Biomarker raka

Biomarker raka odnosi se na supstancu ili proces koji ukazuje na prisustvo raka u tijelu. Biomarker može biti molekula koji luči tumor ili specifičan odgovor tijela na prisustvo raka. Genetski,^[1] epigenetski,^[2] proteomski,^[3] glikomični,^[4] i slikovni biomarkeri mogu se koristiti za dijagnozu raka, prognozu i epidemiologiju. U idealnom slučaju, takvi biomarkeri se mogu analizirati u neinvazivno prikupljenim biofluidima poput krvi ili seruma.^[5]

Iako postoje brojni izazovi u prevođenju istraživanja biomarkera u klinički prostor; određeni broj biomarkera zasnovanih na genima i proteinima već je korišten u nekom trenutku u njezi pacijenata; uključujući, AFP ( karcinom jetre), BCR-ABL (hkronična mijeloična leukemija), BRCA1 / BRCA2 (rak dojke /jajnika), BRAF V600E (melanom / karcinom debelog crijeva), CA-125 (rak jajnika), CA19.9 (rak pankreasa), CEA (kolorektalni karcinom), EGFR (Nemaloćelijski karcinom pluća), HER-2 (rak dojke), KIT ( gastrointestinalni stromalni tumor), PSA (specifični antigen prostate) (rak prostate), S100 (melanom), i mnogi drugi.^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15] Sami mutantni proteini otkriveni praćenjem odabranih reakcija (SRM) su prijavljeni kao najspecifičniji biomarkeri za rak jer mogu doći samo iz postojećeg tumora.^[16] Oko 40% karcinoma se može izliječiti ako se rano otkrije pregledima.^[17]

Definicije biomarkera raka

Organizacije i publikacije razlikuju se po definiciji biomarkera. U mnogim područjima medicine, biomarkeri su ograničeni na proteine koji se mogu identificirati ili izmjeriti u krvi ili urinu. Međutim, termin se često koristi da pokrije bilo koje molekularno, biohemijsko, fiziološko ili anatomsko svojstvo koje se može kvantificirati ili izmjeriti.

Reference

^ "Genetic biomarkers of cancer risk". Seminars in Oncology Nursing. 28 (2): 122–128. maj 2012. doi:10.1016/j.soncn.2012.03.007. PMC 10433658 Provjerite vrijednost parametra |pmc= (pomoć). PMID 22542320.
^ "Genetic and epigenetic alterations as biomarkers for cancer detection, diagnosis and prognosis". Molecular Oncology. 1 (1): 26–41. juni 2007. doi:10.1016/j.molonc.2007.01.004. PMC 5543860. PMID 19383285.
^ "Proteomic cancer biomarkers from discovery to approval: it's worth the effort". Expert Review of Proteomics. 11 (2): 135–136. april 2014. doi:10.1586/14789450.2014.897614. PMC 4079106. PMID 24646122.
^ "Mass spectrometry for glycan biomarker discovery". TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 100: 7–14. 2018. doi:10.1016/j.trac.2017.12.015.
^ "Cancer biomarkers: are we ready for the prime time?". Cancers. 2 (1): 190–208. mart 2010. doi:10.3390/cancers2010190. PMC 3827599. PMID 24281040.
^ "Cancer Biomarkers: Surviving the journey from bench to bedside". Medical Laboratory Observer. mart 2011. Arhivirano s originala, 14. 10. 2013. Pristupljeno 26. 4. 2013.
^ "Biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma". International Journal of Hepatology. 2012: 859076. 1. 1. 2012. doi:10.1155/2012/859076. PMC 3357951. PMID 22655201.
^ "BRCA mutations, molecular markers, and clinical variables in early-onset breast cancer: a population-based study". Breast. 16 (3): 280–292. juni 2007. doi:10.1016/j.breast.2006.12.003. PMID 17257844. Nepoznati parametar |displayauthors= zanemaren (prijedlog zamjene: |display-authors=) (pomoć)
^ "BRAF as a target for cancer therapy". Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry. 11 (3): 285–295. mart 2011. doi:10.2174/187152011795347469. PMID 21426297.
^ Lamparella N, Barochia A, Almokadem S (2013). "Impact of Genetic Markers on Treatment of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer". Impact of Genetic Targets on Cancer Therapy. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 779. str. 145–164. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6176-0_6. ISBN 978-1-4614-6175-3. PMID 23288638.
^ "Targeting the HER2 receptor in metastatic breast cancer". Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Therapy. 5 (3): 127–137. 2012. doi:10.5144/1658-3876.2012.127. PMID 23095788.
^ "Circulating levels of soluble KIT serve as a biomarker for clinical outcome in gastrointestinal stromal tumor patients receiving sunitinib following imatinib failure". Clinical Cancer Research. 15 (18): 5869–5877. septembar 2009. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-2480. PMC 3500590. PMID 19737953. Nepoznati parametar |displayauthors= zanemaren (prijedlog zamjene: |display-authors=) (pomoć)
^ "Prostatic specific antigen and bone scan in the diagnosis and follow-up of prostate cancer. Can diagnostic significance of PSA be increased?". Hellenic Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 15 (3): 241–246. Sep–Dec 2012. PMID 23227460.
^ "The current status of S-100B as a biomarker in melanoma". European Journal of Surgical Oncology. 38 (4): 281–285. april 2012. doi:10.1016/j.ejso.2011.12.005. PMID 22240030.
^ "Biomarkers in cancer staging, prognosis and treatment selection". Nature Reviews. Cancer. 5 (11): 845–856. novembar 2005. doi:10.1038/nrc1739. PMID 16239904.
^ "Mutant proteins as cancer-specific biomarkers". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (6): 2444–2449. februar 2011. Bibcode:2011PNAS..108.2444W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1019203108. PMC 3038743. PMID 21248225. Nepoznati parametar |displayauthors= zanemaren (prijedlog zamjene: |display-authors=) (pomoć)
^ "Liquid biopsy of circulating tumor DNA and biosensor applications". Biosensors & Bioelectronics. 126: 596–607. februar 2019. doi:10.1016/j.bios.2018.11.037. PMID 30502682.

[1] "Genetic biomarkers of cancer risk". Seminars in Oncology Nursing. 28 (2): 122–128. maj 2012. doi:10.1016/j.soncn.2012.03.007. PMC 10433658 Provjerite vrijednost parametra |pmc= (pomoć). PMID 22542320.

[2] "Genetic and epigenetic alterations as biomarkers for cancer detection, diagnosis and prognosis". Molecular Oncology. 1 (1): 26–41. juni 2007. doi:10.1016/j.molonc.2007.01.004. PMC 5543860. PMID 19383285.

[3] "Proteomic cancer biomarkers from discovery to approval: it's worth the effort". Expert Review of Proteomics. 11 (2): 135–136. april 2014. doi:10.1586/14789450.2014.897614. PMC 4079106. PMID 24646122.

[4] "Mass spectrometry for glycan biomarker discovery". TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 100: 7–14. 2018. doi:10.1016/j.trac.2017.12.015.

[5] "Cancer biomarkers: are we ready for the prime time?". Cancers. 2 (1): 190–208. mart 2010. doi:10.3390/cancers2010190. PMC 3827599. PMID 24281040.

[6] "Cancer Biomarkers: Surviving the journey from bench to bedside". Medical Laboratory Observer. mart 2011. Arhivirano s originala, 14. 10. 2013. Pristupljeno 26. 4. 2013.

[7] "Biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma". International Journal of Hepatology. 2012: 859076. 1. 1. 2012. doi:10.1155/2012/859076. PMC 3357951. PMID 22655201.

[8] "BRCA mutations, molecular markers, and clinical variables in early-onset breast cancer: a population-based study". Breast. 16 (3): 280–292. juni 2007. doi:10.1016/j.breast.2006.12.003. PMID 17257844. Nepoznati parametar |displayauthors= zanemaren (prijedlog zamjene: |display-authors=) (pomoć)

[9] "BRAF as a target for cancer therapy". Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry. 11 (3): 285–295. mart 2011. doi:10.2174/187152011795347469. PMID 21426297.

[10] Lamparella N, Barochia A, Almokadem S (2013). "Impact of Genetic Markers on Treatment of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer". Impact of Genetic Targets on Cancer Therapy. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 779. str. 145–164. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6176-0_6. ISBN 978-1-4614-6175-3. PMID 23288638.

[11] "Targeting the HER2 receptor in metastatic breast cancer". Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Therapy. 5 (3): 127–137. 2012. doi:10.5144/1658-3876.2012.127. PMID 23095788.

[12] "Circulating levels of soluble KIT serve as a biomarker for clinical outcome in gastrointestinal stromal tumor patients receiving sunitinib following imatinib failure". Clinical Cancer Research. 15 (18): 5869–5877. septembar 2009. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-2480. PMC 3500590. PMID 19737953. Nepoznati parametar |displayauthors= zanemaren (prijedlog zamjene: |display-authors=) (pomoć)

[13] "Prostatic specific antigen and bone scan in the diagnosis and follow-up of prostate cancer. Can diagnostic significance of PSA be increased?". Hellenic Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 15 (3): 241–246. Sep–Dec 2012. PMID 23227460.

[14] "The current status of S-100B as a biomarker in melanoma". European Journal of Surgical Oncology. 38 (4): 281–285. april 2012. doi:10.1016/j.ejso.2011.12.005. PMID 22240030.

[15] "Biomarkers in cancer staging, prognosis and treatment selection". Nature Reviews. Cancer. 5 (11): 845–856. novembar 2005. doi:10.1038/nrc1739. PMID 16239904.

[16] "Mutant proteins as cancer-specific biomarkers". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (6): 2444–2449. februar 2011. Bibcode:2011PNAS..108.2444W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1019203108. PMC 3038743. PMID 21248225. Nepoznati parametar |displayauthors= zanemaren (prijedlog zamjene: |display-authors=) (pomoć)

[Li_596–607-17] "Liquid biopsy of circulating tumor DNA and biosensor applications". Biosensors & Bioelectronics. 126: 596–607. februar 2019. doi:10.1016/j.bios.2018.11.037. PMID 30502682.

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