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[[Fil:Pictish stone strathpeffer eagle.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Piktiske sten|Piktisk sten]] fra Strathpeffer i [[Skotland]]]]
[[Fil:Bro-Bikt - Pictland.jpg|thumb|Pikternes område omkring 800]]

'''Pikterne''' var et [[Kelterne|keltisk folkeslag]], der boede på [[Storbritannien (ø)|Storbritannien]] nord for [[Forth (flod)|Forth]]–[[Clyde]]-halvøen inden [[vikingetiden]] og i den [[tidlig middelalder|tidlige middelalder]].<ref name=":0">{{harvnb|Woolf|2017}}</ref> Hvor de boede og detaljer om deres kultur kan udledes af tidlige middelalderlige tekst og [[piktiske sten]]monumenter, der er bevaret. Termen {{Lang|la|Picti}} optræder i skrevne kilder som et [[Eksonym og endonym|exonym]] fra slutningen af 200-tallet, men blev anvendt som [[Eksonym og endonym|endonym]] i slutningen af 600-tallet under [[Fortriu|Verturian-perioden]]. Dette varede i 160 år indtil [[Huset Alpin|Alpínid-dynastiet]] overtog, og det piktiske kongerige blev slået sammen med [[Dál Riata]] og dannede [[Kongeriget Alba]]. Konceptet med et "piktisk kongedømme" fortsatte i nogle få årtier indtil det helt blev opgivet som en moderne betegnelse for [[Konstantin 2. af Skotland|Caustantín mac Áeda]] regeringstid.<ref>{{harvnb|Fraser|2009|pp=43–67}}; {{harvnb|Fraser|2011|pp=155–44}}; {{harvnb|Woolf|2017}}</ref>

Tidlige middelalderlige kilder beskriver et særskilt [[piktisk (sprog)|piktisk sprog]], der menes at have været et [[økeltisk sprog]], der var tæt relateret til [[britisk (sprog)|britisk]], der blev talt af [[Britere]], som levede mod syd. Dette blev gradvist erstattet af [[mellemgælisk]] fra 800-tallet og frem. Pikterne antages at være nedstammet fra [[kaledoniere]] og andre [[britisk jernalder|jernalderstammer]], der nævnes af [[Romerriget|romerske]] historikere eller på [[Ptolemæus' verdenskort|verdenskortet]] fremstillet af [[Ptolemæus]].

Det piktiske samfund var typisk for mange samfund i den tidlige middelalders [[Nordeuropa]] og har mange paralleller til nabogrupper. [[Arkæologi]]ske fund har givet viden om deres kultur. Der er kun bevaret ganske få eksempler på nedskrevent piktisk, og størstedelen af deres historie kendes derfor fra eksterne kilder, inklusive [[Beda]]s ''[[Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum]]'', [[hagiografi]] på [[helgen]]ers liv som [[Columba af Iona|Columba]] af [[Adomnán]] og [[irske annaler]].
Et af de største fysiske vidnesbyrd om pikternes eksistens er de [[piktiske sten]], der er monumentale [[stele]]r, som findes flere steder i Skotland. Desuden findes der også rester af piktere i bl.a. [[Old Scatness]].
Blandt arkæologiske fund fra pikterne og andre genstande med piktisk kunst er [[Rogartbrochen]], [[St Andrews-sarkofagen]], [[St Ninian's Isle-skatten]] og [[Whitecleuchkæden]] nogle af de mest berømte. De piktiske sølvgenstande fra [[Norrie's Law-skatten]], der stammer fra 500-tallet, er den største samling piktisk sølv, der er fundet.<ref name="Journal of Victorian Culture">{{cite journal |last1=Foster |first1=Sally M. |last2=Blackwell |first2=Alice |last3=Goldberg |first3=Martin |title=The Legacy of Nineteenth-century Replicas for Object Cultural Biographies: Lessons in Duplication from 1830s Fife |journal=Journal of Victorian Culture |date=2014 |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=137–160 |doi=10.1080/13555502.2014.919079|hdl=1893/21160 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

== Oprindelse ==
Den oprindelige myte om pikternes oprindelse blev beskrevet i [[Beda]]s ''[[Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum]]'', der beskriver pikterne som bosættere fra [[Skytien]], der ankom til nordkysten af [[Irland]] ved en tilfældighed. Lokale [[Skoter (folk)|skoter]]-ledere sendt dem videre mod det nordlige Storbritannien, som de herefter bosatte sig og giftede sig med skoterne.<ref>{{harvnb|Skene|1867|p=4}}; translation in {{harvnb|Anderson|1922|p=cxvii}}; {{harvnb|Fraser|2009|pp=238–239}}</ref> Den ''[[Piktiske krønike]]'' gentager denne historie, og navngiver yderligere den mytiske grundlæggende leder ''Cruithne'' (det gæliske navn for ''pikter''), der blev efterfulgt af sin sønner, hvis navne svarer til de syv piktiske områder ''[[Circin]]'', ''Fidach'', ''[[Fortriu]]'', ''[[Atholl|Fotla]]'' (''Atholl''), ''[[Kongeriget Cat|Cat]]'', ''[[Cé (piktisk territorie)|Ce]]'' og ''[[Fife|Fib]]''.<ref>{{harvnb|Skene|1867|p=4}}; translation in {{harvnb|Anderson|1922|p=cxvii}}</ref> Bedas beskrivelse har længe været opfattet som en pseudohistorisk litterær opfindelse,<ref>{{harvnb|Wainwright|1955|p=25}}; {{harvnb|Smyth|1984|p=59}}; {{harvnb|Fraser|2009|p=238}}; {{harvnb|Fraser|2011}}</ref> og menes at være af piktisk oprindelse, komponeret omkring år 700.<ref>{{harvnb|Fraser|2009|p=239}}</ref> Strukturen minder om myterne for andre folkefærd, og mytens primære formål synes at være, at legitimere Fortrius annekteringen af det piktiske territorium og den yderligere oprettelse af Pikterland.<ref>{{harvnb|Fraser|2009}}; {{harvnb|Fraser|2011}}; {{harvnb|Evans|2019}}</ref>

Et studie fra 2023 [[DNA-sekventering|sekventerede]] hele [[genom]]et fra otte individer, der blev associeret med den piktiske periode (ca. år 300-900), udgravet på kirkegårde ved [[Lundin Links]] i Fife og [[Balintore (Easter Ross)|Balintore]], [[Easter Ross]]. Studiet viste "brede affiniteter" mellem piktiske genomer fra hovedlandet, [[Britere|jernalder-britere]] og nutidens folk, der bor i det vestlige Skotland, [[Wales]], [[Nordirland]] og [[Northumbria]], men mindre end resten af [[England]], hvilket understøtter de nuværende arkæologiske teorier om en "lokal oprindelse" for det piktiske folk.<ref>{{harvnb|Morez et al.|2023}}</ref>

== Historie ==
[[Fil:StèleRocheCelte.jpg|thumb|thumb|Den såkaldte [[Rosemarkie skulpturfragmenter|Daniel Stone]], kors-stenfragment fundet ved [[Rosemarkie]], [[Easter Ross]]]]

Området der blev okkuperet af pikterne var tidligere beskrevet af romerske forfattere og geografer som hjem for ''[[Kaledoniere|Caledonii]]''.<ref>e.g. af [[Tacitus]], [[Ptolemæus]], ogsom ''Dicalydonii'' af [[Ammianus Marcellinus]]. Ptolemæus kaldte havet vest for Skotland for ''Oceanus Duecaledonius''.</ref> Disse romere havde også brugt andre navne til at referere til de brianniske stammer, der levede i området, heriblandt ''[[Verturiones]]'', ''[[Taexali]]'' og ''[[Venicones]]''.<ref>E.g. Ptolemæus, Ammianus Marcellinus.</ref>

Den skrevne historie, der omhandler pikterne som folk, stammer fra den tidlige middelalder. På dette tidspunkt kontrollerede [[gælere|gælerne]] i [[Dál Riata]] det, som nu er [[Argyll]] som en del af et kongerige, der gik fra havet mellem Storbritannien og Irland. [[Anglere|Anglerne]] fra [[Bernicia]], der blev slået sammen med [[Deira]] for at danne [[Northumbria]], overmanede de omkringliggende britiske kongeriger, og i meget af 600-tallet var Northumbria det mest magtfulde kongerige i Storbritannien.<ref>See e.g. {{harvnb|Higham|1993}}</ref> Pikterne var sandsynligvis underlagt Northumbria som vasalstat indtil [[Bridei 3. af pikterne|Bridei mac Belis]] regeringstid, hvor anglerne i 685 led et nederlag under [[slaget ved Dun Nechtain]], som stoppede deres udvidelse af kongerige mod nord. Northumbria fortsatte med at dominere det sydlige Skotland i resten af den piktiske periode.

[[Fil:CollierArgentCelte.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Whitecleuchkæden]] er en [[sølv]]kæde af høj status fra pikternes kongerige. Der kendes ti lignende kæder fra 300-tallet og frem til 700-tallet]]

Dál Riata lå under den piktiske konge [[Óengus 1. af pikterne|Óengus mac Fergusa]] (regerede 729–761), og selvom det havde sine egne konger i begyndelsen af 760'erne, så har de tilsyneladende ikke at komme sig over uafhængigheden fra pikterne.<ref>{{harvnb|Broun|1998}} til genskabelse af riget Dál Riata. Den manglende omtale i de [[irske annaler]] bliver ignoreret af {{harvnb|Bannerman|1999}}.</ref> En senere piktisk konge, [[Caustantín af pikterne|Caustantín mac Fergusa]] (793–820), placerede sin søn Domnall på Dál Riatas trone (811–835).<ref>Ifølge {{harvnb|Broun|1998}}--men Dál Riatas historie efter dette er usikker.</ref> Pikterne forsøgte at opnå lignende dominans over briterne i [[Kongeriget Strathclyde|Alt Clut]] ([[Strathclyde]]) men var ikke succesfulde.<ref>Cf. the failed attempts by [[Óengus I of the Picts|Óengus mac Fergusa]].</ref>

[[Vikingetiden]] forårsagede store ændringer i Storbritannien og Irland, og ikke mindste i [[Skotland]], hvor vikingerne erobrede og bosatte sig på øerne og forskellige områder i hovedlandet inklusive [[Caithness]], [[Sutherland]] og [[Galloway]]. I midten af 800-tallet siges [[Ketil Fladnæse]] at have grundlagt [[Kongedømmet Mann og Øerne]], der regerede i mange af pikternes territorier, og i slutningen af århundredet havde [[vikinger]]ne ødelagt kongeriget Northumbria, svækket Kongeriget Strathclyde meget og grundlagt [[kongeriget York]]. I et [[Slaget i 839|stort slag i 839]] dræbte vikingerne kongen af [[Fortriu]], [[Uen af pikterne|Eógan mac Óengusa]], kongen Dál Riata [[Áed mac Boanta]] og mange andre.<ref>[[Ulster-annalerne]] (s.a. 839): "The (Vikings) won a battle against the men of Fortriu, and Eóganán son of Aengus, Bran son of Óengus, Aed son of Boanta, and others almost innumerable fell there."</ref> I efterspillet, i 840'erne, blev [[Kenneth 1. af Skotland|Cínaed mac Ailpín]] (Kenneth MacAlpin) konge over pikterne.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Corbishley|first1=Mike|last2=Gillingham|first2=John|author-link2=John Gillingham|last3=Kelly|first3=Rosemary|last4=Dawson|first4=Ian|last5=Mason|first5=James|last6=Morgan|first6=Kenneth O.|author-link6=Kenneth O. Morgan|date=1996|orig-year=1996|chapter=The kingdoms in Britain & Ireland|title=The Young Oxford History of Britain & Ireland|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location= Oxford|page=[https://archive.org/details/youngoxfordhisto00mike/page/80 80]|isbn=019-910035-7|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/youngoxfordhisto00mike/page/80}}</ref>

Under Cínaeds barnebarb, [[Konstantin 2. af Skotland|Caustantín mac Áeda]] (900–943) begyndte udefrakommende at omtale området som Kongeriget Alba frem for PIkternes Kongerige, men det vides ikke om der var etableret et nyt kongerige eller om Alba simpelthen er en tætte approksimation af det piktiske navn for pikterne. Det [[Piktisk (sprog)|piktiske sprog]] forsvandt dog ikke pludseligt, men en tydelig [[gælificering]], der kan være begyndt flere generationer før, var i gang allerede under Caustantín og hans efterfølgere.

På et tidspunkt, sandsynligvis i 1000-tallet, var alle indbyggerne i det nordlige Alba blevet fuldt gælificerede skotter, og den piktiske identitet blev glemt.<ref>{{harvnb|Broun|1997}}; {{harvnb|Broun|2001c}}; {{harvnb|Forsyth|2005|pp=28–32}}; {{harvnb|Woolf|2001a}}; cf. {{harvnb|Bannerman|1999}}, passim, representing the "traditional" view.</ref> [[Henrik af Huntingdon]] var en af det første overlevende historikere til at beskrive at pikterne var forsvundet i ''Historia Anglorum'' fra 1100-tallet.<ref>{{harvnb|Woolf|2007|p=1}}</ref> Senere blev ideen om pikterne som en stamme genoplive i [[myte]] og [[legende]].<ref>Eksempelvis [[Pech (mytologi)|Pechs]] og muligvis [[småfolk]] (engelsk [[pixie]]. Men {{harvnb|Foster|1996}} citerer {{harvnb|Toland|1726|p=145}}: "they are apt all over Scotland to make everything Pictish whose origin they do not know." Det samme kunne siges om de piktiske myter.</ref>

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{{refend}}

== Eksterne henvisninger ==
{{Commonscat|Picts}}
* Glasgow University [http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/ ePrints], inkluderet Katherine Forsyths
** [http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/archive/00002081/01/languagepictland.pdf ''Language in Pictland'' (pdf)] og
** [http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/2461/01/PictLit.pdf ''Literacy in Pictland'' (pdf)]
* [http://celt.ucc.ie/index.html CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts] hos [http://www.ucc.ie/ University College Cork]
** ''Corpus of Electronic Texts'' (CELT) inkluderer middelaldermanuskriptene ''Annals of Ulster'', ''Tigernach'', ''the Four Masters'' og ''Innisfallen'', ''Chronicon Scotorum'', ''Lebor Bretnach'', slægtslister og en række helgenbiografier. De fleste er oversat til engelsk, eller oversættelse er på gang.
* [http://www.mimas.ac.uk/~zzalsaw2/pictish.html ''The Pictish Chronicle'']
* [http://www.scotlandroyalty.org Scotland Royalty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327103148/http://www.scotlandroyalty.org/ |date=27. marts 2020 }}
* [http://www.arts.ed.ac.uk/scothist/booklets/sh1/documents-alba.html ''The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070606150144/http://www.arts.ed.ac.uk/scothist/booklets/sh1/documents-alba.html |date= 6. juni 2007 }}
* [http://historical.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/cul.cdl/docviewer?did=cdl360 ''Annals of Clonmacnoise''] hos [http://historical.library.cornell.edu/cdl/index.html Cornell]
* [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/bede/history.pdf Bede's ''Ecclesiastical History'' og dennes fortsettelse (pdf)], hos [http://www.ccel.org CCEL], oversat af A. M. Sellar.
* [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/annalescambriae.html ''Annales Cambriae'' (oversatt)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204110611/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/annalescambriae.html |date= 4. december 2010 }} hos [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook.html Internet Medieval Sourcebook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001011143617/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook.html |date=11. oktober 2000 }}.
<!--*No online versions of the ''Historia Regum Anglorum et Danicorum'' or ''De Situ Albanie'' are known.-->
* [http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/library/psas/ Proceedings] hos ''Society of Antiquaries of Scotland'' (PSAS) i 1999 (pdf).
* [http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/arch/staff/sites/tarbat/ Tarbat Discovery Programme] med rapporter om udgravninger i Portmahomack.
* [http://www.dot-domesday.me.uk/picts.htm The Birth of Scotland]
* [http://www.hippy.com/albion/woad.htm Woad and its mis-association with Pictish BodyArt]

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