- Research
- Open access
- Published:
Connections between Hyers-Ulam stability and uniform exponential stability of 2-periodic linear nonautonomous systems
Advances in Difference Equations volume 2017, Article number: 192 (2017)
Abstract
We prove that the system \(\dot{\theta}(t) =\Lambda(t)\theta(t)\), \(t\in\mathbb{R}_{+}\), is Hyers-Ulam stable if and only if it is uniformly exponentially stable under certain conditions; we take the exact solutions of the Cauchy problem \(\dot{\phi}(t)=\Lambda(t)\phi(t)+e^{i\gamma t}\xi(t)\), \(t\in\mathbb{R}_{+}\), \(\phi(0)=\theta_{0}\) as the approximate solutions of \(\dot{\theta}(t)=\Lambda(t)\theta(t)\), where γ is any real number, ξ is a 2-periodic, continuous, and bounded vectorial function with \(\xi(0)=0\), and \(\Lambda(t)\) is a 2-periodic square matrix of order l.
1 Introduction
The stability theory is an important branch of the qualitative theory of differential equations. In 1940, Ulam [1] queried a problem regarding the stability of differential equations for homomorphism as follows: when can an approximate homomorphism from a group \(G_{1}\) to a metric group \(G_{2}\) be approximated by an exact homomorphism?
Hyers [2] brilliantly gave a partial answer to this question assuming that \(G_{1}\) and \(G_{2}\) are Banach spaces. Later on, Aoki [3] and Rassias [4] extended and improved the results obtained in [2]. In particular, Rassias [4] relaxed the condition for the bound of the norm of Cauchy difference \(f(x+y)-f(x)-f(y)\). To the best of our knowledge, papers by Obłoza [5, 6] published in the late 1990s were among the first contributions dealing with the Hyers-Ulam stability of differential equations.
Since then, many authors have studied the Hyers-Ulam stability of various classes of differential equations. Properties of solutions to different classes of equations were explored by using a wide spectrum of approaches; see, e.g., [7–26] and the references cited therein. Alsina and Ger [7] proved Hyers-Ulam stability of a first-order differential equation \(y'(x) = y(x)\), which was then extended to the Banach space-valued linear differential equation of the form \(y'(x)=\lambda y(x)\) by Takahasi et al. [24]. Zada et al. [26] generalized the concept of Hyers-Ulam stability of the nonautonomous w-periodic linear differential matrix system \(\dot{\theta}(t)=\Lambda(t)\theta(t)\), \(t\in\mathbb{R}\) to its dichotomy (for dichotomy in autonomous case; see, e.g., [27, 28]). We conclude by mentioning that Barbu et al. [10] proved that Hyers-Ulam stability and the exponential dichotomy of linear differential periodic systems are equivalent.
Very recently, Li and Zada [19] gave connections between Hyers-Ulam stability and uniform exponential stability of the first-order linear discrete system
where \(\mathbb{Z}_{+}\) is the set of all nonnegative integers and \((\Lambda_{n})\) is an ω-periodic sequence of bounded linear operators on Banach spaces. They proved that system (1.1) is Hyers-Ulam stable if and only if it is uniformly exponentially stable under certain conditions. The natural question now is: is it possible to extend the results of [19] to continuous nonautonomous systems over Banach spaces? The purpose of this paper is to develop a new method and give an affirmative answer to this question in finite dimensional spaces. We consider the first-order linear nonautonomous system \(\dot{\theta}(t)=\Lambda(t)\theta(t)\), \(t\in\mathbb{R}_{+}\), where \(\Lambda(t)\) is a square matrix of order l. We proved that the 2-periodic system \(\dot{\theta}(t)=\Lambda (t)\theta(t)\) is Hyers-Ulam stable if and only if it is uniformly exponentially stable under certain conditions. Our result can be extended to any q-periodic system, because we choose 2 as the period in our approach.
2 Notation and preliminaries
Throughout the paper, \(\mathbb{R}\) is the set of all real numbers, \(\mathbb{R}_{+}\) denotes the set of all nonnegative real numbers, \(\mathbb{Z_{+}}\) stands for the set of all nonnegative integers, \(\mathbb{C}^{l}\) denotes the l-dimensional space of all l-tuples complex numbers, \(\Vert \cdot \Vert \) is the norm on \(\mathbb{C}^{l}\), \(\mathcal{L}(\mathbb{Z_{+}}, \mathbb{C}^{l})\) is the space of all \(\mathbb{C}^{l}\)-valued bounded functions with ‘sup’ norm, and let \(\mathcal{W}_{0}^{2}(\mathbb{R_{+}},\mathbb{C}^{l})\) be the set of all continuous, bounded, and 2-periodic vectorial functions f with the property that \(f(0)=0\).
Let \(\mathcal{H}\) be a square matrix of order \(l \geq1\) which has complex entries and let ϒ denote the spectrum of \(\mathcal{H}\), i.e., \(\Upsilon:=\{\lambda: \lambda \text{ is an eigenvalue of } \mathcal{H}\}\). We have the following lemmas.
Lemma 2.1
If \(\Vert \mathcal{H}^{n} \Vert < \infty\) for any \(n\in\mathbb {Z}_{+}\), then \(\vert \lambda \vert \leq1\) for any \(\lambda\in\Upsilon\).
Proof
Suppose to the contrary that \(\vert \lambda \vert > 1\). By the definition of eigenvalue, there exists a nonzero vector \(\theta\in\mathbb{C}^{l}\) such that \(\mathcal{H}\theta= \lambda\theta\), which implies that \(\mathcal{H}^{n}\theta= \lambda^{n}\theta\) for any \(n\in\mathbb{Z} _{+}\), and thus \(\Vert \mathcal{H}^{n} \Vert \geq{ \Vert \mathcal{H}^{n}\theta \Vert }/{ \Vert \theta \Vert } = { \vert \lambda \vert }^{n} \rightarrow\infty\) as \(n \rightarrow\infty\). Therefore, \(\vert \lambda \vert \leq1\). The proof is complete. □
Lemma 2.2
If \(\Vert \sum_{j=0}^{P}{\mathcal{H}}^{j} \Vert < \infty\) for any \(P\in\mathbb{Z}_{+}\), then 1 does not belong to ϒ.
Proof
If \(1 \in\Upsilon\), then \(\mathcal{H}\theta=\theta\) for some nonzero vector θ in \(\mathbb{C}^{l}\) and \(\mathcal{H}^{k} \theta=\theta\) for all \(k= 1,2,\ldots, P\). Therefore, we conclude that
and so 1 does not belong to ϒ. This completes the proof. □
Let \(\mathcal{S}\) be a square matrix of order \(l \geq1\) which has complex entries. We have the following two corollaries.
Corollary 2.3
If \(\Vert \sum_{j=0}^{P}{(e^{i\gamma}\mathcal{S})}^{j} \Vert < \infty\) for any \(\gamma\in\mathbb{R}\) and any \(P\in\mathbb{Z}_{+}\), then \(e^{-i\gamma}\) is not an eigenvalue of \(\mathcal{S}\).
Proof
Let \(\mathcal{H} = e^{i\gamma}\mathcal{S}\). By virtue of Lemma 2.2, 1 is not an eigenvalue of \(e^{i\gamma}\mathcal{S}\), and thus \(I-e^{i\gamma}\mathcal{S}\) is an invertible matrix or \(e^{i\gamma}(e^{-i\gamma}I - \mathcal{S})\) is an invertible matrix, i.e., \(e^{-i\gamma}\) is not an eigenvalue of \(\mathcal{S}\). The proof is complete. □
Corollary 2.4
If \(\Vert \sum_{j=0}^{P}{(e^{i\gamma}\mathcal{S})}^{j} \Vert < \infty\) for any \(\gamma\in\mathbb{R}\) and any \(P\in\mathbb{Z}_{+}\), then \(\vert \lambda \vert <1\) for any eigenvalue λ of \(\mathcal{S}\).
Proof
By virtue of
we deduce that
It follows from Lemmas 2.1 and 2.2 that the absolute value of each eigenvalue λ of \(e^{i\gamma}\mathcal{S}\) is less than or equal to one and \(e^{-i\gamma}\) is in the resolvent set of \(\mathcal{S}\), respectively. Thus, we have, for any eigenvalue λ of \(\mathcal{S}\), \(\vert \lambda \vert <1\). This completes the proof. □
Definition 2.5
Let ϵ be a positive real number. If there exists a constant \(L\geq0\) such that, for every differentiable function ϕ satisfying the relation \(\Vert \dot{\phi}(t)-\Lambda(t)\phi(t) \Vert \leq \epsilon\) for any \(t\in\mathbb{R}_{+}\), there exists an exact solution \(\theta(t)\) of \(\dot{\theta}(t)=\Lambda(t)\theta(t)\) such that
then the system \(\dot{\theta}(t) = \Lambda(t)\theta(t)\) is said to be Hyers-Ulam stable.
Remark 2.6
If \(\phi(t)\) is an approximate solution of \(\dot{\theta}(t)=\Lambda (t)\theta(t)\), then \(\dot{\phi}(t)\approx\Lambda(t)\phi(t)\). Hence, letting g be an error function, then \(\phi(t)\) is the exact solution of \(\dot{\phi}(t)=\Lambda(t)\phi(t)+g(t)\).
On the basis of Remark 2.6, Definition 2.5 can be modified as follows.
Definition 2.7
Let ϵ be a positive real number. If there exists a constant \(L\geq0\) such that, for every differentiable function ϕ satisfying \(\Vert g(t) \Vert \leq\epsilon\) for any \(t\in \mathbb{R}_{+}\), there exists an exact solution \(\theta(t)\) of \(\dot{\theta}(t)=\Lambda(t) \theta(t)\) such that (2.1) holds, then the system \(\dot{\theta}(t)=\Lambda(t)\theta(t)\) is said to be Hyers-Ulam stable.
3 Main results
Let us consider the time dependent 2-periodic system
where \(\Lambda(t+2)= \Lambda(t)\) for all \(t \in\mathbb{R}_{+}\).
Definition 3.1
Let \(\mathcal{B}(t)\) be the fundamental solution matrix of \((\Lambda (t))\). The system \((\Lambda(t))\) is said to be uniformly exponentially stable if there exist two positive constants M and α such that
It follows from [11] that system \((\Lambda(t))\) is uniformly exponentially stable if and only if the spectrum of the matrix \(\mathcal{B}(2)\) lies inside of the circle of radius one.
Consider now the Cauchy problem
The solution of the Cauchy problem \((\Lambda(t), \gamma, \theta_{0})\) is given by
For \(I:=[0,2]\) and \(i\in\{1,2\}\), we define the functions \(\pi_{i}: I \rightarrow\mathbb{C}\) by
Let us denote by \(\mathcal{M}_{i}\) the set \(\{\xi\in\mathcal{W}_{0} ^{2}({ \mathbb{R}}_{+}, \mathbb{C}^{l}): \xi(t)=\mathcal{B}(t)\pi _{i}(t), i\in\{1,2\}\}\). We are now in a position to state our main results.
Theorem 3.2
Let the exact solution \(\phi(t)\) of the Cauchy problem \((\Lambda(t), \gamma, \theta_{0})\) be an approximate solution of system \((\Lambda (t))\) with the error term \(e^{i\gamma t}\xi(t)\), where \(\gamma \in\mathbb{R}\) and \(\xi\in\mathcal{W}_{0}^{2}({ \mathbb{R}}_{+}, \mathbb{C}^{l})\). Then the following two statements hold.
-
(1)
If system \((\Lambda(t))\) is uniformly exponentially stable, then system \((\Lambda(t))\) is Hyers-Ulam stable.
-
(2)
If \(\mathcal{M}:=\mathcal{M}_{1}\cup\mathcal{M}_{2}\), \(\xi\in\mathcal{M}\subset\mathcal{W}_{0}^{2}({ \mathbb{R}}_{+}, \mathbb{C}^{l})\), and system \((\Lambda(t))\) is Hyers-Ulam stable, then system \((\Lambda(t))\) is uniformly exponentially stable.
Proof
(1) Let \(\epsilon> 0\) and \(\phi(t)\) be the approximate solution of \((\Lambda(t))\) such that \(\sup_{t\in\mathbb{R}_{+}} \Vert \dot {\phi}(t)- \Lambda(t)\phi(t) \Vert =\sup_{t\in\mathbb{R}_{+}} \Vert e^{i\gamma t}\xi(t) \Vert \), \(\phi(0)=\theta_{0}\), and \(\sup_{t\in \mathbb{R}_{+}} \Vert \xi(t) \Vert \leq\epsilon\), and let \(\theta(t)\) be the exact solution of \((\Lambda(t))\). Then
where \(M> 0\), \(\alpha>0\), and \(L:={M}/{\alpha}\). Hence, \(\sup_{t\in\mathbb{R}_{+}} \Vert \phi(t)-\theta(t) \Vert \leq L\epsilon\), which implies that system \((\Lambda(t))\) is Hyers-Ulam stable.
(2) The proof of the second part is more tricky. Let \(a\in \mathbb{C}^{l}\) and \(\xi_{1}\in\mathcal{W}_{0}^{2}(\mathbb{R_{+}}, \mathbb{C}^{l})\) be such that
Then we have, for each \(s\in\mathbb{R}_{+}\), \(\xi_{1}(s)= \mathcal{B}(s)\pi_{1}(s)a\), where \(\pi_{1}\) is defined by (3.1). Thus, for any positive integer \(n\geq1\),
Let \(\tau=2k+s\). We know that \(\mathcal{B}^{-1}(2k + s) = \mathcal{B}^{-1}(2k)\mathcal{B}^{-1}(s)\), and so
Define
It is not difficult to verify that \(\mathcal{C}_{1}(\gamma) \neq0\) for any \(\gamma\in\mathcal{A}_{1}\), and hence
Again, let \(\xi_{2} \in\mathcal{W}_{0}^{2}(\mathbb{R_{+}}, \mathbb{C}^{l})\) be given on \([0,2]\) such that \(\xi_{2}(s)= \mathcal{B} (s)\pi_{2}(s)a\), where \(\pi_{2}\) is defined as in (3.1). With a similar approach to above, we have
where
By virtue of the fact that system \((\Lambda(t))\) is Hyers-Ulam stable, we conclude that \(\phi_{\xi_{1} }\) and \(\phi_{\xi_{2} }\) are bounded functions, i.e., there exist two positive constants \(\mathcal{K}_{1}\) and \(\mathcal{K}_{2}\) such that
It follows from (3.2) and (3.3) that
and
respectively. Hence, by virtue of (3.4) and (3.5), we have, for any \(\gamma\in\mathcal{A}_{1}\cup\mathcal{A}_{2}=\mathbb{R}\) and each \(a \in\mathbb{C}^{l}\),
Let \(n-k=j\). Then
From (3.6), we obtain
Thus, using \(\mathcal{S}=\mathcal{B}(2)\) in Corollary 2.4, we deduce that the spectrum of \(\mathcal{B}(2)\) lies in the interior of the circle of radius one, i.e., system \((\Lambda(t))\) is uniformly exponentially stable. This completes the proof. □
Corollary 3.3
Let the exact solution \(\phi(t)\) of the Cauchy problem \((\Lambda(t), \gamma, \theta_{0})\) be an approximate solution of system \((\Lambda (t))\) with the error term \(e^{i\gamma t}\xi(t)\), where \(\gamma \in\mathbb{R}\), \(\xi\in\mathcal{M}\subset\mathcal{W}_{0}^{2}( { \mathbb{R}}_{+}, \mathbb{C}^{l})\), and \(\mathcal{M}:=\mathcal{M} _{1}\cup\mathcal{M}_{2}\). Then system \((\Lambda(t))\) is uniformly exponentially stable if and only if it is Hyers-Ulam stable.
References
Ulam, SM: A Collection of Mathematical Problems. Interscience, New York (1960)
Hyers, DH: On the stability of the linear functional equation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 27, 222-224 (1941)
Aoki, T: On the stability of the linear transformation in Banach spaces. J. Math. Soc. Jpn. 2, 64-66 (1950)
Rassias, ThM: On the stability of the linear mapping in Banach spaces. Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 72, 297-300 (1978)
Obłoza, M: Hyers stability of the linear differential equation. Rocznik Nauk.-Dydakt. Prace Mat. 13, 259-270 (1993)
Obłoza, M: Connections between Hyers and Lyapunov stability of the ordinary differential equations. Rocznik Nauk.-Dydakt. Prace Mat. 14, 141-146 (1997)
Alsina, C, Ger, R: On some inequalities and stability results related to the exponential function. J. Inequal. Appl. 2, 373-380 (1998)
András, S, Mészáros, AR: Ulam-Hyers stability of dynamic equations on time scales via Picard operators. Appl. Math. Comput. 219, 4853-4864 (2013)
Barbu, D, Buşe, C, Tabassum, A: Hyers-Ulam stability and discrete dichotomy. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 423, 1738-1752 (2015)
Barbu, D, Buşe, C, Tabassum, A: Hyers-Ulam stability and exponential dichotomy of linear differential periodic systems are equivalent. Electron. J. Qual. Theory Differ. Equ. 2015, 58 (2015)
Buşe, C, Pogan, A: Individual exponential stability for evolution families of linear and bounded operators. N.Z. J. Math. 30, 15-24 (2001)
Buşe, C, Saierli, O, Tabassum, A: Spectral characterizations for Hyers-Ulam stability. Electron. J. Qual. Theory Differ. Equ. 2014, 30 (2014)
Choi, G, Jung, S-M: Invariance of Hyers-Ulam stability of linear differential equations and its applications. Adv. Differ. Equ. 2015, 277 (2015)
Cîmpean, DS, Popa, D: On the stability of the linear differential equation of higher order with constant coefficients. Appl. Math. Comput. 217, 4141-4146 (2010)
Huang, J, Li, Y: Hyers-Ulam stability of linear functional differential equations. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 426, 1192-1200 (2015)
Huang, J, Jung, S-M, Li, Y: On Hyers-Ulam stability of nonlinear differential equations. Bull. Korean Math. Soc. 52, 685-697 (2015)
Jung, S-M: Hyers-Ulam stability of linear differential equations of first order, III. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 311, 139-146 (2005)
Jung, S-M: Hyers-Ulam stability of a system of first order linear differential equations with constant coefficients. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 320, 549-561 (2006)
Li, T, Zada, A: Connections between Hyers-Ulam stability and uniform exponential stability of discrete evolution families of bounded linear operators over Banach spaces. Adv. Differ. Equ. 2016, 153 (2016)
Li, T, Zada, A, Faisal, S: Hyers-Ulam stability of nth order linear differential equations. J. Nonlinear Sci. Appl. 9, 2070-2075 (2016)
Miura, T, Miyajima, S, Takahasi, S-E: A characterization of Hyers-Ulam stability of first order linear differential operators. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 286, 136-146 (2003)
Popa, D, Raşa, I: Hyers-Ulam stability of the linear differential operator with nonconstant coefficients. Appl. Math. Comput. 219, 1562-1568 (2012)
Rezaei, H, Jung, S-M, Rassias, ThM: Laplace transform and Hyers-Ulam stability of linear differential equations. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 403, 244-251 (2013)
Takahasi, S-E, Miura, T, Miyajima, S: On the Hyers-Ulam stability of the Banach space-valued differential equation \(y' = \lambda y\). Bull. Korean Math. Soc. 39, 309-315 (2002)
Yuan, X, Xia, Y-H, O’Regan, D: Nonautonomous impulsive systems with unbounded nonlinear terms. Appl. Math. Comput. 245, 391-403 (2014)
Zada, A, Shah, O, Shah, R: Hyers-Ulam stability of non-autonomous systems in terms of boundedness of Cauchy problems. Appl. Math. Comput. 271, 512-518 (2015)
Buşe, C, Zada, A: Dichotomy and boundedness of solutions for some discrete Cauchy problems. In: Proceedings of IWOTA-2008. Operator Theory: Advances and Applications, vol. 203, pp. 165-174 (2010)
Zada, A: A characterization of dichotomy in terms of boundedness of solutions for some Cauchy problems. Electron. J. Differ. Equ. 2008, 94 (2008)
Acknowledgements
The authors express their sincere gratitude to the editors for useful comments that helped to improve the presentation of the results and accentuate important details. This research is supported by NNSF of P.R. China (Grant Nos. 61503171, 11271106, and 61403061), CPSF (Grant No. 2015M582091), NSF of Shandong Province (Grant No. ZR2016JL021), DSRF of Linyi University (Grant No. LYDX2015BS001), and the AMEP of Linyi University, P.R. China.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
All four authors contributed equally to this work. They all read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
About this article
Cite this article
Zada, A., Wang, P., Lassoued, D. et al. Connections between Hyers-Ulam stability and uniform exponential stability of 2-periodic linear nonautonomous systems. Adv Differ Equ 2017, 192 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-017-1248-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-017-1248-5