Abstract
Besides playing an essential role in plant photosynthesis, solar radiation is also involved in many other important biological processes. In particular, it has been demonstrated that ultraviolet (UV) solar radiation plays a relevant role in grapevines (Vitis vinifera) in the production of certain important chemical compounds directly responsible for yield and wine quality. Moreover, the exposure to UV-B radiation (280–320 nm) can affect plant–disease interaction by influencing the behaviour of both pathogen and host. The main objective of this research was to characterise the solar radiative regime of a vineyard, in terms of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and UV components. In this analysis, solar spectral UV irradiance components, broadband UV (280–400 nm), spectral UV-B and UV-A (320–400 nm), the biological effective UVBE, as well as the PAR (400–700 nm) component, were all considered. The diurnal patterns of these quantities and the UV-B/PAR and UV-B/UV-A ratios were analysed to investigate the effect of row orientation of the vineyard in combination with solar azimuth and elevation angles. The distribution of PAR and UV irradiance at various heights of the vertical sides of the rows was also studied. The results showed that the highest portion of plants received higher levels of daily radiation, especially the UV-B component. Row orientation of the vines had a pronounced effect on the global PAR received by the two sides of the rows and, to a lesser extent, UV-A and UV-B. When only the diffused component was considered, this geometrical effect was greatly attenuated. UV-B/PAR and UV-A/PAR ratios were also affected, with potential consequences on physiological processes. Because of the high diffusive capacity of the UV-B radiation, the UV-B/PAR ratio was significantly lower on the plant portions exposed to full sunlight than on those in the shade.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alados I, Alados-Arboledas L (1999) Direct and diffuse Photosynthetically active radiation: measurements and modelling. Agric For Meteorol 93:27–38
Bergqvist J, Dokoozlian N, Ebisuda N (2001) Sunlight exposure and temperature effects on berry growth and composition of Cabernet Sauvignon and Grenache in the central San Joaquin Valley of California. Am J Enol Vitic 52:1–7
Bonomelli A, Mercier L, Franchel K, Baillieul F, Benizri E, Mauro MC (2004) Response of grapevine defenses to UV-C exposure. Am J Enol Vitic 55:51–59
Caldwell MM, Teramura AH, Tevini M (1989) The changing solar ultraviolet climate and ecological consequences for higher plants. Trends Ecol Evol 4:363–367
Caldwell MM, Björn LO, Bornmann JF, Flint SD, Kulandaivelu G, Teramura AH, Tevini M (1998) Effects of increased solar ultraviolet radiation on terrestrial ecosystems. J Photochem Photobiol B 46:40–52
Cartechini A, Paliotti A (1995) Effect of shading on vine morphology and productivity and leaf gas exchange characteristics in grapevines in the field. Am J Enol Vitic 46:227–234
Cen YP, Bornnam J (1993) The effect of exposure to enhanced UV-B radiation on the penetration of monochromatic and plychromatic UV-B radiation in leaves of Brassica napus. Physiol Plant 87:249–255
Dai GH, Andary C, Mondolotcosson L, Boubals D (1995) Involvement of phenolic-compounds in the resistance of grapevine callus to downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola). Eur J Plant Pathol 101:541–547
Deckmyn G, Impens I (1997) The ratio UV-B/photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) determines the sensitivity of rye to increased UV-B radiation. Environ Exper Bot 37:3–12
Deckmyn G, Cayenberghs E, Ceulemans R (2001) UV-B and PAR in single and mixed canopies grown under different UV-B exclusions in the field. Plant Ecol 154:123–133
Dye DA (2004) Spectral composition and quanta-to-energy ratio of diffuse Photosynthetically active radiation under diverse cloud conditions. J Geophys Res 109, doi:D10203 10.1029/2003JD004251
Ensminger PA (1993) Control development in plants and fungi by far-UV radiation. Physiol Plant 88:501–508
Feister U, Grewe R (1995) Spectral albedo measurements in the UV and visible regions over different types of surfaces. Photochem Photobiol 62(4):736–744 doi:10.1111/j.1751–1097.1995.tb08723.x
Flint SD, Caldwell MM (1998) Solar UV-B and visible radiation in tropical forest gaps: measurements partitioning direct and diffuse radiation. Global Change Biol 4:863–870
Flint SD, Caldwell MM (2003) A biological spectral weighting function for ozone depletion research with higher plants. Physiol Plant 117:137–144
Grant RH (1997) Partitioning of biologically active radiation in plant canopies. Int J Biometeorol 40:26–40
Grifoni D, Carreras G, Sabatini F, Zipoli G (2005) UV hazard on a summer’s day under Mediterranean conditions, and the protective role of a beach umbrella. Int J Biometeorol 50:75–82
Hess M, Koepke P (2007) UVI on arbitrarily oriented surfaces: effects of sky line and shadow. Proceedings of “One Century of UV Radiation Research”, 18–20 September, Davos, Switzerland
Jacovides CP, Tymvios FS, Assimakopoulos VD, Kaltsounides NA (2007) The dependence of global and diffuse PAR radiation components on sky conditions at Athens, Greece. Agric For Meteorol 143:277–287
Jansen MAK (2002) Ultraviolet-B radiation effects on plants: induction of morphogenic responses. Physiol Plant 116:423–429
Jersch S, Scherer C, Huth G, Schlösser E (1989) Proanthocyanidis as basis for quiescence of Botrytis cinerea in immature strawberry fruits. J Plant Dis Protect 96:365–378
Kakani VG, Reddy KR, Zhao D, Sailaja K (2003) Field crop responses to ultraviolet-B radiation: a review. Agric For Meteorol 120:191–218
Kasten F (1986) Field instruments for solar radiation measurements. In: Guzzi R, Justus CG (eds) Physical climatology for solar and wind energy. World Scientific, Singapore, pp 438–477
Kortekamp A, Wind R, Zyprian E (1998) Investigation of the interaction of Plasmopara viticola with susceptible and resistant grapevine cultivars. J Plant Dis Protect 105:475–488
Liu L, Gitz DC, McClure W (1995) Effects of UV-B on flavonoids, ferulic acid, growth and photosynthesis in barley primary leaves. Physiol Plant 93:725–733
Manning WJ, Tiedemann AV (1995) Climate change, potential effects of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), ozone (O3) and ultraviolet-B radiation on plant diseases. Environ Pollut 88:219–245
McCree KJ (1972) Test of current definitions of photosynthetically active radiation against leaf photosynthesis data. Agric Meteorol 10:443–453
Misson L, Lunden M, McKay M, Goldstein AH (2005) Atmospheric aerosol light scattering and surface wetness influence the diurnal pattern of net ecosystem exchange in a semi-arid ponderosa pine plantation. Agric For Meteorol 129:60–83
Núñez-Olivera E, Martínez-Abaigar J, Tomás R, Otero S, Arróniz-Crespo M (2006) Physiological effects of solar ultraviolet-B exclusion on two cultivars of Vitis vinifera L. from La Rioja, Spain. Am J Enol Vitic 57:441–448
Olsson LC, Veit M, Weissonbock G, Bornmann JF (1998) Differential flavonoid response to enhanced UV-B radiation in Brassica napus. Phytochemistry 4:1021–1028
Parisi AV, Wong JCF, Randall C (1998) Simultaneous assessment of photosynthetically active and ultraviolet solar radiation. Agric For Meteorol 92:97–103
Paul ND (2000) Stratospheric ozone depletion, UV-B radiation and crop disease. Short survey. Environ Pollut 108:343–355
Pezet R, Pont V (1992) Differing biochemical and histological studies of two grape cultivars in the view of their respective susceptibility and resistance to Botrytis cinerea. In: Verhoeff K, Maltrakis NE, Williamson B (eds) Recent advances in Botrytis research. Pudoc, Wageningen
Schultz HR, Löhnertz O, Bettner W, Bálo B, Linsemmeier A, Jähnisch A, Müller M, Gaubatz B, Váradi G (1998) Is grape composition affected by current levels of UV-B radiation? Vitis 37:191–192
Shulski MD, Walter-Shea EA, Hubbard KG, Yuen GY, Horst G (2004) Penetration of photosynthetically active radiation and ultraviolet radiation into alfalfa and tall Fescue canopies. Agron J 96:1562–1571
Webb AR, Weihs P, Blumthaler M (1999) Spectral UV irradiance on vertical surfaces: a case study. Photochem Photobiol 69:464–470
Acknowledgments
We acknowledge Annalena Puglisi for her technical assistance in field measurements and Giuseppe Torzillo for making the PAR meter available.
We would like to thank the Mondeggi-Lappeggi and Poggio Casciano farms where the measurements were taken and Sandra Corsi for her contribution to proofreading.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Grifoni, D., Carreras, G., Zipoli, G. et al. Row orientation effect on UV-B, UV-A and PAR solar irradiation components in vineyards at Tuscany, Italy. Int J Biometeorol 52, 755–763 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-008-0168-1
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-008-0168-1