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William Henry Young, an Unconventional President of the International Mathematical Union

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Mathematical Communities in the Reconstruction After the Great War 1918–1928

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Abstract

William Henry Young was President of the International Mathematical Union (IMU) from 1929 to 1932. These were turbulent times for international cooperation in science in general, and mathematics in particular. The main cause of conflict was the International Research Council (IRC), which was created after the war by the Allied Powers with the aim of controlling international scientific relations.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    When referring to documents from the Young archive at the Archive of the University of Liverpool, we will use the abbreviation AUL. Olli Lehto, who was Secretary of the International Mathematical Union for eight years in the 1980s, obtained copies of Young’s documents and letters related to international affairs from the Archive of the University of Liverpool for the Archive of the International Mathematical Union (now located in Berlin). We will use the abbreviation AIMU when referring to these documents. Lehto referred to these documents when writing his indispensable book on the international organization of mathematics entitled “Mathematics without Borders” (Lehto 1998).

  2. 2.

    Special Collections and Archives, University of Liverpool, Papers of Professor William Henry Young and Grace Chisholm Young.

  3. 3.

    During the inter-war period it was customary to use the French name of the organization, Union Internationale Mathématique. Variations in how the Union was referred to should be noted: sometimes it was called the Union Internationale Mathématique, and at other times the Union Mathématique Internationale. This can be seen in the proceedings of the international congresses, in the minutes of the meetings of the Union, and in letters written by its officers.

  4. 4.

    The non-Italian committee members were: E. Borel, C. Carathéodory, L. Fejér, A. R. Forsyth, E. I. Fredholm, J. Hadamard, D. Hilbert, G. Humbert, F. Klein, E. Landau, A. Liapunoff, A. E. H. Love, F. Mertens, G. Mittag-Leffler, E. H. Moore, M. Noether, W. F. Osgood, E. Picard, P. Stäckel, V. Stekloff, C. Stéphanos, Ch. de la Vallée Poussin, W. Wirtinger, and H. G. Zeuthen (Poincaré was also elected, but passed away in 1912).

  5. 5.

    Letter from R. Rothe to M. de Franchis, March 24, 1921. De Franchis Folder, Archive of the Circolo Matematico di Palermo.

  6. 6.

    The Modern Records Center of the University of Warwick contains a large collection of documents pertaining to the history of the Association of Scientific Workers. See, for example, reference numbers MSS.79/ASW/1/2/1 and MSS.79/ASW/1/1/1/1-18.

  7. 7.

    Typed letter from G. H. Hardy to A. Schuster, November 29, 1919, AUL reference number D140/9/51.

  8. 8.

    Typed letter from Mittag-Leffler to Lindelöf, November 26 or 27, 1919. Centrum för Vetenskapshistoria, Kungliga Vetenskapsakademiens.

  9. 9.

    England och Italien äro försonliga och se sakerna sådana de äro. I Frankrike är härskande meningen, med Picard som ledande, oförsonlig, öfvermodig och i högsta grad hatfull. Det finnes dock en stark minoritet, som tvifvelsutan vill slut blir den segrande och som till ledare har Appell och Painlevé.

  10. 10.

    Quant à certaines relations, qui ont été rompues par la tragédie de ces dernières années, nos successeurs verront si un temps suffisamment long et un repentir sincère pourront permettre de les reprendre un jour, et si ceux qui se sont exclus du concert des nations civilisées sont dignes d’y rentrer. Pour nous, trop proches des événements, nous laissons encore nôtre la belle parole prononcée pendant la guerre par le cardinal Mercier, que, pardonner à certains crimes, c’est s’en faire le complice.

  11. 11.

    See Schubring (2008) and Furinghetti and Giacardi (2008).

  12. 12.

    Typed letter from H. Lamb to W. H. Young, July 30, 1920, AUL reference number D140/30/1. There is a copy in the AIMU.

  13. 13.

    Handwritten letter from Picard to Mittag-Leffler, July 23, 1926. Centrum för Vetenskapshistoria, Kungliga Vetenskapsakademiens.

  14. 14.

    Le fils qui me restait est mort le semaine dernière à l’âge de 40 ans, des suites d’une tuberculose dont il avait probablement contracté le germe à la suite des fatigues de la guerre. Marié depuis trois ans, il avait perdu l’année dernière une petite fille, a sa jeune veuve reste seule maintenant. C’est pour me femme et moi aussi un coup cruel. Nous avons perdu une fille de 22 ans, un fils de 30 ans (tué à la guerre), et enfin ce dernier à 40 ans. (…)

    Vous savez a que nous avons fait à Bruxelles; c’était une opération nécessaire, mais je m’y suis prêté sans enthousiasme. Je souhaite que nous n’ayons pas introduit au Conseil international de Recherches et dans les Unions un élément de dissociation, (…) En tous cas, le monde ne se remettra pas avant le longues années de la formidable commotion due à la guerre.

  15. 15.

    En fin de séance, les États Unis déposent entre les mains du Président un voeu concernant l’intervention du Comité International de Recherches dans l’admission des Pays dans l’Union. Le Danemark, la Hollande, l’Italie, la Suède, la Norvège, et la Grande Bretagne s’associent à ce voeu.

  16. 16.

    Après Strasbourg, il fallait affirmer avant tout le caractère international et exclusivement scientifique du congrès.

  17. 17.

    Handwritten letter from Pincherle to W. H. Young, August 3, 1926, AUL. There is a copy in the AIMU.

  18. 18.

    Di riprendere le tradizioni dei Congressi Internazionali dell’ante-guerra, col togliere ogni esclusione dipendente da ragioni politiche.

  19. 19.

    Calendar note Tuesday, January 7, 1930, AUL reference number D140/27/2.1. There is a copy in the AIMU.

  20. 20.

    Ce ne sont pas les scientifiques qui ont montré aux politiques la voie de la démobilisation, mais tout au contraire, les politiques qui, au milieu des années 1920, firent pression sur les états-majors des communautés savantes afin d’assouplir la mobilisation ininterrompue depuis la guerre.

  21. 21.

    Handwritten letter from De la Vallée Poussin to W. H. Young, February 7, 1929, AUL. There is a copy in the AIMU.

  22. 22.

    J’ai toujours été convaincu que é état une faute d’avoir écarté les allemands après la guerre et qu’ra le regrettèrent plus tard. J’ai du agir toujours avec une extrême circonspection à cause des idées de Picard et de presque tous mes collègues de la Académie de Belgique. Mais je crois que mon influence n’a pas été sans effet pour empêcher les américains de sortie de l’Union en 1924.

  23. 23.

    There is a beautiful picture of Grace in Gottingen in 1902 with Felix Klein and other members of the Mathematical club, see Rothman (1996; 93).

  24. 24.

    File entitled “Group of papers being copies and originals of letters on mathematics between W.H.Y. and G.C.Y. – 1891 – 1914”, AUL reference number D140/30/1.

  25. 25.

    Handwritten letter from G. H. Hardy to W. H. Young, December 1919, AUL reference number D140/9/55.

  26. 26.

    Ce travail de M. Young est le premier de ceux qui ont finalement bien fait comprendre ce que c’est qu’une integrate de Stieltjes.

  27. 27.

    Young (1913).

  28. 28.

    Hausdorff (1923).

  29. 29.

    Archive of the Royal Society, reference numbers EC/1907/17 and EC/1907/18.

  30. 30.

    Handwritten letter from W. H. Young to G. C. Young, February 2, 1902, AUL reference number D140/6/553.

  31. 31.

    Typed letter from H. Fehr to W. H. Young, January 29, 1929, AUL. There is a copy in the AIMU.

  32. 32.

    Mes remerciements à Madame Young pour sa notice concernant l’ouvrage de Sierpinski.

  33. 33.

    Handwritten letter from Ch. De la Vallée Poussin to W. H. Young, January 24, 1929, AUL. There is a copy in the AIMU.

  34. 34.

    It should be noted that four mathematicians from the Young family attended the 1928 Bologna congress: William Henry, his wife Grace, their daughter Cecilia, and their son Laurence.

  35. 35.

    Remettre en bonne voie le char de l’Union.

  36. 36.

    Calendar note January 4, 1930, AUL reference number D140/27/2.1. There is a copy in the AIMU.

  37. 37.

    Typed letter from W. H. Young to H. Fehr, February 2, 1929, AUL. There is a copy in the AIMU.

  38. 38.

    Typed letter from W. H. Young to H. Fehr, January 31, 1929, AUL. There is a copy in the AIMU.

  39. 39.

    Typed letters from W. H. Young to Ch. De la Vallée Poussin, January 28, 1929, and from W. H. Young to H. Lyons, February 1, 1929, AUL. There are copies in the AIMU.

  40. 40.

    Typed letter from H. Lyons to W. H. Young, February 5, 1929, AUL. There is a copy in the AIMU.

  41. 41.

    Typed letter from H. Lyons to W. H. Young, May 29, 1929, AUL. There is a copy in the AIMU.

  42. 42.

    Typed letter from W. H. Young to H. Lyons, February 10, 1929, AUL. There is a copy in the AIMU.

  43. 43.

    Calendar notes, reference number D140/27/2.1, AUL. There are copies in the AIMU.

  44. 44.

    Types notes by W. H. Young and Ch. de la Vallée Poussin, February 21, 1931, AUL. There is a copy in the AIMU.

  45. 45.

    Le conseil ne meure pas faute d’activité scientifique reconnue.

  46. 46.

    L’Union doit se prépecaper d’accroître cette activité scientifique et lui chercher de nouveaux domaines pour donner au Conseil une raison d’existences et de duré.

  47. 47.

    Il faut se méfier de ceux qui disent que les statutes actuales permettent toutes les activités imaginables, car c’est l’argument qu’on présente d’ordinaire por fair la obstruction aux changements proposes.

  48. 48.

    Young’s archive is full of letters related to preparations for these trips.

  49. 49.

    Typed letter from W. H. Young to C. Carathédory, January 31, 1929, AUL. There is a copy in the AIMU.

  50. 50.

    Handwritten letter from K. Knopp to W. H. Young, June 20, 1929, AUL. There is a copy in the AIMU.

  51. 51.

    Meiner Meinung nach kann man der Union beitreten, wenn in den Satzungen jede Bezugnahme auf den Conseil vermieden wird, wenn die Mitglieder der Union mathematische Organisationen oder Mathematiker sind, wenn nicht einzelne Mitglieder aus politischen Gründen statuarische Sonderrechte haben, wenn niemand a priori aus politischen Gründen von der Mitgliedschaft ausgeschlossen ist. (…) dass ein wirklicher Austritt der Union aus dem Conseil stattfindet, so dass auch dieser nicht mehr die Union als seine Suborganisation in Anspruch nehmen kann.

  52. 52.

    Handwritten notes by W. H. Young, August 15, 1932, AUL. There is a copy in the AIMU.

  53. 53.

    La Commission nommée par le Congrès de Zurich (…) Elle n’a pu, pour diverses raisons, arriver à un accord unanime sur la question d’une organisation internationale des mathématiciens. Elle souhaite que dans l’avenir la question posée puisse recevoir une solution.

  54. 54.

    Es ist ja richtig, dass die grossen Gedanken unserer Wissenschaft zumeist in der stillen Gelehrtenstube entstanden und ausgereift sind; keine Wissenschaft, die Philosophie etwa ausgenommen, besitzt einen so grüblerischen und einsiedlerischen Charakter wie die Mathematik. Aber dennoch lebt auch in der Brust des Mathematikers das Bedürfnis nach Mitteilung, nach Aussprache mit Fachgenossen. Und welch anregende Kraft dem persönlichen wissenschaftlichen Verkehre innewohnt, das hat gewiss jeder von uns schon an sich selbst erfahren. (…) Möge uns daneben eine heitere, ungezwungene Geselligkeit erfreuen, verschönt durch das Bewusstsein, dass sich hier Vertreter der verschiedensten Nationen in Friede und Freundschaft durch die idealsten Interessen verbunden fühlen.

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Acknowledgements

The author thanks the referee for useful suggestions. Special thanks go to Birgit Seeliger, the archivist of the International Mathematical Union, for her highly professional and generous help.

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Curbera, G.P. (2021). William Henry Young, an Unconventional President of the International Mathematical Union. In: Mazliak, L., Tazzioli, R. (eds) Mathematical Communities in the Reconstruction After the Great War 1918–1928. Trends in the History of Science. Birkhäuser, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61683-0_1

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