhNQ==|journal=Flash Economics, Economic Research|publisher=Natixis|number=243|issn=2117-9387|page=2|access-date=January 30, 2016|quote=C's - Ciudadanos - Partido de la Ciudadanía (Citizens - Party of the Citizenry). Creation: 2006. Positioning: Republican centre}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.noticiasdenavarra.com/2015/12/20/especiales/elecciones-20-d/rivera-ciudadanos-ha-demostrado-que-el-centro-politico-existe-y-sera-fundamental-en-la-nueva-transicion-|title=Rivera: Ciudadanos ha demostrado que "el centro político existe" y será "fundamental en la nueva Transición"|publisher=Navarra News|author=EUROPA PRESS|date=20 December 2015|access-date=13 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222074021/http://www.noticiasdenavarra.com/2015/12/20/especiales/elecciones-20-d/rivera-ciudadanos-ha-demostrado-que-el-centro-politico-existe-y-sera-fundamental-en-la-nueva-transicion-|archive-date=22 December 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/29/universal/es/ciudadanos-se-abre-paso-desde-el-centro-y-sacude-al-establecimiento-politico-en-espana.html?_r=0|title=Citizens made his way from the center and shakes to the political establishment in Spain|author=RAPHAEL MINDER|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=2 December 2015|access-date=13 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/10/centre-party-ciudadanos-throws-spanish-election-results-into-question|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|author=Ashifa Kassam|date=10 December 2015|title=Centre party Ciudadanos throws Spanish election results into question|access-date=13 April 2016}}</ref> the vast majority of them have positioned Citizens on the [[centre-right]].{{Sfn|Medda-Windischer|Carlà|2015|p=178|ps=: «It should be said that not all political parties and social entities signed the Agreement: the People's Party (center-right) and ''Ciutadans'' (center-right, recently-created pro-Spanish party in the Catalan Parliament) rejected the Agreement on the basis that it had been conceived in a clearly nationalist fashion, whereas the NGO SOS-Racisme and the Trade Union ''Commissions Obreres'' considered the document not progressive enough».}}{{Sfn|Ancelovici|Dufour|Nez|2016|p=86|ps=: «The voters have been turning to either Podemos, a new radical left-wing party that grew out of the Indignados movement, or to Ciudadanos, a new center-right party that originated in Catalonia but has mobilized more broadly in recent years».}}{{Sfn|Ferrán|Hilbink|2016|p=144|ps=: «Ciudadanos is a center-right political party launched in Catalonia in 2006 by a group of self-styled intellectuals (who had published a “manifesto” in 2005) that extended across Spain after the Catalan elections of 2012».}}{{Sfn|Butler|2016|p=24|ps=: «On the centre-right of the political continuum, the Ciudadanos ('Citizens') party had less impact in the Basque Country or Navarre».}}{{Sfn|Cohen|Muñoz|2016|p=6|ps=: «A center-right party in Spain also emerged, which is called Ciudadanos (“Citizens”), whose base is primarily young and urban and whose focus for addressing income disparity and unemployment is by concentrating on growing the innovation economy in cities throughout the country».}}<ref>[http://www.ueapolitics.org/2015/03/30/after-syriza-whats-next-for-spain/ After Syriza: What's next for Spain?], ''Eastminster''</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/22/protesters-march-against-austerity-measures-in-madrid Protesters march against austerity measures in Madrid], ''The Guardian''</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Rajoy promises jobs and growth as fringe parties gain ground|first=Tobias|last=Buck|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/5876fd4c-bc30-11e4-b6ec-00144feab7de.html#axzz3X0S9y9c2|newspaper=[[Financial Times]]|date=24 February 2015|accessdate=11 April 2015|quote=''On the center-right, Ciudadanos is winning backing from former supporters of the PP, suggesting the ruling party's stranglehold on the conservative camp is drawing to an end''}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Triviño Salazar|first=Juan Carlos|year=2014|title=Immigrant Organizations and the Politicization of Cultural Diversity in the City|url=http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/31979/AS03_2014_SS_Trivino.pdf|publisher=European University Institute-Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies|access-date=January 2, 2016|quote=Party: Ciutadans (Cs) (Citizens). Left/right cleavage: Centre-right}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Gómez Fortes|first=Braulio|last2=Urquizu|first2=Ignacio|date=September 23, 2015|title=Political Corruption and the End of two-party system after the May 2015 Spanish Regional Elections|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281836078|journal=Regional and Federal Studies|publisher=Routledge|volume=25|issue=4|issn=1743-9434|pages=379–389|doi=10.1080/13597566.2015.1083013|access-date=January 2, 2016|quote=Yet the real change that makes these elections so groundbreaking has been the emergence of two change that makes these elections so groundbreaking has been the emergence of two new political forces in all the regional parliaments—one leftist party, Podemos, and one centre-right party, Ciudadanos—which have accounted for 20% of the regional vote and proved decisive in forming regional governments in the 17 autonomous communities, whether via coalition pacts, investiture agreements or legislative pacts}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-36632276|title= Spanish voters head back to polls in bid to break deadlock|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date= 26 June 2016|website= bbc.co.uk|publisher= [[BBC News]]|access-date= 26 June 2016|quote= The centre-right, pro-business party Ciudadanos (Citizens) is forecast to take fourth place.}}</ref> In a 2014 interview, Congress spokesman [[Juan Carlos Girauta]] explicitly stated that he did not perceive any significant differences between Citizens, the centrist [[Union, Progress and Democracy]] and the far-right [[Spanish nationalist]] party [[Vox (political party)|Vox]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://compostimes.com/2014/02/juan-carlos-girauta-entre-upyd-ciutadans-y-vox-no-encuentro-las-diferencias/|author=Marcos Lema|date=16 February 2014|title=''Juan Carlos Girauta: "Entre UPyD, Ciutadans y VOX no encuentro las diferencias"''}}</ref>
 
[[Federico Finchelstein]] identifies Citizens with a light brand of "[[Neo-liberal]] [[populism]]".<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.clarin.com/opinion/nacionalismos-transatlanticos_0_ug1NvSNuA.html?fromRef=twitter|title=Nacionalismos transatlánticos|date=28 July 2019|journal=[[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]]|authorlink=Federico Finchelstein|first=Federico|last=Finchelstein}}</ref>
 
=== Official stance ===
Ideologically, Cs describes itself as a progressive,<ref>{{in lang|es}} [http://elpais.com/elpais/2010/11/24/actualidad/1290590221_850215.html «Cs es un partido progresista y constitucionalista»], ''El País''</ref> secular, constitutional, European federalist and postnationalist political party.<ref name="Javier González"/> Ciudadanos rejects the [[Autonomous communities of Spain|autonomous communities]]' right to [[self-determination]] outside of the Spanish state. As an originally Catalan party, it specifically opposes [[Catalan nationalism]] due to viewing it as an outdated, authoritarian and socially divisive ideology which fuels hatred among both Catalans and Spaniards.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="cuatro.com"/><ref name="auto1"/>{{Clarify|date=August 2016}} Rivera uses the phrase "Catalonia is my homeland, Spain is my country and Europe is our future" to describe the party's ideology.
 
The party opposes separatist movements such as the [[Catalan independence|Catalan independence movement]]<ref>[http://www.cronicaglobal.com/es/notices/2015/02/rivera-hemos-visto-documentos-que-demuestran-que-ciu-se-ha-estado-llevando-una-parte-de-las-comisi-15882.php Rivera: "Hemos visto documentos que demuestran que CiU se ha estado llevando una parte de las comisiones de obras en Cataluña"], ''Crónica Global''</ref>{{Sfn|Auzias|Labourdette|2014|p=31|ps=: «Enfin, Ciutadans (C's), avec 9 députés au parlement, s'oppose aux nationalistes et défend le modèle de l'Etat des autonomies».}} and federating the autonomous communities. Even though Citizens is currently a supporter of [[Federal Europe|European federalism]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Terry|first=Chris|website=The Democratic Society|date=20 May 2014|url=https://www.demsoc.org/2014/05/20/citizens-party-of-the-citizenship-cs/|title=Citizens{{snd}} Party of the Citizenship (C’s)}}</ref> it ran in the [[2009 European Parliament election in Spain|2009 European Parliament election]] in coalition with the pan-European, Eurosceptic party [[Libertas.eu|Libertas]].<ref>{{in lang|es}} [http://www.rtve.es/noticias/20090423/ciutadans-se-divide-tras-aprobar-acudir-europeas-coalicion-derechista-libertas/268846.shtml Ciutadans se divide tras aprobar acudir a las europeas con la coalición derechista Libertas], ''RTVE''</ref> Although reconsidering the current head of state is not a priority for the party, Rivera has said that Citizens is "a [[Republicanism|republican]] party which claims that Spanish citizens are who have to decide whether they prefer a once-modernized monarchy or a republic through a referendum in the context of a constitutional reform".<ref>[http://www.elperiodico.com/es/noticias/politica/albert-rivera-ciutadans-ciudadanos-monarquia-santa-sede-religion-4120910 Albert Rivera: "Si un día la Monarquía no sirve, nosotros decidiremos"], ''El Periódico''</ref><ref>[http://www.ccma.cat/324/Albert-Rivera-president-de-Ciutadans-proposa-un-debat-sobre-monarquia-o-republica/noticia/1696593/ Albert Rivera, president de Ciutadans, proposa un debat sobre monarquia o república], ''CCMA''</ref><ref>[http://www.elmundo.es/loc/2014/07/11/53beacdde2704e3c5d8b4582.html Albert Rivera: 'Sigo soltero'], ''El Mundo''</ref> According to its declared identity signs, Cs advocates four basic lines of action:{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}
# Defence of individual rights
# Defence of social rights as well as the welfare state
# Uphold the State of Autonomies and Europe's unity{{clarify|date=May 2018}}
# Regeneration of democracy and of political life{{clarify|date=May 2018}}
 
=== Main tenets ===
[[File:Albert Rivera - 02.jpg|thumb|260px|[[Albert Rivera]], former president of the party]]
Cs displays a political discourse mainly centered around opposition to [[Catalan nationalism]],<ref name="elpais">{{cite news|url=http://elpais.com/elpais/2012/11/26/inenglish/1353954830_869405.html|title=Pro-Spain Ciutadans group demands Mas step down as regional premier|newspaper=[[El País]]|date=26 November 2012|accessdate=22 May 2013}}</ref> to the extent that it has been frequently criticised for being a [[single issue party]], a label rejected by its members. In the 2006–2012 period, the number of Cs voters who had voted for centre-right parties in previous elections was similar to the number who had voted for centre-left parties, suggesting that the party's positions on general economic and social issues are not its main draw.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ccaa.elpais.com/ccaa/2013/08/17/catalunya/1376770776_741778.html|language=Spanish|author=Lluís Orriols|newspaper=[[El País]]|date=13 August 2013|accessdate=28 February 2014|title=Ciutadans, ¿un partido de izquierdas o de derechas?}}</ref> Cs criticise any sort of nationalism, "including the Spanish nationalism that Mr. Ynestrillas defends".<ref>{{in lang|es}} [http://www.diariocritico.com/chats/albert-rivera/118], ''Diario Crítico''</ref>
 
One of the main issues raised by the party is the Catalan [[language policy]] which actively promotes the use of [[Catalan language]] as the sole working language of Catalan public administration.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://w110.bcn.cat/portal/site/Ajuntament/menuitem.0af6dcf550d619e1f747f747a2ef8a0c/?vgnextoid=6d809706e27b7310VgnVCM10000072fea8c0RCRD&vgnextchannel=49ea2abc5e8aa210VgnVCM10000074fea8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=formatDetall&lang=en_GB|title=City Council of Barcelona: "Catalan will continue to be the Council's working language"|publisher=City Council of Barcelona|accessdate=22 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522124524/http://w110.bcn.cat/portal/site/Ajuntament/menuitem.0af6dcf550d619e1f747f747a2ef8a0c/?vgnextoid=6d809706e27b7310VgnVCM10000072fea8c0RCRD&vgnextchannel=49ea2abc5e8aa210VgnVCM10000074fea8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=formatDetall&lang=en_GB|archive-date=22 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="20minutos">{{cite news|url=http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1648174/0/albert-rivera-25n-elecciones/ciutadans-ciudadanos/independencia-cataluna-catalunya/l|title=Albert Rivera, Ciutadans candidate: "An independent Catalonia would fail"|language=Spanish|newspaper=[[20 minutos]]|date=15 November 2012|accessdate=22 May 2013}}</ref> The party challenges this policy and defends equal treatment of the Spanish and Catalan languages.<ref name="20minutos"/> It also opposes the current language policy within the Catalan educational system in accordance with which all public schooling is delivered in Catalan. The party also supports strengthening the powers of the Spanish central institutions and curtailing the powers of regional administrations.<ref name="ciudadanos-cs.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.ciudadanos-cs.org/jsp/publico/diloconnosotros/modelo_estado.do |title=Ciudadanos - Modelo de estado |publisher=Ciudadanos-cs.org |date= |accessdate=2014-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315072721/http://www.ciudadanos-cs.org/jsp/publico/diloconnosotros/modelo_estado.do |archive-date=15 March 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 
Other topics include a thorough reform of the [[Elections in Spain|electoral system]] with the aim of creating greater proportionality that would give less weight to single constituencies. They also support some changes in the [[Constitution of Spain|1978 Constitution]], especially regarding regional organisation. Regarding the chartered autonomous communities' tax regimes, the party respects and does not want to remove the Basque Country's and Navarre's chartered regimes because it believes that "they aren't discriminatory in and of themselves". However, it criticises what it calls the miscalculation of the quota or contribution which is negotiated between governments and has been causing significant differences that they regard as having become outrageous.<ref>{{in lang|es}} [http://vozpopuli.com/actualidad/57135-futuro-incierto-en-pais-vasco-y-navarra-para-podemos-upyd-y-ciudadanos-quitaran-los-fueros Futuro incierto en País Vasco y Navarra para Podemos, UPyD y Ciudadanos: ¿quitarán los fueros?] - ''Vozpópuli''</ref> It proposes a review and a recalculation of the [[Basque Economic Agreement|Basque]] and Navarrese Economic Agreements{{Clarify|date=August 2016}} in order to stop the Basque Country and Navarre being "net beneficiaries".<ref>{{in lang|es}} [http://noticias.lainformacion.com/politica/partidos/ciutadans-propone-revisar-el-cupo-vasco-y-navarro-reformando-la-constitucion_UMoGiJbBfzVX6o2mkHCfj4/ Ciutadans propone revisar el cupo vasco y navarro reformando la Constitución] - ''Lainformación.com''</ref> Among other policies, they also support laws against prostitution, [[marijuana]], [[euthanasia]], and [[gestational surrogacy]].
 
Prominent meetings of the party have been reportedly picketed by [[Catalan independence|Catalan separatist]] groups on several occasions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2006/06/05/espana/1149535287.html|title=Agreden al periodista Arcadi Espada en un acto de Ciutadans de Catalunya en Girona contra el Estatut|work=elmundo.es|accessdate=September 27, 2015}}</ref> Its leader [[Albert Rivera]] has received anonymous death threats urging him to quit politics. Two members of the [[Young Republican Left of Catalonia|ERC Youth]] were sentenced to prison for it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/279725/0/presidente/ciutadans/amenazado/|title=El presidente de Ciutadans, amenazado de muerte por "luchar contra el nacionalismo"|author=20Minutos|work=20minutos.es - Últimas Noticias|accessdate=September 27, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elmundo.es/papel/2007/09/22/espana/2210168.html|title=Orbyt - El Mundo|work=elmundo.es|accessdate=September 27, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/presidente/Ciutadans/denuncia/haber/recibido/amenazas/muerte/elpepiesp/20070922elpepinac_8/Tes|title=El presidente de Ciutadans denuncia haber recibido amenazas de muerte|author=Ediciones El País|work=EL PAÍS|accessdate=September 27, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lavanguardia.es/lv24h/20070921/53396278806.html|title=Albert Rivera denuncia amenazas de muerte para que deje su política "contra el nacionalismo"- Lavanguardia.es – Noticias, actualidad, última hora en Cataluña y España<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=10 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080127025344/http://www.lavanguardia.es/lv24h/20070921/53396278806.html|archive-date=27 January 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europapress.es/nacional/noticia-acusados-amenazar-muerte-rivera-aceptan-ano-diez-meses-carcel-20090616171225.html|title=Los acusados de amenazar a Rivera aceptan un año y diez meses de cárcel|author=Europa Press|date=June 16, 2009|work=europapress.es|accessdate=September 27, 2015}}</ref> Members of Ciudadanos have repeatedly taken part in violent attacks on Catalan targets<ref>https://www.vilaweb.cat/noticies/un-grup-dultres-que-tornava-duna-manifestacio-espanyolista-agredeix-passatgers-del-metro-de-barcelona/</ref><ref>https://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20171116/432924690542/identificadas-seis-personas-agresiones-manifestaciones-espanolistas.html</ref><ref>https://www.eldiario.es/catalunya/politica/Ultras-Espana-agreden-Catalunya-Radio_0_701681091.html</ref><ref>https://www.elnacional.cat/es/politica/ciudadanos-pp-manifestacion-ciutadella_299928_102.html</ref> and far-right and ultranationalist groups are usually present in their demonstrations.<ref>https://www.lasexta.com/noticias/nacional/representantes-de-pp-ciudadanos-y-vox-encabezan-la-manifestacion-de-sociedad-civil-catalana-en-favor-del-12-de-octubre_201810125bc06f410cf29c130f5e93cd.html</ref><ref>https://www.eldiario.es/norte/navarra/Tension-Alsasua-inicio-Espana-Ciudadana_0_832216859.html</ref> In one instance, a [[Telemadrid]] cameraman was assaulted, allegedly because he was mistaken for a member of Catalan broadcaster [[TV3 (Catalonia)|TV3]].<ref>https://www.ccma.cat/324/agredit-un-camera-de-telemadrid-a-crits-de-fora-tv3-a-la-manifestacio-de-la-ciutadella/noticia/2872996/</ref><ref>http://www.telemadrid.es/noticias/sociedad/Identificado-agresion-camara-Telemadrid-Barcelona-0-2066793305--20181112104646.html</ref><ref>https://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20180830/451537019890/agresion-camara-telemadrid-ciudadanos-lazos-amarillos.html</ref>
 
=== Policies ===
[[File:Seu ciutadans carrer Balmes 2015.jpg|thumb|350px|Citizens Headquarters in [[Barcelona]], [[Spain]]]]
The Cs outlined some policies for the [[2015 Spanish general election|2015 general election]]:
* Lower corporation tax to 25%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ciudadanos-cs.org/nuestras-ideas/empleo-y-reactivacion-economica|title=Ciudadanos|work=ciudadanos-cs.org|accessdate=September 27, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315143614/http://www.ciudadanos-cs.org/nuestras-ideas/empleo-y-reactivacion-economica|archive-date=15 March 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Lower and harmonise VAT to a rate between 16% and 19%
* Cap the top-rate of income tax at 40%
Line 96 ⟶ 113:
* More transparent party funding
* Crack down on corruption
* Reform or abolish the [[Senate of Spain|Senate]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.ciudadanos-cs.org/nuestras-ideas|title=Ciudadanos|work=ciudadanos-cs.org|accessdate=September 27, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217005202/http://www.ciudadanos-cs.org/nuestras-ideas|archive-date=17 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Instate an earned income tax credit to fight in-work poverty
* "Austrian Backpack"<ref name=":0"/> transferable unemployment compensation where a worker accumulates funds throughout their career which are accessible upon job loss or retirement
Line 104 ⟶ 121:
 
=== Spanish nationalism ===
Although the party defines itself as [[postnationalist]], it has been deemed by a variety of sources (including peer-reviewed expert texts)<ref name="Anduiza2018"/> to profess a [[populist]] [[Spanish nationalism|Spanish nationalist]] ideology.<ref name="Ramoneda2018">{{cite web|url=https://www.ara.cat/es/opinion/Josep-Ramoneda-Nacionalismo-cinismo_0_1910809112.html |title=Nacionalismo y cinismo |publisher=Ara.cat |date=2017-11-21 |accessdate=2018-05-21}}</ref><ref name="Elordi2018">{{cite web|url=https://www.eldiario.es/zonacritica/Adonde-va-nacionalismo-espanol_6_742335782.html |title=¿Adónde va el nacionalismo español? |publisher=Eldiario.es |date=2018-02-20 |accessdate=2018-05-21}}</ref> In a party conference held on 20 May 2018 to present its platform ''España Ciudadana'', Rivera said in a hall filled with Spanish flags:
<blockquote>I do not see reds and blues, I see Spaniards. I do not see, as they say, urban people and rural people, I see Spaniards. I do not see young or old, I see Spaniards. I do not see workers and entrepreneurs, I see Spaniards. I do not see believers or agnostics, I see Spaniards. [...] So, compatriots, with Citizens, let's go for that Spain, let's feel proud of being Spaniards again.<ref>{{cite tweet |user=Albert_Rivera |number=998190850504093696 |date= 20 May 2018|title= Recorriendo España yo no veo ‘rojos’ y ‘azules’, veo españoles; no veo jóvenes y mayores, veo españoles; no veo creyentes y agnósticos, veo españoles. Vamos a unirnos para recuperar el orgullo de pertenecer a esta gran nación. #EspañaCiudadana}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.publico.es/tremending/2018/05/20/susto-de-las-redes-con-albert-rivera-ha-hecho-un-discurso-peligrosisimo-que-sento-las-bases-de-cosas-espantosas-el-siglo-pasado/ |title=Susto de las redes con Albert Rivera: "Ha hecho un discurso peligrosísimo que sentó las bases de cosas espantosas el siglo pasado" |publisher=Publico.es |date=2018-05-20 |accessdate=2018-05-21}}</ref></blockquote>
 
== Controversy ==
Line 111 ⟶ 128:
 
=== Alternative views and past membership ===
In 2006, the newspaper ''[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]'' revealed that Rivera was a card-carrying member of the conservative [[People's Party (Spain)|People's Party]] (PP) between 2002 and 2006 and that he had left the PP only three months before running for election for the Citizen's Party. This was corroborated by ''El Mundo'' and ''El País''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2006/11/22/espana/1164203240.html|title=Albert Rivera estuvo afiliado en el PP hasta tres meses antes de presidir Ciutadans|author=Mundinteractivos|work=elmundo.es|accessdate=September 27, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://elpais.com/diario/2006/11/23/espana/1164236408_850215.html |title="El presidente de Ciutadans militó en el PP hasta abril de 2006" (The president of Ciutadans was a PP member until April 2006) |publisher=elpais.es |date= |accessdate=2006-11-23}}</ref> Despite these revelations, Rivera denied having been a full member of PP and implied that he had voted for the [[PSOE]] until recently.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ciutadans-ciudadanos.com/news.php?id_pagina=23&id_post=1794|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000019/http://www.ciutadans-ciudadanos.com/news.php?id_pagina=23&id_post=1794|title=Ciutadans - Partido de la Ciudadanía - Comunicats|archivedate=September 28, 2007|work=ciutadans-ciudadanos.com|accessdate=September 27, 2015}}</ref> Past PP membership is common among Cs members. Former [[Socialists' Party of Catalonia|PSC]] activist [[Juan Carlos Girauta]] had joined the PP<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elmundo.es/especiales/2004/03/espana/14m/candidatos/circuns/gerona.html|title=Untitled Document|work=elmundo.es|accessdate=September 27, 2015}}</ref> and became a prolific contributor to conservative journalism from his ''[[Libertad Digital]]'' column<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.liberalismo.org/bitacoras/3/5272/juan/carlos/girauta/explica/|title=liberalismo.org: La Hora de Todos: Juan Carlos Girauta se explica|website=www.liberalismo.org}}</ref> before becoming a Citizens member and candidate in the 2014 European election.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.es/catalunya/politica/20140222/abci-nart-girauta-punset-candidatos-201402221716.html|title=Nart, Girauta y Punset, candidatos de Ciudadanos a las elecciones europeas|author=abc|work=ABC.es|accessdate=September 27, 2015}}</ref> During his long tenure as ''Libertad Digital'' columnist and COPE debater, Girauta expressed strong sympathies for right-wing [[Zionism]] (to the point of calling [[José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero|then-President Zapatero]] an [[antisemite]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.libertaddigital.com/opinion/juan-carlos-girauta/el-presidente-y-el-gobierno-antisemitas-32524/|title=Juan Carlos Girauta - El presidente y el gobierno, antisemitas|date=July 21, 2006}}</ref> and lent credibility <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.libertaddigital.com/opinion/ideas/quien-era-realmente-salvador-allende-i-1276230025.html|title=Juan Carlos Girauta - ¿Quién era realmente Salvador Allende? (I)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.libertaddigital.com/opinion/ideas/quien-era-realmente-salvador-allende-y-ii-1276230060.html|title=Juan Carlos Girauta - ¿Quiénn era realmente Salvador Allende? (y II)}}</ref> to the now discredited book by Victor Farías<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lanacion.cl/noticias/opinion/victor-farias-y-su-fobia-contra-salvador-allende/2007-01-29/200622.html|title=Victor Farías and his phobia against Salvador Allende|publisher=/www.lanacion.cl}}</ref> dismissing socialist politician [[Salvador Allende]] as a racist and a [[social Darwinist]], without clarifying that the quotations about genetic determinism in Allende's doctoral dissertation were themselves quotations from other authors (mostly [[Cesare Lombroso]]) or the fact that Allende was highly critical of these conclusions in his thesis which was later published as a rebuttal to Farías' position.<ref>[http://www.elclarin.cl/pdf/tesis_sag.pdf Salvador Allende: ''Mental Hygiene and Delinquency'' (Doctoral Thesis)]</ref> Farías was later sued for this,<ref name="suit-extracts">{{in lang|es}} [http://www.elclarin.cl/fpa/pdf/p_180406.pdf Extracts] from the suit filed by the Fundación Salvador Allende.</ref> but Girauta never retracted his statements.
 
In 2015, a member of the Citizens electoral list for [[Gijón]] to the city council and regional elections posted pro-[[Falangism|Falangist]], pro-[[Blue Division]] and pro-[[Hitler Youth]] messages on Facebook.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elplural.com/2015/05/14/admirador-de-hitler-falangista-y-candidato-de-ciudadanos-en-gijon|title=Admirador de Hitler, falangista y candidato de Ciudadanos en Gijón|first=Cecilia|last=Guzmán|date=May 14, 2015}}</ref> Those same elections carried news of at least five other former card-carrying [[Falange]] and/or [[España 2000]] members.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elconfidencial.com/elecciones-municipales-y-autonomicas/2015-05-13/otros-dos-falangistas-se-cuelan-en-las-listas-de-ciudadanos-en-murcia_793376/|title=Elecciones Municipales y Autonómicas - Otros dos simpatizantes de Falange Española de las JONS se cuelan en las listas de Ciudadanos}}</ref>
 
An altercation took place in [[Canet de Mar]] on 21 Ma, 2018 between pro-independence local residents, who had planted yellow crosses on the beach to honor imprisoned and fugitive politicians; and anti-independence individuals who decided to remove said crosses. The altercation left at least three people wounded, including an 82-year-old man and a local [[Popular Unity Candidacy|CUP]] councilor who explicitly accused Citizens and [[Falange]] militants from across the [[Maresme|whole region]] to be among the provocateurs. Citizens Member of Parliament Carlos Carrizosa dismissed the claim that either "councillors or party activists" from the party were involved in the incidents.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elnacional.cat/en/politics/hooded-unionists-barcelona-beach_270531_102.html|title=Hooded unionists remove yellow crosses at Barcelona beach, injuring five}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lavanguardia.com/local/maresme/20180521/443753905998/un-enfrontament-entre-independentistes-i-unionistes-a-canet-de-mar-acaba-amb-una-trentena-didentificats-i-cinc-ferits.html|title=Un enfrontament entre independentistes i unionistes a Canet de Mar acaba amb una trentena d'identificats i cinc ferits}}</ref><ref>[http://www.capgros.com/maresme/canet/c-s-nega-que-hi-hagues-militants-del-partit-entre-els-encaputxats-a-canet-de-mar_714800_102.html]</ref> Four days later and despite admonishments and warnings by President of the Parliament [[Roger Torrent]], Carrizosa himself removed a yellow ribbon from the seats reserved for absent Cabinet ministers, forcing the President to suspend the entire session.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20180525/443815164044/roger-torrent-suspende-pleno-parlament-lazo-amarillo-carrizosa.html|title=Roger Torrent suspende el pleno del Parlament después de que Carrizosa retire un lazo amarillo}}</ref>
 
=== Relations with the media ===
During the [[2006 Catalan regional election|2006 Catalan election]] campaign, the party's president Albert Rivera appeared completely naked in a poster in order to attract publicity to the party.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/Desnudo/presidir/Generalitat/elpporesp/20060916elpepunac_4/Tes |title=Desnudo para presidir la Generalitat &#124; Actualidad &#124; EL PAÍS |publisher=Elpais.com |date=2006-09-16 |accessdate=2014-07-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2006/09/16/espana/1158417149.html |title=El partido Ciutadans de Catalunya presenta desnudo a su candidato a las autonómicas |publisher=elmundo.es |date= |accessdate=2014-07-10}}</ref> In the beginning, the party frequently complained about an alleged boycott on the part of Catalan media. In their opinion, the party was given too little airtime to present its views on the Catalan public television.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cataluna/CAC/pide/regule/publicidad/institucional/elpepiespcat/20081009elpcat_9/Tes/ |title=El CAC pide que se regule la publicidad institucional &#124; Edición impresa &#124; EL PAÍS |publisher=Elpais.com |date=2008-10-09 |accessdate=2014-07-10}}</ref>
 
=== 2009 European election internal dispute ===
In 2009, it was announced that Cs would run for the [[2009 European Parliament election in Spain|European election]] allied with the [[Libertas.eu|Libertas]] coalition. The party's association with [[Declan Ganley]]'s [[Libertas Spain|Libertas]] platform raised some concern on account of the coalition formed by the latter with nationalist and ultranationalist parties in each of its local European chapters, seemingly at odds with the professed ideology of Cs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2009/05/06/barcelona/1241589601.html |title=Albert Rivera acusa a Robles y Domingo de buscar el fracaso de Ciutadans &#124; Barcelona |publisher=elmundo.es |date= |accessdate=2014-07-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://elpais.com/elpais/2009/05/15/actualidad/1242375424_850215.html |title=Dos de los tres diputados de Ciutadans se unen para destronar a Rivera &#124; Actualidad &#124; EL PAÍS |publisher=Elpais.com |date=2009-05-15 |accessdate=2014-07-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.libertaddigital.com/nacional/miguel-duran-cabeza-de-lista-de-la-coalicion-ciudadanos-libertas-1276356455/ |title=Miguel Durán, cabeza de lista de la coalición Ciudadanos-Libertas |publisher=Libertad Digital |date=2009-04-15 |accessdate=2014-07-10}}</ref>
 
Several intellectuals that had participated in the formation of ''Ciutadans'' later withdrew their support. For instance, [[Albert Boadella]], became one of the co-founders of the [[Union, Progress and Democracy]] (UPyD) party led by former [[Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left|Basque Socialist]] politician [[Rosa Díez]].
According to some members of Cs, the negotiations prior to this electoral pact were led personally and secretly by the party leader Albert Rivera. This alienated the other two MPs (besides Rivera himself) and a significant part of the party from his leadership.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/diputados/Ciutadans/unen/destronar/Rivera/elpepuesp/20090515elpepunac_8/Tes |title=Dos de los tres diputados de Ciutadans se unen para destronar a Rivera &#124; Actualidad &#124; EL PAÍS |publisher=Elpais.com |date=2009-05-15 |accessdate=2014-07-10}}</ref> In turn, the official stance of Cs is that the critics are using the dispute as a pretext to canvass support for the ideologically similar UPyD.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cataluna/Ciutadans/acusa/Rosa/azuzar/revuelta/Rivera/elpepuespcat/20090519elpcat_9/Tes |title=Ciutadans acusa a Rosa Díez de azuzar la revuelta contra Rivera &#124; Edición impresa &#124; EL PAÍS |publisher=Elpais.com |date=2009-05-19 |accessdate=2014-07-10}}</ref>
 
=== Links with Vox ===
On June 24, 2019, the party’s economics spokesman, [[Toni Roldán]], announced that he was leaving Citizens and renouncing his seat in the Spanish parliament in protest at the party’s drift to the right and its willingness to enter alliances with the far right after regional and municipal elections.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/24/key-figure-in-spains-citizens-party-quits-over-far-right-alliance</ref> Following Roldán's resignation, MEP [[Javier Nart]] and the Asturian leader [[Juan Vázquez García|Juan Vázquez]] stepped down as well, leaving their political offices in the party's committee and the [[Parliament of Asturias|Asturian Parliament]], respectively.<ref>{{cite web |title=Javier Nart sigue los pasos de Toni Roldán y dimite de la ejecutiva de Ciudadanos |url=https://www.elconfidencial.com/espana/2019-06-24/toni-roldan-portavoz-economico-de-ciudadanos-deja-el-partido_2085426/ |language=Spanish |work=El Confidencial |date=24 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Juan Vázquez, candidato de Cs a la Presidencia de Asturias se suma a las dimisiones de Roldán y Javier Nart |url=https://www.europapress.es/nacional/noticia-juan-vazquez-candidato-cs-presidencia-asturias-suma-dimisiones-roldan-javier-nart-20190624182925.html |language=Spanish |work=europapress.es |date=24 June 2019}}</ref>
 
Some days later, [[Francesc de Carreras]], one of the party's founders, and Francisco de la Torre, MP and economist, also announced that they would leave the party due to its stances against the PSOE and in favor of alliances with the far-right.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/politica/2019/07/18/actualidad/1563475103_446954.html|title=Francesc de Carreras: “Ciudadanos ha evolucionado hacia un nacionalismo español contrario a su ideario”|last=Blas|first=Elsa García de|date=2019-07-19|work=El País|access-date=2019-07-19|language=es|issn=1134-6582}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/politica/2019/07/25/actualidad/1564079817_799649.html|title=Dimite de la dirección de Ciudadanos el diputado Francisco de la Torre por la estrategia de Albert Rivera|last=Blas|first=Elsa García de|date=2019-07-26|work=El País|access-date=2019-07-28|language=es}}</ref>
 
This crisis came after the President of France [[Emmanuel Macron]]'s government sent a warning to Citizens, which his [[La République En Marche!|En Marche!]] party is in a group with in the EU Parliament, over far-right ties.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/anagarciavaldivia/2019/06/19/ciudadanos-spanish-liberal-party-alliance-with-far-right-provokes-macrons-government-rejection/|title=Ciudadanos: Spanish Liberal Party Alliance With Far-Right Provokes Macron's Government Rejection|last=Valdivia|first=Ana Garcia|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=2019-07-01}}</ref>
 
=== Funding ===
A credit was requested for party funding in 2015 to [[Banco Popular Español]], up to 2017 an [[IBEX 35]] member.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vozpopuli.com/espana/Ciudadanos-Albert_Rivera-Juan_Marin-Elecciones_22M-Andalucia_0_792520742.html|title=¿Quién financia a Ciudadanos? El partido de Rivera gastó 250.000 euros en Andalucía|date=29 March 2015}}</ref>{{clarify|The claim on the Banco Popular being an IBEX 35 up to 2017 is not in the provided source (which dates from 2015). Also, it is not explained how it is relevant to the party's funding, and such a connection is not provided in the source either|date=May 2018}}
 
In 2017, the [[Court of Audit]] found irregularities in the accounting books of several political groups, Citizens among them. In respect of Citizens, the irregularities included illegal expenses for advertising on local television in 2015.<ref>http://www.publico.es/politica/financiacion-tribunal-cuentas-ciudadanos.html</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.publico.es/politica/financiacion-partidos-tribunal-cuentas-rechaza-contabilidad-ciudadanos.html|title=El Tribunal de Cuentas rechaza la contabilidad de Ciudadanos|date=30 December 2017}}</ref>
 
Cs member [[Jorge Soler González|Jorge Soler]] appeared in December 2017 on the [[TV3 (Catalonia)|TV3]] debate [[Preguntes freqüents|Preguntes Freqüents]], during which journalist {{ill|Beatriz Talegón|es|ddressed him a=sup||ca|lt=|WD=}} addressed him about the 2.1 million euros spent by Cs in the [[2017 Catalan regional election|21-D]] Catalan election campaign—higher than the budget spent by any other party on that election. Talegón inquired about the sources of this funding. Soler replied that this ample budget could be ascribed to the austerity of their party.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1UMpQLQGPGE|title=Soler explains the honesty and transparency of Citizens.|date=24 December 2017}}</ref>
 
==Electoral performance==
===Cortes Generales===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:97%; text-align:left;"
|-
| colspan="10" align="center"| [[Cortes Generales]]
|-
! rowspan="2" width="75"| Election
! colspan="5"| Congress
! colspan="2"| Senate
! rowspan="2"| Leading candidate
! rowspan="2"| {{abbr|Gov.|Government}}
|-
! width="70"| Votes
! width="35"| %
! width="25"| #
! Seats
! width="35"| +/–
Line 162 ⟶ 181:
|-
! [[2008 Spanish general election|2008]]
| 46,313
| 0.2
| 13th
| {{composition bar|0|350|hex={{Citizens (Spanish political party)/meta/color}}}}
| [[File:Arrow Blue Right 001.svg|10px]]0
| {{composition bar|0|208|hex={{Citizens (Spanish political party)/meta/color}}}}
| [[File:Arrow Blue Right 001.svg|10px]]0
| rowspan="6"| [[Albert Rivera]]
| style="background:#ddd; text-align:center;"| No seats
|-
! [[2015 Spanish general election|2015]]
| 3,514,528
| 13.9
| 4th
| {{composition bar|40|350|hex={{Citizens (Spanish political party)/meta/color}}}}
| [[File:Green Arrow Up Darker.svg|10px]]40
| {{composition bar|0|208|hex={{Citizens (Spanish political party)/meta/color}}}}
| [[File:Arrow Blue Right 001.svg|10px]]0
| style="background:#ffc; text-align:center;"| New election
|-
! rowspan="2"| [[2016 Spanish general election|2016]]
| rowspan="2"| 3,141,570
| rowspan="2"| 13.1
| rowspan="2"| 4th
| rowspan="2"| {{composition bar|32|350|hex={{Citizens (Spanish political party)/meta/color}}}}
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Red Arrow Down.svg|10px]]8
| rowspan="2"| {{composition bar|0|208|hex={{Citizens (Spanish political party)/meta/color}}}}
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Arrow Blue Right 001.svg|10px]]0
| style="background:#efb; text-align:center;"| Support {{small|(2016–18)}}
|-
| style="background:#fcc; text-align:center;"| No {{small|(2018–19)}}
|-
! [[April 2019 Spanish general election|Apr-2019]]
| 4,155,665
| 15.9
| 3rd
| {{composition bar|57|350|hex={{Citizens (Spanish political party)/meta/color}}}}
| [[File:Green Arrow Up Darker.svg|10px]]25
| {{composition bar|4|208|hex={{Citizens (Spanish political party)/meta/color}}}}
| [[File:Green Arrow Up Darker.svg|10px]]4
| style="background:#ffc; text-align:center;"| New election
|-
! [[November 2019 Spanish general election|Nov-2019]]
| 1,650,318
| 6.8
| 5th
| {{composition bar|10|350|hex={{Citizens (Spanish political party)/meta/color}}}}
| [[File:Red Arrow Down.svg|10px]]47
| {{composition bar|0|208|hex={{Citizens (Spanish political party)/meta/color}}}}
| [[File:Red Arrow Down.svg|10px]]4
| style="background:#fcc; text-align:center;"| No
|}
 
===European Parliament===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:97%; text-align:left;"
|-
| align="center" colspan="7"| [[European Parliament]]
|-
! width="75"| Election
! width="70"| Votes
! width="35"| %
! width="25"| #
! Seats
! width="35"| +/–
! Leading candidate
|-
! [[2009 European Parliament election in Spain|2009]]
| colspan="3"| Within [[Libertas Spain|Libertas]]
| {{composition bar|0|54|hex={{Citizens (Spanish political party)/meta/color}}}}
| [[File:Arrow Blue Right 001.svg|10px]]0
| Miguel Durán
|-
! [[2014 European Parliament election in Spain|2014]]
| 497,146
| 3.2
| 8th
| {{composition bar|2|54|hex={{Citizens (Spanish political party)/meta/color}}}}
| [[File:Green Arrow Up Darker.svg|10px]]2
| [[Javier Nart]]
|-
! [[2019 European Parliament election in Spain|2019]]
| 2,731,825
| 12.2
| 3rd
| {{Composition bar|7|54|hex={{Citizens (Spanish political party)/meta/color}}}}
| [[File:Green Arrow Up Darker.svg|10px]]5
| [[Luis Garicano]]
|}
 
===Regional parliaments===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:97%; text-align:left;"
|-
! Region
! width="75"| Election
! width="70"| Votes
! width="35"| %
! width="25"| #
! Seats
! {{abbr|Gov.|Government}}
|-
! [[Andalusia]]
! [[2018 Andalusian regional election|2018]]
| 661,371
| 18.3
| 3rd
| {{Composition bar|21|109|hex={{Citizens (Spanish political party)/meta/color}}}}
| style="background:#cfc; text-align:center;"| Yes
|-
! [[Aragon]]
! [[2019 Aragonese regional election|2019]]
| 111,602
| 16.7
| 3rd
| {{Composition bar|12|67|hex={{Citizens (Spanish political party)/meta/color}}}}
| style="background:#fcc; text-align:center;"| No
|-
! [[Asturias]]
! [[2019 Asturian regional election|2019]]
| 74,271
| 14.0
| 3rd
| {{Composition bar|5|45|hex={{Citizens (Spanish political party)/meta/color}}}}
| style="background:#fcc; text-align:center;"| No
|-
! [[Balearic Islands]]
! [[2019 Balearic regional election|2019]]
| 42,519
| 9.9
| 3rd
| {{Composition bar|5|59|hex={{Citizens (Spanish political party)/meta/color}}}}
| style="background:#fcc; text-align:center;"| No
|-
! [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]]
! [[2016 Basque regional election|2016]]
| 21,477
| 2.0
| 6th
| {{Composition bar|0|75|hex={{Citizens (Spanish political party)/meta/color}}}}
| style="background:#ddd; text-align:center;"| No seats
|-
! [[Canary Islands]]
! [[2019 Canarian regional election|2019]]
| 65,830
| 7.4
| 6th
| {{Composition bar|2|70|hex={{Citizens (Spanish political party)/meta/color}}}}
| style="background:#fcc; text-align:center;"| No
|-
! [[Cantabria]]
! [[2019 Cantabrian regional election|2019]]
| 25,872
| 7.9
| 4th
| {{Composition bar|3|35|hex={{Citizens (Spanish political party)/meta/color}}}}
| style="background:#fcc; text-align:center;"| No
|-
! [[Castile and León]]
! [[2019 Castilian-Leonese regional election|2019]]
| 205,855
| 14.9
| 3rd
| {{Composition bar|12|81|hex={{Citizens (Spanish political party)/meta/color}}}}
| style="background:#cfc; text-align:center;"| Yes
|-
! [[Castilla–La Mancha]]
! [[2019 Castilian-Manchegan regional election|2019]]
| 122,955
| 11.4
| 3rd
| {{Composition bar|4|33|hex={{Citizens (Spanish political party)/meta/color}}}}
| style="background:#fcc; text-align:center;"| No
|-
! [[Catalonia]]
! [[2017 Catalan regional election|2017]]
| 1,109,732
| 25.4
| '''1st'''
| {{Composition bar|36|135|hex={{Citizens (Spanish political party)/meta/color}}}}
| style="background:#fcc; text-align:center;"| No
|-
! [[Extremadura]]
! [[2019 Extremaduran regional election|2019]]
| 68,343
| 11.1
| 3rd
| {{Composition bar|7|65|hex={{Citizens (Spanish political party)/meta/color}}}}
| style="background:#fcc; text-align:center;"| No
|-
! [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]]
! [[2016 Galician regional election|2016]]
| 48,553
| 3.4
| 5th
| {{Composition bar|0|75|hex={{Citizens (Spanish political party)/meta/color}}}}
| style="background:#ddd; text-align:center;"| No seats
|-
! [[La Rioja (Spain)|La Rioja]]
! [[2019 Riojan regional election|2019]]
| 18,807
| 11.5
| 3rd
| {{Composition bar|4|33|hex={{Citizens (Spanish political party)/meta/color}}}}
| style="background:#fcc; text-align:center;"| No
|-
! [[Community of Madrid|Madrid]]
! [[2019 Madrilenian regional election|2019]]
| 629,940
| 19.5
| 3rd
| {{Composition bar|26|132|hex={{Citizens (Spanish political party)/meta/color}}}}
| style="background:#cfc; text-align:center;"| Yes
|-
! [[Region of Murcia|Murcia]]
! [[2019 Murcian regional election|2019]]
| 78,483
| 12.0
| 3rd
| {{Composition bar|6|45|hex={{Citizens (Spanish political party)/meta/color}}}}
| style="background:#cfc; text-align:center;"| Yes
|-
! [[Navarre]]
! [[2019 Navarrese regional election|2019]]
| colspan="3"| Within [[Navarra Suma|NA+]]
| {{Composition bar|3|50|hex={{Citizens (Spanish political party)/meta/color}}}}
| style="background:#fcc; text-align:center;"| No
|-
! [[Valencian Community]]
! [[2019 Valencian regional election|2019]]
| 470,676
| 17.7
| 3rd
| {{Composition bar|18|99|hex={{Citizens (Spanish political party)/meta/color}}}}
| style="background:#fcc; text-align:center;"| No
|}
 
== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}
 
== Bibliography ==
Line 404 ⟶ 644:
* {{citation|title=The Ways of Federalism in Western Countries and the Horizons of Territorial Autonomy in Spain: Volume 2|first1=Alberto|last1=López Basaguren|first2=Leire|last2=Escajedo San Epifanio|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|year=2013|isbn=978-3-642-27717-7|at=924|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LRJEAAAAQBAJ}}
* {{citation|title=Migration and Autonomous Territories: The Case of South Tyrol and Catalonia|first1=Roberta|last1=Medda-Windischer|first2=Andrea|last2=Carlà|publisher=Hotei Publishing|year=2015|isbn=978-90-04-28279-7|at=308|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CCGoBgAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Rodríguez Teruel|first1=Juan|last2=Barrio|first2=Astrid|title=Going national: Ciudadanos from Catalonia to Spain|journal=[[South European Society and Politics]]|volume=21|issue=4|pages=587–607|publisher=[[Taylor and Francis]]|doi=10.1080/13608746.2015.1119646|date=December 2015|ref=harv}} Published online.
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* {{citation|title=Street politics in the age of austerity: from the indignados to occupy|first1=Marcos|last1=Ancelovici|first2=Pascale|last2=Dufour|first3=Héloïse|last3=Nez|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-90-485-2546-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJNqDAAAQBAJ}}
* {{citation|title=Legacies of Violence in Contemporary Spain: Exhuming the Past, Understanding the Present|first1=Ofelia|last1=Ferrán|first2=Lisa|last2=Hilbink|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|isbn=978-1-317-53295-8|at=384|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eKquDAAAQBAJ}}
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== External links ==
{{commonscatinline|Ciudadanos-Partido de la Ciudadanía}}
* [https://archive.is/20130414140638/http://www.ciudadanos-cs.org/es/ Official website] {{in lang|es}}
 
{{Catalan political parties}}
{{Spain political parties}}
{{Libertas topics|state=autocollapse}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Citizens}}
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[[Category:Political parties established in 2006]]
[[Category:Political parties in Catalonia]]
[[Category:Postnationalism]]
[[Category:Republican parties in Spain]]
[[Category:Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party member parties]]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens_(Spanish_political_party)"