Wikipedia

A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada: Difference between revisions

Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
Tag: Reverted
Reverted good faith edits by P77.35.6R.S4 (talk): No reason for Hindi over any other Indian language
 
(404 intermediate revisions by 76 users not shown)
Line 1:
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Indian spiritual teacher (1896–1977)}}
{{redirect|Bhaktivedanta|the college with that name|International Society for Krishna Consciousness}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| name = A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami
| monastic_name = {{IAST|Abhaya Caraṇāravinda Bhakti-vedānta Svāmī}}
| honorific-prefix = His Divine Grace
| honorific-suffix = [[Prabhupāda]]
| image = Prabhupada singing (Germany 1974).jpg
| alt =
| caption = A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami in Germany, 1974
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| philosophy = [[Bhakti yoga]]
| denomination = [[Vaishnavism]]
| sect = [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]]
| temple = Gaudiya Math, ISKCON
| other_name =
| birth_name = Abhay Charan De
| native_name_lang =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1896|09|01|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1977|11|14|1896|09|01|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Vrindavan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| resting_place = Srila Prabhupada's ''[[Samadhi (shrine)|Samadhi Mandir]]'', [[Krishna Balaram Mandir|ISKCON Vrindavan]]
| resting_place_coordinates = {{coord|27.57196|77.67729}}
| alma_mater = [[Scottish Church College]], [[University of Calcutta]]<ref name="Info"/>
| location =
| period = 1966–1977
| consecration =
| predecessor =
| reason =
| rank =
| teacher =
| reincarnation_of =
| students =
| works = ''[[Bhagavad-Gītā As It Is]]'', ''[[Bhāgavata Purāṇa#Translations|Śrīmad Bhāgavatam]]'' (translation), ''[[Chaitanya Charitamrita|Caitanya Caritāmṛta]]'' (trans.)
| initiation = ''[[Diksha]]'', 1933 (by [[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati]])<br />''[[Sannyasa]]'', 1959 (by [[Bhakti Prajnan Keshava]])
| initiation_date =
| initiation_place =
| initiator =
| ordination =
| previous_post =
| present_post =
| post = Founder-''[[Acharya]]'' of [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|ISKCON]]
| website = {{URL|https://prabhupada.krishna.com}}
| background = #ffca6e
}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
 
'''Abhay Charanaravinda Bhaktivedanta Swami''' ({{IAST3|Abhaya Caraṇāravinda Bhakti-vedānta Svāmī}}; 1 September 1896 – 14 November 1977<ref name="Info"/>) was an Indian [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|Gaudiya Vaishnava]] guru who founded [[ISKCON]],<ref name="Srivatsa" /> commonly known as the "[[Hare Krishna (mantra)|Hare Krishna]] movement".<ref name="Info" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/whoswhoinreligio0000unse |title=Who's Who in Religion |edition=2nd |location=Chicago, Illinois |publisher=[[Marquis Who's Who]] |year=1977 |page=[https://archive.org/details/whoswhoinreligio0000unse/page/531/mode/1up 531] |isbn=0-8379-1602-X |quote=Prabhupada, A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami, leader, Hare Krishna Movement. Founder, Internat. Soc. for Krishna Consciousness, 1965.}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Britannica|255215|Hare Krishna|J. Gordon Melton}}</ref> Members of ISKCON view Bhaktivedanta Swami as a representative and messenger of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]].<ref>{{Cite book|author=Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|author-link=Satsvarupa dasa Goswami|year=1968|title=Prabhupada: Messenger of The Supreme Lord|location=India|publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust|Bhaktivedanta Book Trust Publications]]|pages=vi|isbn=978-8189574307}}</ref>
 
Born in Calcutta (now [[Kolkata]]) in a [[Suvarna Banik]] family,<ref>{{cite web|title=Interview with Srila Prabhupada's Grand-Nephew - Sankarsan Prabhu|url=http://bvmlu.org/contemporary/sankarsan.html|access-date=2022-01-19|website=bvmlu.org}}</ref> he was educated at the [[Scottish Church College]].<ref name="Info">{{cite book|last=Jones|first=Constance|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|year=2007|publisher=Infobase Publishing|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8160-5458-9|pages=77–78}}</ref> While working at a small [[pharmaceutical]] business,<ref name="Rodes">{{Harvnb|Rhodes|2001|p=178}}</ref> he met and became a follower of [[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati]]. In 1959, after his retirement, he left his family to become a ''[[sannyasa|sannyasi]]'' and started writing commentaries on Vaishnava scriptures.<ref name="SDG9">{{Harvnb|Goswami|2002|loc=Vol.1 Chapter 9}}</ref> As a travelling Vaishnava monk, he became an influential communicator of Gaudiya Vaishnavite theology across India and the [[Western world]] through his leadership of ISKCON, founded in 1966.<ref name = kk2>{{Harvnb|Klostermaier|2007|p=217}}</ref><ref name="ex23">{{Harvnb|Ekstrand|Bryant|2004|p=23}}</ref> He was well regarded by a number of American [[religious scholar]]s but was criticised by [[Anti-cult movement|anti-cult groups]].<ref name="Vasan2">{{Harvnb|Vasan|Lewis|2005|p=129}}</ref>
 
==Biography==
 
===Early life===
Swami was born Abhay Charan on 1 September 1896 in Calcutta.<ref name="Info" /> He was also called Nandulāl. His parents, Gour Mohan De and Rajani De, were devout [[Vaishnava]]s and resided in Calcutta.<ref name = "SDG2">{{Harvnb|Goswami|2002|loc=Vol. 1 Chapter 2}}</ref>
 
Abhay Charan studied at the [[Scottish Church College]]. He is said to have refused his degree in response to [[Non-cooperation movement|Gandhi's calls]] to challenge British rule.<ref name="Info" /> In 1919, at the age of 22, he was married to Radharani Devi, who was then 11 years old, in a [[Arranged marriage|marriage arranged]] by their parents. At 14, Radharani Devi gave birth to their first son.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prabhupada.org.uk/articles1/48_53/48.htm |title=Srila Prabhupada's marriage |access-date=7 May 2018}}</ref>
 
===Religious journey===
In 1922, he met his [[parampara|spiritual master]], [[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakura]], in [[Prayagraj]]. He was asked to spread the message of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] in the English language.<ref name="SDGPRA">{{Harvnb|Goswami|1984|loc=p. xv}}</ref> In 1933 he became a formally initiated disciple of Bhaktisiddhānta. In 1944, he started the publication called ''[[Back to Godhead]]'',<ref name = hk34/><ref name="SDGPRA1">{{Harvnb|Goswami|1984|loc=p. xviii}}</ref> for which he was writer, designer, publisher, editor, copy editor and distributor.<ref name="SDG5">{{Harvnb|Goswami|2002|loc=Vol. 1 Chapter 5}}</ref>
 
In 1947, the Gaudiya Vaishnava Society gave him the title ''Bhaktivedanta'', (''{{IAST|[[bhakti]]-[[vedānta]]}}'').<ref>A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami, [[Satsvarupa dasa Goswami]] (1998) ''The secrets of transcendental love'', {{ISBN|0-89213-273-6}}, p. 73: "The spiritual harmony of knowledge and devotion is well expressed in the phrase ''bhakti-vedānta''"</ref> He became known by the honorific ''Prabhupāda''.<ref>{{cite book |first=Aparna |last=Chattopadhyay |title=Pearls of Spiritual Wisdom |publisher=Pustak Mahal, India |year=2004 |page=37 |isbn=81-223-0858-9 }}</ref>
 
From 1950 onwards, he lived at the medieval Radha-Damodar [[mandir]] in the holy town of [[Vrindavan]], where he began his commentary and translation work of the [[Sanskrit]] work [[Bhagavata Purana]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Charles S. J. |last=White |title=A Catalogue of Vaishnava Literature on Microfilms in the Adyar Library |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |location=Delhi |year=2004 |isbn=81-208-2067-3}}</ref> His [[guru]], [[Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Thakura]], had always encouraged him to publish books<ref name="SDG4RK">{{Harvnb|Goswami|2002|loc=Vol.1 Chapter 4}} "''{{IAST|Āmār icchā chila kichu bai karānā}}: ''"Standing by [[Rādhā-kuṇḍa|{{IAST|Rādhā-kuṇḍa}}]] and beholding his spiritual master, Abhay felt the words deeply enter his own life – "If you ever get money, print books."</ref> referring to the need for the literary presentation of the Vaishnava culture.<ref name="SDG4">{{Harvnb|Goswami|2002|loc=Vol. 1 Chapter 4}}</ref>
 
===Renunciation===
Swami also lived at [[Gaudiya Matha]] at [[Mathura]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], where he wrote and edited the ''{{IAST|Gauḍīya Patrikā}}'' magazine. While there he donated the statue of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] which stands on the altar beside those of [[Radha Krishna]] (named ''Śrī Śrī Rādhā Vinodavihārījī''). In September 1959, he was initiated as a ''[[sannyasa|sannyasi]]'' by his friend [[Bhakti Prajnana Keshava]] and was given the title of ''[[Swami]]''. He published the first book of ''Bhagavata Purana''.<ref name="SDGm">{{Harvnb|Goswami|2002|loc=Vol.1 Chapter ''This momentous hour of need''}}</ref>
 
===Mission to the West===
{{main|International Society for Krishna Consciousness}}
[[File:Palaceanddevotees 1982.jpg|thumb|[[Prabhupada's Palace of Gold]] in [[West Virginia]], USA in 1982]]
Swami was the first Hindu preacher to take advantage of the removal of [[National Origins Formula|national quotas]] by the [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965|1965 Immigration Act]] of the United States.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jones|2007|p=xxxvi}}</ref> In July 1966, he founded the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]] (ISKCON) in [[New York City]].<ref name="Srivatsa" /> He defended the name, arguing that ''Krishna'' included all other forms and concepts of God.<ref name="ex122">{{Harvnb|Ekstrand|Bryant|2004|pp=120–122}}</ref> In 1967, a centre was started in [[San Francisco]].<ref name="Vasan">{{Harvnb|Vasan|Lewis|2005|p=128}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Cole|Dwayer|2007|p=22}}</ref> He travelled throughout America with his disciples, popularising the movement through street chanting (''[[sankirtana]]''), book distribution and public speeches. [[George Harrison]] of [[The Beatles]] produced a recording with some of the devotees in London and helped establish the [[Radha Krisna Temple]] in that city.<ref>{{Harvnb|Cole|Dwayer|2007|p=23}}</ref>
 
Over the following years, his role as preacher and leader of the Krishna consciousness movement took him around the world several times setting up temples and communities in other countries.<ref name="Smith">{{cite book|title=Hinduism and modernity|publisher=Blackwell Pub|year=2003|isbn=0-631-20862-3|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|page=178|author=Smith, David Nichol}}</ref> By the time of his death in [[Vrindavan]] in 1977, ISKCON had become an internationally known expression of [[Vaishnavism]].<ref name="Vasan" />
 
Through his mission, he followed and preached the teachings of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] and introduced [[bhakti yoga]] to an international audience.<ref name="Smith" /><ref name="translation" /> Within Gaudiya Vaishnavism this was viewed as the fulfilment of a long time mission to introduce Caitanya Mahaprabhu's teachings to the world.<ref>{{Harvnb|Cole|Dwayer|2007|p=5}}</ref>
 
===In India===
Beginning his public preaching mission in India, he founded the League of Devotees in [[Jhansi]] in 1953.<ref>[http://www.prabhupadaconnect.com/League_of_Devotees.html League of Devotees article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221040906/http://www.prabhupadaconnect.com/League_of_Devotees.html |date=21 December 2007 }} prabhupadaconnect.com</ref> On his return to India in 1971, he oversaw the construction of temples in [[Mumbai]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Cole|Dwayer|2007|p=27}}</ref> [[Mayapur]] and [[Vrindavan]]. He started a chain of [[ISKCON schools]].
 
Swami died on 14 November 1977 at the age of 81, in Vrindavan, India. His body was buried in [[Krishna Balaram Mandir]] in Vrindavan.<ref name="Info"/>
 
== Legacy ==
In 2023, [[Scottish Church College]] and The Bhaktivedanta Research Center has established an academic award in honor of A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada Memorial Award to keep alive the memory of Prabhupada's college life.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-28 |title=এসি ভক্তিবেদান্ত স্বামী প্রভুপাদ মেমোরিয়াল এওয়ার্ড চালু হল {{!}} AC Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada Memorial Award Has Been Launched |url=https://www.thewall.in/news/ac-bhaktivedanta-swami-prabhupada-memorial-award-has-been-launched/ |access-date=2023-04-19 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-28 |title=ভক্তি বেদান্ত স্বামী প্রভুপাদ মেমোরিয়াল এওয়ার্ড |url=https://www.banglaexpress.in/2023/02/28/68390.html |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=প্রথম শ্রেণীর অনলাইন বাংলা নিউজ পোর্টাল |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=deshersamay |date=2023-02-28 |title=AC Bhaktivedanta Swami Srila Prabhupada:ভক্তি বেদান্ত স্বামী প্রভুপাদ মেমোরিয়াল এওয়ার্ড |url=https://deshersamay.com/ac-bhaktivedanta-swami-srila-prabhupadaভক্তি-বেদান্ত-স্বাম/ |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Desher Samay |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Statesman Dainik-Statesman epaper dated Mon, 27 Mar 23 |url=https://epaper.thestatesman.com/3680393/Dainik-Statesman/27TH-MARCH-2023#page/5/1 |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=epaper.thestatesman.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=EBBS |date=2023-03-26 |title=সমাজ সেবায় দাগ কেটেছেন স্কটিশ চার্চ কলেজের অধ্যাপিকা, পেলেন ভক্তি বেদান্ত মেমরিয়াল পুরষ্কার |url=https://biswabanglasangbad.com/2023/03/26/vakti-bedanta-award-won-by-professor-of-scottish-church/ |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=বিশ্ব বাংলা সংবাদ |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=tiyash |date=2023-03-26 |title=সমাজ সেবায় দাগ কেটেছেন স্কটিশ চার্চ কলেজের অধ্যাপিকা, পেলেন পুরস্কারও {{!}} Scottish Church College |url=https://www.thewall.in/news/scottish-church-college-professor-mousumi-manna-get-prize/ |access-date=2023-04-19 |language=en-US}}</ref>
 
== Views ==
 
===Women===
Bhaktivedanta Swami has been subject to criticism over his negative comments on women.<ref name="Rochford">{{cite book | last=Rochford | first=E.B. | title=Hare Krishna Transformed | publisher=[[New York University Press]] | series=New and Alternative Religions | year=2007 | isbn=978-0-8147-7688-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XPqgBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA126 | page=126}}</ref>. For example, he stated that "women in general should not be trusted."<ref name="Bryant"/><ref name="Rochford"/> and that they are "generally not very intelligent."<ref name="Bryant"/> He also said: "Generally when a woman is attacked by a man -- whether her husband or some other man -- she enjoys the attack, being too lusty."<ref name="Bryant"/>
 
===Evolution===
Swami was an advocate of [[Vedic creationism]] and referred to [[Charles Darwin]] and his followers as "rascals".<ref>Brown, Cheever. (2020). ''Asian Religious Responses to Darwinism Evolutionary Theories in Middle Eastern, South Asian, and East Asian Cultural Contexts''. Springer. p. 122. {{ISBN|9783030373405}}</ref> He disputed [[evolution]], and claimed that:
 
<blockquote>"Darwin's theory stating that no human beings existed from the beginning but that humans evolved after many, many years is simply nonsensical theory."<ref name="Bryant1">{{cite book | last1=Bryant | first1=E. | last2=Ekstrand | first2=M. | title=The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant | publisher=Columbia University Press | year=2004 | isbn=978-0-231-50843-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mBMxPdgrBhoC | pages=113–125}}</ref></blockquote>
 
=== Religion ===
Bhaktivedanta Swami said:
 
{{blockquote|Actually, it doesn't matter&nbsp;– Krishna or Christ&nbsp;– the name is the same. The main point is to follow the injunctions of the Vedic scriptures that recommend chanting the name of God in this age.<ref name="Ssr1">{{Harvnb|Bhaktivedanta Swami|2003|loc=}}</ref>}}
Line 105 ⟶ 260:
Other typical expressions present a different perspective, where he pointed out that "today I may be a [[Hindu]], but tomorrow I may become a [[Christians|Christian]] or [[Muslim]]. In this way faiths can be changed, but [[dharma]] is a natural sequence, a natural occupation or a connection and it can not be changed, because it is permanent, according to him".<ref name="Harvnb|Cole|Dwayer|2007|p=25"/> While the ISKCON theology of [[personal god]] is close to Christian theology, both personal and monotheistic, being a preacher of [[bhakti]] and a missionary he sometimes would add that "already many Christians have tasted the nectar of divine love of the holy name and are dancing with ''[[karatalas]]'' (hand-cymbals) and ''[[mridanga]]s'' (drums)".<ref>{{Harvnb|Cole|Dwayer|2007|p=6}}</ref>
 
Charles Selengut compared his approach to modern knowledge to that of sectarian [[Orthodox Judaism]], where the skills and technical knowledge of modernity are encouraged, but the values rejected. "Whatever our engagement is, by offering the result to Krishna we become Krishna conscious".<ref name="char">{{cite web |url=http://www.iskcon.com/icj/contributors.html#Selengut |title=Charisma and Religious Innovation: Prabhupada and the Founding of ISKCON |publisher=[[ISKCON Communications Journal]] |access-date=31 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516204151/http://www.iskcon.com/icj/4_2/4_2charisma.html#Selengut |archive-date=16 May 2008 |url-status = dead}} (self published)</ref> Similar to many traditional religions, he considered sexuality and spirituality as conflicting opposites.<ref>{{Harvnb|Cole|Dwayer|2007|p=224}}</ref>
 
===Adolf Hitler===
Bhaktivedanta Swami mentioned [[Adolf Hitler]] to provide an example of materialistic scheming, but also called him a hero and compared him to great demons in Hindu mythology: [[Hiranyakashipu]] and [[Kamsa]].<ref name="Bryant"/>
 
== Monuments ==
[[File:Srila Prabhupada Room at Radha Damodar Mandir in Vrindavan.jpg|alt=Srila Prabhupada Room at Radha Damodar Mandir in Vrindavan|thumb| Statue of Swami at Radha Damodar Mandir in [[Vrindavan]]]]
[[File:Prabhupadasamadhi.jpg|thumb|228x228px|[[Samadhi]] of Swami in [[Vrindavan]].]]
A number of ''[[Samādhi#Samadhi as mausoleum|samadhi]]s'' or shrines to Swami were constructed by the members of ISKCON, with those in Mayapur and Vrindavan in India being notable. [[Prabhupada's Palace of Gold]], built by the [[New Vrindavan]] community in 1979, was intended to be a residence for Swami, but has now developed into a tourist attraction.<ref name="ShinnBrom1987q">{{Harvnb|Shinn|Bromley|1987|p=124}}</ref>
 
In 1996 the [[Government of India]] issued a commemorative stamp<ref>
{{cite web| url=http://prabhupada.krishna.com/shrines-and-memorials | title=prabhupada.krishna.com| website=www.krishna.com| access-date=8 January 2014| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130326020806/http://prabhupada.krishna.com/shrines-and-memorials| archive-date= 26 March 2013 |url-status = live}} see "Commemorative Stamp" section, including image</ref> and in 2021, a Rs 125 commemorative coin in his honour.<ref>{{cite news |title=PM Modi releases special commemorative coin on ISKCON founder's 125th birth anniversary |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-releases-special-commemorative-coin-on-iskcon-founders-125th-birth-anniversary/articleshow/85835377.cms |newspaper=[[Times of India]] |date=1 September 2021}}</ref>
 
==Books and publishing==
Swami's books are considered to be among his most significant contributions.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sharma|1981|p=971}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.acbspn.com/reviews.htm| title=Scholars reviews of Srila Prabhupada's books| website=www.acbspn.com| access-date=31 May 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515205053/http://www.acbspn.com/reviews.htm| archive-date=15 May 2008|url-status = dead| df=dmy-all}}</ref> During the final twelve years of his life, Swami translated over sixty volumes of classic [[Hindu texts|Hindu]] scriptures (e.g. ''[[Bhagavad Gita]], [[Chaitanya Charitamrita]]'' and ''[[Srimad Bhagavatam]]'') into the English language.<ref name="Harvnb|Cole|Dwayer|2007|p=25">{{Harvnb|Cole|Dwayer|2007|p=25}}</ref> His ''[[Bhagavad-Gītā As It Is|Bhagavad-gītā As It Is]]'' was published by [[Macmillan Publishers]] in 1968 with an unabridged edition in 1972.<ref>[[Maheswar Neog]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=LhB4AAAAIAAJ&q=Macmillan Professor Maheswar Neog Felicitation Volume] (1990)</ref><ref>Bhaktivedanta Swami, A. C. (1968). ''The Bhagavad-gita As It Is'', first edition. [[New York City|New York]]: [[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]].</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://btg.krishna.com/macmillan-miracle|title=The Macmillan Miracle
|website=www.krishna.com|access-date=2 June 2008|last=Rosen|first=S|author-link=Satyaraja Dasa| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080606024529/http://www.krishna.com/en/node/1523| archive-date= 6 June 2008 |url-status = live}}</ref> It is now available in over sixty languages around the world with some of his other books available in over eighty different languages.<ref name = hk34>{{Harvnb|Cole|Dwayer|2007|p=34}}</ref><ref name="translation">{{cite web| url=http://www.bbt.info/files/languages/Books_in_Print_JUN06.pdf| title=The matrix of principal published translated works. Bhaktivedanta Book Trust offers a 2006 summary PDF file showing which books translated in which languages| publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]] | access-date=30 May 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528180745/http://www.bbt.info/files/languages/Books_in_Print_JUN06.pdf| archive-date=28 May 2008|url-status = dead| df=dmy-all}}</ref>
 
The [[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]] was established in 1972 to publish his works.<ref name="Srivatsa">{{Harvnb|Goswami et al.|1983|p=986}}</ref><ref name="ShinnBrom">{{Harvnb|Shinn|Bromley|1989|p=53}}</ref>
 
In February 2014, ISKCON's news agency reported reaching a milestone of distributing over half a billion books authored by Swami since 1965.<ref name="Smullen">{{cite web | url = http://iskconnews.org/bbt-reaches-half-a-billion-books-distributed-since-1965,4286/ | title = BBT reaches half a billion books distributed since 1965 | access-date = 27 February 2014 | last = Smullen | first = Madhava | date = 12 February 2014 | website = ISKCON News}}</ref>
 
===Bengali writings===
* {{cite book
|title={{IAST|Gītār Gān}}
|language=bn
|date=c. 1973
}}
 
* {{cite book
|title={{IAST|Vairāgya-vidyā}}
|language=bn
|date=1977
}}
: A collection of his early Bengali essays, which were originally printed in a monthly magazine that he edited called {{IAST|Gauḍīya Patrika}}. Starting in 1976, [[Bhakti Charu Swami]] reprinted these essays in Bengali language booklets called {{IAST|Bhagavāner Kathā}} (Knowledge of the Supreme) [from 1948 & 1949 issues], {{IAST|Bhakti Kathā}} (The Science of Devotion), {{IAST|Jñāna Kathā}} (Topics of Spiritual Science), {{IAST|Muni-gānera Mati-bhrama}} (The Deluded Thinkers), and ''Buddhi-yoga'' (The Highest Use of Intelligence), which he later combined into ''Vairāgya-vidyā''. In 1992, an English translation was published called ''Renunciation Through Wisdom''.<ref>{{cite book|author=His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada|date=1992|title=Renunciation Through Wisdom|url=https://archive.org/details/renunciationthro0000acbh/page/n8/mode/1up|translator=Bhakti Charu Swami|translator-link=Bhakti Charu Swami|trans-title={{IAST|Vairagya Vidyā}}|publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]]|isbn=0-947259-04-X|lccn=95120622|oclc=30848069|pages=vii-viii}}</ref>
* {{cite book
|title=Buddhi-yoga
|language=bn
}}
* {{cite book
|title=Bhakti-ratna-boli
|language=bn
}}
 
===Translations with commentary===
* {{cite book
|title=Srimad Bhagwatam
|volume=3 vols.
|location=Delhi
|publisher=League of Devotees
|date=1962–1965
|lccn=sa64001457
|oclc=64215631
}}
* {{cite q|Q854700|display-translators=0
|location=New York
|publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]]
}}
* {{cite q|Q108771214|display-translators=0
|location=Boston, Mass.
|publisher=ISKCON Books
}}
* {{cite book
|title={{IAST|Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam}}
|volume=30 vols.
|location=New York
|publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]]
|date=1972–1977
|lccn=73169353
}}
* {{cite q|Q108771289|display-translators=0
|volume=17 vols.
|location=New York
|date=1973–1975
}}
* {{cite book
|title=[[Upadesamrta|The Nectar of Instruction]]
|location=New York
|publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]]
|date=1975
|lccn=75039755
}}
* {{cite book
|title={{IAST|Teachings of Lord Kapila, the Son of Devahūtī}}
|location=New York
|publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]]
|date=1977
|lccn=77011077
}}
 
===Summary studies===
* {{cite book
|title=Teachings of Lord Caitanya, a treatise on factual spiritual life
|location=New York
|publisher=[[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]]
|date=1968
|lccn=68029320
}}
* {{cite q|Q4205088|display-authors=0
|title={{IAST|Kṛṣṇa, the Supreme Personality of Godhead}}
|volume=2 vols.
|location=Boston, Mass.
|publisher=ISKCON Press
}}
* {{cite book
|title=The Nectar of Devotion: The Complete Science of Bhakti-yoga
|location=New York
|publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]]
|date=1970
|lccn=78118082
}}
 
===Discography===
* {{cite AV media
|title=Krishna Consciousness
|type=12 in. [[LP record]]
|location=New York, NY
|publisher=Happening Records
|date=1966
|oclc=11402285
|id=[https://www.discogs.com/A-C-Bhaktivedanta-Swami-Krishna-Consciousness/release/2706370 CA2210]
}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Das|title=The Happening Album: "Krishna Consciousness" {{!}} krsnaTunes|url=http://hansadutta.com/krsnatunes/2011/06/30/the-happening-album-krishna-consciousness/|access-date=23 January 2021|website=The Bhaktivedantas}}</ref>
* {{cite AV media
|title=Govinda
|type=12 in. [[LP record]]
|location=Los Angeles, CA
|publisher=Golden Avatar Productions
|date=1973
|lccn=94748438
|oclc=12622399
|id=[https://www.discogs.com/AC-Bhaktivedanta-Swami-Prabhupada-Govinda/release/2734043 GOPI-108]
}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Das|title=Gopinatha single, Govinda LP {{!}} krsnaTunes|url=http://hansadutta.com/krsnatunes/2011/06/30/gopinatha-single-govinda-lp/|access-date=23 January 2021|website=The Bhaktivedantas}}</ref>
* {{cite AV media
|title={{IAST|Kṛṣṇa Meditation}}
|type=2 x 12 in. [[LP record]]s
|location=Germany
|publisher=Radha Krsna Productions
|date=1974
|oclc=17247069
|id=[https://www.discogs.com/AC-Bhaktivedanta-Swami-Prabhupada-Krsna-Meditation/release/2580755 RKP-1005]
}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Das|title=KRSNA Meditation Album {{!}} krsnaTunes|url=http://hansadutta.com/krsnatunes/2011/06/30/krsna-meditation-album/|access-date=23 January 2021|website=The Bhaktivedanta}}</ref>
 
===Other works===
{{Vaishnavism}}
* {{cite book
|title=[[Back to Godhead]] (magazine)
|date=1944–1966
|lccn=45002240
}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Popular Religious Magazines of the United States |year=1995 |editor1-first=P. Mark |editor1-last=Fackler |editor2-first=Charles H. |editor2-last=Lippy |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood Press]] |isbn=0-313-28533-0 |pages=58–60}}</ref>
* {{cite q|Q108770844|display-authors=0
|title=Easy Journey to Other Planets (by practice of Supreme Yoga)
|location=Vrindaban, U.P. (India)
|publisher=The League of Devotees
}}
* {{cite q|Q108772725|display-authors=0
|publisher=ISKCON Press
}}
* {{cite book
|title={{IAST|Kṛṣṇa, the Reservoir of Pleasure}}
|location=Boston, Mass.
|publisher=ISKCON Press
|date=1970
|isbn=0-89213-149-7
|oclc=1086768968
}}
* {{cite q|Q108770415|display-editors=0
|isbn=0-912776-41-2
}}
* {{cite q|Q108770991
|location=New York
|publisher=ISKCON Press
|date=1972
}}
* {{cite book
|title={{IAST|Elevation to Kṛṣṇa Consciousness}}
|location=New York
|publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]]
|date=1973
|lccn=73076635
}}
* {{cite book
|title={{IAST|On the Way to Kṛṣṇa}}
|location=New York
|publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]]
|date=1973
|lccn=72084842
}}
* {{cite book
|title={{IAST|Rāja-vidyā: The King of Knowledge}}
|location=New York
|publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]]
|date=1973
|lccn=72084845
}}
* {{cite book
|title={{IAST|Kṛṣṇa Consciousness: The Matchless Gift}}
|location=New York
|publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]]
|date=1974
|lccn=73076634
}}
* {{cite book
|title=Perfect Questions, Perfect Answers
|location=New York
|publisher=[[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]]
|date=1977
|lccn=74027525
}}
* {{cite q|Q108772906
|location=New York
|date=1977
}}
 
==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
 
==Further reading==
<!--Only references that are actually used and cited in the article should be
placed here. List only books and journals (not websites of newspaper sources).
Try maintaining a standard formatting style and add ISBN numbers if possible.
See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Cite_sources for further details.-->
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book
| last = Goswami
| first = Satsvarupa dasa
| year = 2002
| author-link = Satsvarupa dasa Goswami
| title = Srila Prabhupada Lilamrta Vol 1–2
| publisher = [[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]]
| location = [[Los Angeles]]
| edition = 2nd
| isbn = 0-89213-357-0
}}
* {{Cite book
| last1 = Ekstrand
| first1 = Maria
| last2 = Bryant
| first2 = Edwin H.
| year = 2004
| title = The Hare Krishna movement: the postcharismatic fate of a religious transplant
| publisher = Columbia University Press
| location = New York
| isbn = 0-231-12256-X
}}
* {{Cite book
| last = Rhodes
| first = Linda
| year = 2001
| title = The challenge of the cults and new religions
| publisher = Zondervan
| location = Grand Rapids, Mich
| isbn = 0-310-23217-1
| url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780310232179
}}
* {{Cite book
| last1 = Vasan
| first1 = Mildred
| last2 = Lewis
| first2 = James P.
| year = 2005
| title = Cults (contemporary world issues)
| publisher = ABC-CLIO
| location = Santa Barbara, Calif
| isbn = 1-85109-618-3
}}
* {{Cite book
| last1 = Cole
| first1 = Richard
| last2 = Dwayer
| first2 = Graham
| year = 2007
| title = The Hare Krishna movement: forty years of chant and change
| publisher = I. B. Tauris
| location = London
| isbn = 978-1-84511-407-7
}}
* {{Cite book
| last = Goswami
| first = Satsvarupa dasa
| year = 1984
| edition = abr
| author-link = Satsvarupa dasa Goswami
| title = Prabhupada: he built a house in which the whole world can live
| publisher = [[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]]
| location = [[Los Angeles]]
| isbn = 0-89213-133-0
}}
* {{Cite book
| editor-last = Gelberg
| editor-first = Steven J
| year = 1983
| title = Hare Krishna, Hare Krishna: five distinguished scholars on the Krishna movement in the West.
| author=Harvey Cox
| author2=Larry D. Shinn
| author3=Thomas J. Hopkins
| author4=A.L. Basham
| author5=Shrivatsa Goswami
| location = New York
| publisher = Grove Press
| ref = {{sfnRef|Cox et al.|1983}} }}
* {{Cite book
| last = Klostermaier
| first = Klaus K.
| author-link = Klaus Klostermaier
| year = 2000
| title = Hinduism: a short history
| location = Oxford
| publisher = Oneworld Publications
| isbn = 1-85168-213-9
| url = https://archive.org/details/hinduismshorthis0000klos
}}
* {{Cite book
| last = Klostermaier
| first = Klaus K
| author-link = Klaus Klostermaier
| year = 2007
| edition = 3rd
| title = A survey of Hinduism
| location = New York
| isbn = 978-0-7914-7081-7
| publisher = State University of New York Press
}}
* {{Cite book
| last = Bhaktivedanta Swami
| first = A. C.
| year = 2003
| title = The Science of self-realization
| publisher = [[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]]
| location = [[Los Angeles]]
| isbn = 91-7149-447-2
}}
* {{Cite journal
| last = Shinn
| first = Larry D
| author-link = Larry Shinn
| editor-last = Bromley
| editor-first = David G
| editor-link = David G. Bromley
| year = 1987
| title = The future of an old man's vision. ISKCON in the twenty-first century
| journal = The Future of New Religious Movements
| pages = 123–140
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NHNeOx8UZJYC&q=New+Vrindavan%5D%5D+in+West+Virginia&pg=PA123
| ref = CITEREFShinnBromley1987
| isbn = 978-0-86554-238-9}}
* {{Cite journal
| last = Knott
| first = Kim
| year = 1997
| title = Insider and outsider perceptions of Prabhupada
| journal = [[ISKCON Communications Journal]]
| pages = 5: 1
| url = http://content.iskcon.org/icj/5_1/5_1knott.html
}}
* {{Cite book
| last = Knott
| first = Kim
| year = 2005
| contribution = Insider/outsider perspectives in the study of religions
| title = The Routledge companion to the study of religion
| publisher = Routledge
| editor-first = John
| editor-last = Hinnells
| page = [https://books.google.com/books?id=XmRGuH6eopMC&pg=PA243 243]
| isbn = 978-0-415-33311-5
}}
* {{Cite book
| last = Shinn
| first = Larry D.
| author-link = Larry Shinn
| year = 1987
| title = The dark lord: cult images and the Hare Krishnas in America
| publisher = Philadelphia: Westminster Press
| isbn = 0-664-24170-0
| oclc = 15017927
| ol = 2737873M
}}
* {{Cite journal
| last1 = Goswami
| first1 = Srivatsa
| year = 1983
| title = Review: Srila Prabhupada-Lilamrta
| journal = Journal of Asian Studies
| volume = 42
| issue = 4
| pages = 986–988
| doi = 10.2307/2054828
| ref = {{sfnRef|Goswami et al.|1983}}
| issn = 0021-9118
| jstor = 2054828
| last2 = Dasa Goswami
| first2 = Satsvarupa
| last3 = Cox
| first3 = Harvey
| last4 = Hopkins
| first4 = Thomas J.
| last5 = Judah
| first5 = J. Stillson| s2cid = 164018245
}}
* {{cite book
| editor-last = Sharma
| editor-first = Jagdish Saran
| year = 1981
| title = Encyclopaedia Indica
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=PQkMAAAAIAAJ
| oclc = 8033900
| ol = 13760440M
}}
* {{Cite book
| last1 = Shinn
| first1 = Larry D
| author-link1 = Larry Shinn
| last2 = Bromley
| first2 = David G
| author-link2 = David G. Bromley
| title = Krishna consciousness in the West
| publisher = Bucknell University Press
| location = Lewisburg [Pa.]
| year = 1989
| isbn = 0-8387-5144-X
}}
* The Inspirational story of Srila Prabhupada: Penguin Publishers <ref>{{cite web|url=https://singdancepray.com/ |title=Sing, Dance and Pray: The Inspirational story of Srila Prabhupada |publisher=Singdancepray.com |date= |accessdate=2022-07-19}}</ref>
{{refend}}
 
==External links==
{{Commons category|Prabhupada}}
<!-- {{No more links}}
 
Please be cautious adding more external links.
 
Wikipedia is not a collection of links and should not be used for advertising.
 
Excessive or inappropriate links will be removed.
 
See [[Wikipedia:External links]] and [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details.
 
If there are already suitable links, propose additions or replacements on
the article's talk page.
 
-->
* {{URL|https://vedabase.io/en/|Bhaktivedanta Vedabase}} – Official online multilingual library of A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada
* {{Curlie|Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Hinduism/Gurus_and_Saints/Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada/}}
* {{IMDb name|nm4152034}}
* {{BNF|118918976}} – Bhaktivedanta Swami, A. C. (1896–1977)
* {{WorldCat author|lccn-n79133133}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada}}
 
{{Vaishnava philosophy}}
{{Navboxes|title=A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada Navigational boxes
| titlestyle = background:#A4D8ED;
| list=
{{Caitanya sampradaya}}
{{Modern Gaudiya Vaishnavas}}
{{Modern Hindu writers}}
{{Hindu reform movements}}
{{Religious pluralism}}
{{Bengal Renaissance}}
{{George Harrison}}
}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|Philosophy|Hinduism|India}}
{{Authority control}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Prabhupada, A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami}}
[[Category:1896 births]]
[[Category:1977 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindu saints]]
[[Category:Bengali philosophers]]
[[Category:Devotees of Krishna]]
[[Category:Dvaitin philosophers]]
[[Category:Founders of new religious movements]]
[[Category:Gaudiya religious leaders]]
[[Category:Hindu pacifists]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:Hindu revivalist writers]]
[[Category:Indian Hare Krishnas]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu monks]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu missionaries]]
[[Category:Indian theologians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:Indian Vaishnavites]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:International Society for Krishna Consciousness religious figures]]
[[Category:Presidents of religious organizations]]
[[Category:Bhajan singers]]
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Kirtan performers]]
[[Category:Writers about activism and social change]]
[[Category:Khol players]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:20th-century memoirists]]
[[Category:Indian autobiographers]]
[[Category:Scholars from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Scottish Church College alumni]]
[[Category:Simple living advocates]]
[[Category:Translators of the Bhagavad Gita]]
[[Category:Vaishnava saints]]
[[Category:Neo-Vedanta]]
[[Category:Missionary linguists]]
[[Category:Bengali–English translators]]
[[Category:Hindu creationists]]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada"