Variance and covariance in quantum mechanics and the spreading of position probability

A rigorous discussion of the concept of expectation value of an unbounded observable is given, and of its variance. It is shown that ifA andB are observables for which the expectations <A ²> and <B ²> exist, and such that αA+βB is also an observable for some real numbers α and β, neither of which vanishes, then a quantum mechanical analog of covariance and correlation coefficient can be defined. The quadratic variation with time of the variance of position of a particle moving freely in one dimension is deduced rigorously, assuming only that there is a time at which the variances of position and momentum exist.

Authors and Affiliations

1. Department of Mathematics, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England

   J. E. G. Farina

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