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The 26 December 2001 Solar Eruptive Event Responsible for GLE63: III. CME, Shock Waves, and Energetic Particles

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Abstract

The SOL2001-12-26 moderate solar eruptive event (GOES importance M7.1, microwaves up to 4000 sfu at 9.4 GHz, coronal mass ejection (CME) speed 1446 km s−1) produced strong fluxes of solar energetic particles and ground-level enhancement (GLE) of cosmic-ray intensity (GLE63). To find a possible reason for the atypically high proton outcome of this event, we study multi-wavelength images and dynamic radio spectra and quantitatively reconcile the findings with each other. An additional eruption probably occurred in the same active region about half an hour before the main eruption. The latter produced two blast-wave-like shocks during the impulsive phase. The two shock waves eventually merged around the radial direction into a single shock traced up to \(25~\mathrm{R}_{\odot}\) as a halo ahead of the expanding CME body, in agreement with an interplanetary Type II event recorded by the Radio and Plasma Wave Investigation (WAVES) experiment on the Wind spacecraft. The shape and kinematics of the halo indicate an intermediate regime of the shock between the blast wave and bow shock at these distances. The results show that i) the shock wave appeared during the flare rise and could accelerate particles earlier than usually assumed; ii) the particle event could be amplified by the preceding eruption, which stretched closed structures above the developing CME, facilitated its lift-off and escape of flare-accelerated particles, enabled a higher CME speed and stronger shock ahead; iii) escape of flare-accelerated particles could be additionally facilitated by reconnection of the flux rope, where they were trapped, with a large coronal hole; and iv) the first eruption supplied a rich seed population accelerated by a trailing shock wave.

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Acknowledgements

We thank B.I. Lubyshev, N.V. Nitta, I.M. Chertok, and H.V. Cane for discussions and assistance, and Y. Kubo for preparing the HiRAS spectra for us. We are indebted to an anonymous reviewer for valuable remarks. We thank the instrument teams of EIT, LASCO, and MDI onboard SOHO, a project of international cooperation between ESA and NASA, Wind/WAVES, GOES, TRACE, and MLSO operated by NCAR/HAO; NICT (Japan); USAF RSTN Network; and the CME Catalog at the CDAW Data Center (NASA and Catholic University of America) for the data used in this study. The study was supported by the Russian State Contracts No. II.16.3.2 and No. II.16.1.6. A. Kochanov was supported by the Russian Foundation of Basic Research under grants 15-02-03717 and 15-02-01089. V. Kiselev was supported by the Marie Curie PIRSES-GA-2011-295272 RadioSun project.

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  1. Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics SB RAS, Lermontov St. 126A, Irkutsk, 664033, Russia

    V. V. Grechnev, V. I. Kiselev, A. M. Uralov & A. A. Kochanov

  2. LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 92190, Meudon, France

    K.-L. Klein

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Grechnev, V.V., Kiselev, V.I., Uralov, A.M. et al. The 26 December 2001 Solar Eruptive Event Responsible for GLE63: III. CME, Shock Waves, and Energetic Particles. Sol Phys 292, 102 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-017-1122-3

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