Ignatius of Loyola: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox saint

| image=St Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556) Founder of the Jesuits.jpg

| imagesize=180px

| caption=Portrait by [[Peter Paul Rubens]].

| birth_date=October 23, 1491<br>[[Azpeitia|Loyola]], [[Guipúzcoa]], [[Basque Country (greater region)|Basque Country]], [[Kingdom of Castille]]

| death_date=July 31, 1556 (aged 65)<br>[[Rome]], [[Papal States]]

| feast_day=July 31

| venerated_in=[[Roman Catholic Church]], [[Anglican Communion]]

| beatified_date=July 27, 1609

| beatified_by=[[Pope Paul V]]

| canonized_date=March 12, 1622

| canonized_by=[[Pope Gregory XV]]

| attributes=[[Eucharist]], [[chasuble]], [[book]], cross

| patronage=Dioceses of [[San Sebastián]] and [[Bilbao]], [[Biscay]] & [[Guipúzcoa]], [[Basque Country (greater region)|Basque Country]], [[Philippines|Military Ordinariate of the Philippines]], [[Society of Jesus]], [[soldier]]s, Educators and [[Education]].

| issues=

| prayer= 'Prayer for Generosity''' in infobox "Suscipe"

Lord, teach me to be generous.

Teach me to serve you as you deserve,

to give and not to count the cost,

to fight and not to heed the wounds,

to toil and not to seek for rest,

to labor and not to ask for any reward,

save that of knowing that I do Thy will.

Amen.

| prayer_attrib=St. Ignatius of Loyola

}}

'''Ignatius of Loyola''' ({{lang-eu|Iñigo Loiolakoa}}, {{lang-es|Ignacio de Loyola}}) (1491<ref name="RGV"/> – July 31, 1556) was a Spanish knight from a [[Basque people|local]] noble family, [[hermit]], [[Priesthood (Catholic Church)|priest]] since 1537, and [[Theology|theologian]], who founded the [[Society of Jesus]] (Jesuits) and was its first [[Superior General of the Society of Jesus|Superior General]].<ref name="Idig">{{cite book | last = Idígoras Tellechea | first = José Ignacio| title = Ignatius of Loyola: The Pilgrim Saint|chapter= When was he born? His nurse's account | publisher = Loyola University Press | location = Chicago | year = 1994 | isbn = 0-8294-0779-0| pages=45|url=http://books.google.com/?id=mWO8ZeN8D5sC&printsec=frontcover#PPA45,M1 }}</ref> Ignatius emerged as a religious leader during the [[Counter-Reformation]]. Loyola's devotion to the [[Catholic Church]] was characterized by unquestioning obedience to the Catholic Church's authority and hierarchy.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/REFORM/COUNTER.HTM | accessdate=2010-03-28 | title=The Counter-Reformation | publisher=Washington State University}}</ref>

After being seriously wounded in the [[Battle of Pampeluna#Pampeluna|Battle of Pamplona]] in 1521, he underwent a spiritual conversion while in recovery. ''De Vita Christi'' by [[Ludolph of Saxony]] inspired Loyola to abandon his previous military life and devote himself to labour for God, following the example of spiritual leaders such as [[Francis of Assisi]]. He experienced a vision of the Virgin Mary and the infant Jesus while at the shrine of [[Our Lady of Montserrat]] in March 1522. Thereafter he went to [[Manresa]], where he began praying for seven hours a day, often in a nearby cave, while formulating the fundamentals of the [[Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola|''Spiritual Exercises'']]. In September 1523, Loyola reached the [[Holy Land]] to settle there, but was sent back to [[Europe]] by the [[Franciscans]].

Between 1524 and 1537, Ignatius studied theology and [[Latin]] in Spain and then in Paris. In 1534, he arrived in the latter city during a period of anti-Protestant turmoil which forced [[John Calvin]] to flee France. Ignatius and a few followers bound themselves by vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience. In 1539, they formed the Society of Jesus, approved in 1540 by [[Pope Paul III]], as well as his ''Spiritual Exercises'' approved in 1548. Loyola also composed the ''Constitutions'' of the Society. He died in July 1556, was [[beatification|beatified]] by [[Pope Paul V]] in 1609, [[canonization|canonized]] by [[Pope Gregory XV]] in 1622, and declared patron of all spiritual retreats by [[Pope Pius XI]] in 1922. Ignatius' feast day is celebrated on July 31. Ignatius is a foremost [[patron saint]] of soldiers, the Society of Jesus, the [[Basque Country (greater region)|Basque Country]], and the provinces of Guipúzcoa and Biscay.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.turismoa.euskadi.net/contenidos/informacion/s11_folletos/en_s11/folletos/cultura/cultura_ing_fiestas_verano.pdf | accessdate=2008-07-24 | title=Summer Fiestas | publisher=euskadi.net}}</ref>

== Early life ==

[[File:Santuario De Loyola, Basque Country, Spain.jpg|left|178px|thumb|[[Sanctuary of Loyola]], in [[Azpeitia]], built over Ignatius' birthplace.]]

Iñigo Loiolakoa (sometimes erroneously called Íñigo López de Recalde)<ref name="cathenc">{{CathEncy| wstitle =St._Ignatius_Loyola| title =St. Ignatius Loyola |author=

[[John Hungerford Pollen (Jesuit)|John Hungerford Pollen]]| first = | last = | authorlink = | accessdate =2008-06-28}}</ref> was born in the [[municipality]] of [[Azpeitia]] at the castle of Loyola in today's [[Basque Country (greater region)|Basque Country]] of Gipuzkoa, [[Basque Country (greater region)|Basque Country]], Spain, formerly in the [[Kingdom of Navarra]] by then absorbed into the [[Kingdom of Castile]] soon to be merged with the [[Kingdom of Aragon]] <ref name="N1">The southern part of the [[Pyrenees]] of the Kingdom of Navarre, having been absorbed by the [[Kingdom of Castile]] in 1499, became part of the unified [[Spain|Kingdom of Spain]]</ref> He was baptized Íñigo, after [[St. Enecus]] (Innicus), Abbot of [[Oña]],<ref name="cathenc" /> a mediaeval Basque name arguably meaning "My little".<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.euskaltzaindia.org/index.php?option=com_eoda&Itemid=191&lang=es&testua=eneko&view=izenak | title = Nombres: Eneko | publisher = Euskaltzaindia (The Royal Academy of the Basque Language) | accessdate = 2009-04-23}} Article in Spanish</ref> It is unclear when he started using Ignatius instead of his baptismal name "Íñigo" ({{lang-la| Enecus}}; {{lang-eu|Eneko}}; {{lang-es|Íñigo}}).<ref name="Verd1">{{cite journal | last = Verd | first =Gabriel María| title =El "Íñigo" de San Ignacio de Loyola| journal = Archivum Historicum Societatis Iesu| volume =45| pages =95–128 | publisher =Institutum Historicum Societatis Iesu | location =Roma | year =1976 | url = | issn = 0037-8887 | language=Spanish }}</ref> Ignatius did not intend to change his name but rather adopted for France and Italy a name which he believed was a simple variant of his own, and which was more acceptable among foreigners.<ref name="Verd2">{{cite journal | last = Verd | first =Gabriel María | title =De Iñigo a Ignacio. El cambio de nombre en San Ignacio de Loyola | journal = Archivum Historicum Societatis Iesu| volume =60 | pages =113–160 | publisher =Institutum Historicum Societatis Iesu | location =Roma| year =1991 | url = | issn = 0037-8887 | quote=''That St. Ignatius of Loyola's name was changed is a known fact, but it cannot be said that it is widely known in the historiography of the saint&nbsp;— neither the characteristics of the names Iñigo and Ignacio nor the reasons for the change. It is first necessary to make clear the meaning of the names; they are distinct, despite the persistently held opinion in onomastic (dictionaries) and popular thought. In Spain Ignacio and Iñigo are at times used interchangeably just as if they were Jacobo and Jaime. With reference to the name Iñigo, it is fitting to give some essential notions to eliminate ambiguities and help understand what follows. This name first appears on the Ascoli brome (dated November 18, 90 BC), in a list of Spanish knights belonging to a Turma salluitana or Saragossan. It speaks of Elandus Enneces f[ilius], and according to Menéndez Pidal the final «s» is the «z» of Spanish patronymics, and could be nothing other than Elando Iñiguez. It is an ancestral Hispanic name. Ignacio, on the other hand, is a Latin name. In classical Latin there is Egnatius with an initial E. It appears only twice with an initial I (Ignatius) in the sixty volumes of the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. This late Latin and Greek form prevailed. In the classical period Egnatius was used as a nomen (gentilitial name) and not as a praenomen (first name) or cognomen (surname), except in very rare cases. (...) The most important conclusion, perhaps unexpected, but not unknown, is that St. Ignatius did not change his name. That is to say, he did not intend to change it. What he did was to adopt for France and Italy a name which he believed was a simple variant of his own, and which was more acceptable among foreigners. That Ignacio ended up replacing Iñigo does not change his intention. If he had remained in Spain, he would have, without doubt, remained Iñigo.''|language=Spanish}}</ref>

The youngest of 13 children, Íñigo López was brought up by María de Garín, the local blacksmith's wife, after his own mother died soon after his birth.<ref>Page 9, Ignatius of Loyola, the Psychology of a Saint; W.W Meissner SJ MD, Yale University Press, 1992</ref> Íñigo adopted the last name "de Loyola" in reference of the Basque village of Loyola where he was born. He later became a [[Page (servant)|page]] in the service of a relative, Juan Velázquez de Cuéllar, treasurer (''contador mayor'') of the kingdom of [[Crown of Castile|Castile]].

In 1509, Íñigo took up arms for [[Antonio Manrique de Lara]], Duke of [[Nájera]] and [[Viceroy of Navarre]]. According to Thomas Rochford, S.J., his diplomacy and leadership qualities made him a ''[[w:es:Gentilhombre|gentilhombre]]''<ref name="dic">''Gentilhombre'' should be understood as servant of the court. By contrast, the English term ''Gentleman'' denotes a man of good family. In this sense the word equates with the French ''[[w:fr:Gentilhomme|Gentilhomme]]'' (nobleman), which latter term was in [[Great Britain]] long confined to the [[peerage]].(see Spanish Wikipedia article ''[[w:es:Gentilhombre|Gentilhombre]]''.)</ref> very useful to the Duke.<ref name="j1">{{cite web |url=http://www.sjweb.info/jesuits/ignatius.cfm |title=St. Ignatius Loyola: the pilgrim and man of prayer who founded the Society of Jesus |accessdate= 2007-11-15 |last=Rochford |first=Thomas |date= |work= |publisher= Society of Jesus }}</ref> Under the Duke's leadership, he participated in many battles without injury to himself. But when the French army, supporting the Navarrese monarchy expelled in 1512, stormed Pamplona's fortress on May 20, 1521, a [[round shot|cannonball]] wounded one of his legs and broke the other.<ref name="j1"/> Heavily injured, Íñigo was returned to the castle. He was very concerned about the injuries on his leg and had several surgical operations, which were very painful in the days before anaesthetics.

[[File:Ignatius of Loyola (militant).jpg|right|180px|thumb|Ignatius in armor.]]

During this time he read the ''De Vita Christi'', by [[Ludolph of Saxony]], in a [[Catalan language|Catalan]] edition. This work influenced his whole life. ''De Vita Christi'' is the result of forty years of work by Ludolph. It is a commentary on the life of [[Jesus]] Christ, a commentary on the Gospels borrowing extracts from the works of over sixty of the Fathers of the Church. Ludolph particularly quotes [[Pope Gregory I|St Gregory the Great]], [[St Basil]], [[St Augustine]] and the [[Venerable Bede]]. Ludolph proposes to the reader that he place himself at the scene of the Gospel story; that he visualise the crib at the Nativity etc. etc. This is known as a method of prayer called Simple Contemplation and is the basis of the method that St. Ignatius sets out in his Spiritual Exercises.<ref>Sr Mary Immaculate Bodenstedt, "The Vita Christi of Ludolphus the Carthusian", a Dissertation, Washington: Catholic University of America Press 1944 British Library Catalogue No. Ac2692.y/29.(16).</ref>

== Religious Conversion and Religious Life ==

During his period of convalescence in 1521, Ignatius read a series of religious texts, on the life of [[Jesus]]<ref>"The Vita Christi" by Charles Abbot Conway ''Analecta Cartusiana'' 34</ref><ref>"Ludolph's Life of Christ" by Father Henry James Coleridge in ''The Month'' Vol. 17 (New Series VI) July&nbsp;— December 1872, pp. 337–370</ref> and on the lives of the [[saint]]s; he became fired with an ambition to lead a life of self-denying labour and to emulate the heroic deeds of [[Francis of Assisi]] and other great monastics. He resolved to devote himself to the conversion of non-Christians in the [[Holy Land]]. Upon recovery, he visited the Benedictine monastery, [[Santa Maria de Montserrat]] (March 25, 1522), where he hung his military vestments before an image of [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|the Virgin]]. He then traveled to the town of [[Manresa]], [[Catalonia]] and spent several months in a cave near where he practiced rigorous [[asceticism]]. Ignatius also began seeing a series of visions in full daylight while in hospital. These repetitive visions appeared as "a form in the air near him and this form gave him much consolation because it was exceedingly beautiful ... it somehow seemed to have the shape of a serpent and had many things that shone like eyes, but were not eyes. He received much delight and consolation from gazing upon this object ... but when the object vanished he became disconsolate." <ref>''Jesuits, A Multibiography'' by Jean Lacouture, p. 18, Washington, D.C.: Counterpoint, 1995</ref> In 1523, he instituted a pilgrimage to the Holy Land on a path of self-denial and sacrifice. He briefly remained from September 3 to 23 but was not permitted to stay. Twelve years later, standing before the Pope with his companions, he again proposed sending his companions as emissaries to Jerusalem.<ref>''Jesuits, A Multibiography'' by Jean Lacouture, p. 24, Washington, D.C.: Counterpoint, 1995</ref>

{{jesuit}}

[[File:Vision of St. Ignatius of Loyola.jpg|left|180px|thumb|Visions of Ignatius.]]

Returning to Spain, he and his companions were occupied in University of Alcalá (the present-day [[Complutense University of Madrid]], not the newer [[University of Alcalá]] established in 1977) with the task of making disciples of women called as witnesses by the Inquisition under the direction of magistrate Alonso Mejias. Although the ''alumbrados'' [Illuminated; Illuminati; Enlightened Ones] of Spain were linked in their zeal and spirituality to the Franciscan reforms of which Cardinal de Cisneros was a promoter," the administrators of the Inquisition had mounting suspicions. These female disciples, [[Doña]] Leo, Doña Maria, and Doña Beatriz were so hysterically zealous that "one fell senseless, another sometimes rolled about on the ground, another had been seen in the grip of convulsions or shuddering and sweating in anguish." This suspicious activity had taken place while Ignatius and his companions were regularly preaching in public. Because of his "street-corner perorations" being identified "with the activities of the ''alumbrados''," Ignatius was naturally singled out for inspection as one of these visionaries; however he was later released.<ref>''Jesuits, A Multibiography'' by Jean Lacouture, pp. 27–29, Washington, D.C.: Counterpoint, 1995</ref> After these adventurous activities, he studied at the ascetic [[Collège de Montaigu]] of the [[University of Paris]], where he remained over seven years. In later life, he was often called "Master Ignatius". This title was due to his taking a master's degree from the before-mentioned university at the age of forty-three.<ref name="John Clarke Ridpath pp.238">''History of The World'' by John Clarke Ridpath, Vol. V, pp.238, New York: Merrill & Baker, 1899</ref>

By 1534 he had gathered six key companions, all of whom he met as fellow students at the University<ref>[http://michaelservetusresearch.com/ENGLISH/jesuits.html Michael Servetus Research] Website that includes graphical documents in the University of Paris of: Ignations of Loyola, Francis Xavier, Alfonso Salmerón, Nicholas Bobadilla, Peter Faber and Simao Rodrigues, as well as Michael de Villanueva ("Servetus")</ref>— [[Francis Xavier]], [[Alfonso Salmeron]], [[Diego Laynez]], and [[Nicholas Bobadilla]], all Spanish; [[Peter Faber]], a Frenchman; and [[Simão Rodrigues]] of Portugal. Later he was joined by [[Saint Francis Borgia]], a member of the [[House of Borgia]] who was the main aide of Emperor [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]], and other nobles. "On the morning of the 15th of August, 1534, in the crypt of the Church of Our Lady of the Martyrs, at Montmartre, Loyola and his six companions, of whom only one was a priest, met and took upon themselves the solemn vows of their lifelong work." <ref name="John Clarke Ridpath pp.238"/> Ignatius of Loyola was the main creator and initial Superior General of the [[Society of Jesus]], a religious organization of the Catholic Church whose members, known as Jesuits, served the Pope as missionaries. He is remembered as a talented spiritual director. He was very vigorous in opposing the [[Protestant Reformation]] and promoting the following Counter-Reformation. He was [[beatified]] and then [[canonized]] and received the title of Saint on March 12, 1622. He is the patron saint of the provinces of [[Guipuscoa]] and [[Biscay]] along with the Society of Jesus. Ignatius Loyola wrote ''[[Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola|Spiritual Exercises]]'', a simple 200-page set of [[meditation]]s, prayers, and various other [[mental exercise]]s, from 1522 to 1524. The exercises of the book were designed to be carried out over a period of 28–30 days.

== Father General of the Jesuits ==

[[File:Ignatius Loyola by Francisco Zurbaran.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Ignatius as Superior General.]]

[[File:Ignatius Loyola.jpg|thumb|180px|Ignatius Loyola]]

Ignatius was chosen as the first Superior General of his religious order, invested with the title of [[Superior General of the Society of Jesus|Father General]] by the Jesuits. He sent his companions as missionaries around Europe to create schools, colleges, and seminaries. [[Juan de Vega]], the ambassador of [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] at Rome had met Ignatius there. Esteeming him and the Jesuits, when Vega was appointed Viceroy of Sicily he brought Jesuits with him. A Jesuit college was opened at [[Messina]]; success was marked, and its rules and methods were afterwards copied in other colleges.<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle =History_of_the_Jesuits_Before_the_1773_Suppression|title=History of the Jesuits Before the 1773 Suppression|author=J.H. Pollen| accessdate =2008-06-28}}</ref> In 1548 [[Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola|''Spiritual Exercises'']] was finally printed, and he was briefly brought before the [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith|Roman Inquisition]], but was released.

Ignatius wrote the Jesuit Constitutions, adopted in 1540, which created a monarchical organization and stressed absolute self-abnegation and obedience to pope and superiors (''perinde ac cadaver'', "well-disciplined like a corpse" as Ignatius put it). His main principle became the Jesuit motto: ''[[Ad maiorem Dei gloriam]]'' ("for the greater glory of God"). The Jesuits were a major factor in the [[Counter-Reformation]]. During 1553–1555, Ignatius dictated his life's story to his secretary, Father Gonçalves da Câmara. This autobiography is a valuable key for the understanding of his ''Spiritual Exercises''. It was kept in the archives for about 150 years, until the [[Bollandist]]s published the text in [[Acta Sanctorum]]. A critical edition exists in Vol. I (1943) of the ''Fontes Narrativi'' of the series ''Monumenta Historica Societatis Iesu''. He died in Rome on July 31, 1556, as a result of the [[Roman Fever (disease)|Roman Fever]], a severe case of malaria that recurred in Rome, Italy, at different points in history.

Famous Quote of Loyola:

{{cquote|That we may be altogether of the same mind and in conformity with the Church herself, if she shall have defined anything to be black which appears to our eyes to be white, we ought in like manner to pronounce it to be black. For we must undoubtingly believe, that the Spirit of our Lord Jesus Christ, and the Spirit of the Orthodox Church His Spouse, by which Spirit we are governed and directed to Salvation, is the same; ...<ref>Ignatius Loyola, ''Spiritual Exercises'', Rule 13 Henry Bettenson, ed., Documents of the Christian Church, 2nd ed. (London: Oxford University Press, 1963), p. 260.</ref>}}

== Canonization and legacy ==

Ignatius was beatified by [[Pope Paul V]] on July 27, 1609 and [[canonization|canonized]] by [[Pope Gregory XV]] on March 13, 1622. His feast day is celebrated annually on July 31, the day he died. Saint Ignatius is venerated as the patron saint of Catholic soldiers, the [[Military Ordinariate of the Philippines]], the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore]],<ref>[http://www.archbalt.org/news-events/calendar/Event-Detail.cfm?uid=34C3FD61-B7E6-DE46-F841F25365452268 St. Ignatius Feast Day &ndash; The Archdiocese of Baltimore.]</ref> the Basque country and various towns and cities in his native region.

Of the institutions dedicated to Saint Ignatius, one of the most famous is the ''Basilica of St Ignatius Loyola'', built next to the house where he was born in [[Azpeitia]], the Basque Country, Spain. The house itself, now a museum, is incorporated into the basilica complex.

His legacy includes many Jesuit [[List of Jesuit institutions|schools and educational institutions worldwide]]. In the United States alone there are 28 Jesuit colleges and universities and more than 50 secondary schools.

[[File:Familie wapen Loyola.JPG|thumb|100px|right|Original shield of Oñaz-Loyola]]

== Genealogy ==

=== Shield of Oñaz-Loyola ===

The Shield of Oñaz-Loyola is a symbol of St. Ignatius family's Oñaz lineage, and is used by many [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] institutions around the world. The Oñaz shield consisted of seven [[red]] bars going [[diagonal]] from the upper left to the lower right on a [[gold (color)|gold]] field. The bands were granted by the King of Spain to each of the Oñaz brothers in recognition of their bravery in battle. The Loyola shield featured a pair of [[rampant]] [[gray wolf|gray wolves]] flanking each side of a cooking pot. The Loyola name was a [[contraction (grammar)|contraction]] of the words ''Lobo y Olla'' which literally meant "wolf and pot" in [[Spanish language|Spanish]]. The wolf was a symbol of nobility, while the entire design represented the family's generosity towards their military followers. According to legend, wolves had enough to feast on after the soldiers had eaten. Both shields were combined as a result of the intermarriage of the two families in 1261.<ref>[http://www.loyola.ca/index.php/discover-loyola/our-history/157-loyola-crests Loyola Crests &ndash; Loyola High School, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.]</ref><ref>[http://www.riverview.nsw.edu.au/index.php?option=com_content&Itemid=194&id=39&task=view The Crest &ndash; Saint Ignatius' College, Riverview, Lane Cove, New South Wales, Australia.]</ref>

The official colors of the Loyola family were [[maroon (color)|maroon]] and gold.<ref>[http://manresala.org/Prayers/Iconography.aspx Manresa Iconography &ndash; Manresa House of Retreats, Convent, LA.]</ref>

=== Lineage ===

Villoslada established the following detailed genealogy of St. Ignatius:<ref name="RGV">{{cite book |title=San Ignacio de Loyola: Nueva biografía |last= García Villoslada |first=Ricardo |year=1986 |publisher=La Editorial Católica |location= |isbn=84-220-1267-7|language=Spanish|url=http://books.google.com/?id=MmRvpVZQrEAC&printsec=frontcover|quote=''We deduct that, (...), Iñigo de Loyola should have been born before October 23, 1491.''}}</ref>

Lope de Oñaz (~1180)

├ García López de Oñaz (~1221)

├ López García de Oñaz

wife: Inés, dame of Loyola – unit of families (~1261)

├ daughter: '''Inés de Oñaz y Loyola''' (~end of the 13th century)

husband: Juan Pérez (related)

├ '''Jaun ([[Basque language|Basque]] – Lord) Juan Pérez'''

├ Gil López de Oñaz

├ other 5 brothers (see – battle of [[Beotibar]])

'''Beltrán Yáñez (el Ibáñez) de Loyola''', son of Jaun Juan (+1405)

wife: Ochanda Martínez de Leete from Azpeitia

├ '''Sancha Ibáñez de Loyola'''

| husband: Lope García de Lazcano

| married: 4 III 1413

├ heir: Juan Pérez de Loyola (d. childless, heirdom for Sancha)

├ Maria Beltranche

├ Elvira

├ Emilia

├ Juanecha

'''Juan Pérez de Loyola''', son of Sancha Ibáñez (+ in Tolosa)

wife: Sancha Pérez de Iraeta (+1473)

├ '''Don Beltrán Yáñez (vel Ibáñez) de Oñaz y Loyola''' (+ 23 X 1507)

wife: Doña Marina Sáenz (vel Sánchez) de Licona (+ < 6 V 1508)

married: 13 VII 1467 r.

13 children:

1. Juan Pérez de Loyola (+1503 in Naples)

2. heir – Don Martín García de Oñaz y Loyola (1477 – 29 XI 1538)

wife: Magdalena de Araoz

married: 11 IX 1498

* – order uncertain

*. Ochoa Pérez de Loyola

*. Juan Beltrán de Loyola

*. Beltrán de Loyola (+ < 14 XI 1527)

*. Hernando de Loyola (+ in Panama, New World)

*. Pero López de Oñaz y Loyola (priest, + < VII 1529 in Barcelona)

*. Juaniza (vel Joaneiza) de Loyola, wife of Juan Marínez de Alzaga, notary from Azpeitia

*. Magdalena de Loyola, wife of Juan López de Gallaiztegui, notary from Anzuola

*. Sancha Ibáñez de Loyola

*. Petronila de Loyola, wife of Pedro Ochoa de Arriola

*. Maria Beltrán de Loyola, wife of Domingo de Arruado

13. '''Iñigo López de Loyola''' (< 23 X 1491 – 31 VII 1556)

== Bibliography ==

[[File:Inacioloyola.JPG|right|thumb|200px|[[Statue]] of '''Ignatius of Loyola''', in [[Belo Horizonte]], [[Brazil]].]]

'''Primary'''

* {{cite book | last = Loyola|first= (St.) Ignatius |others=Anthony Mottola | title = The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius | publisher = [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]] | location = Garden City | year = 1964 | isbn = 978-0-385-02436-5 }}

* {{cite book|last=Loyola|first=(St.) Ignatius|title=The Autobiography of St. Ignatius|editor=Joseph O'Conner|publisher=Benziger Brothers|location=New York|year=1900|oclc=1360267|url=http://www.archive.org/details/stignatiusautobi00ignauoft}}<ref>For information on the O'Conner and other translations, see notes in ''A Pilgrim's Journey: The Autobiography of Ignatius of Loyola'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=Mi3EXeX5bgsdKFjdsfaklsadlfkjldsafartsfarstfartsfartsfartsnYC&pg=PA12&lpg=PA12&dq=%22the+autobiography+of+st+ignatius+loyola%22&source=web&ots=atcXnLuAlp&sig=h6Bc-gwCXLH8WvXRrC4Bi4W2aWs#PPA11,M1 Page 11-12].</ref>

* {{cite book | last = Loyola|first= (St.) Ignatius | editor= John Olin| title = The Autobiography of St. Ignatius Loyola, with Related Documents | publisher = Fordham University Press | location = New York | year = 1992 | isbn = 0-8232-1480-X }}

* {{cite book | last = Foss | first = Michael | title = The Founding of the Jesuits, 1540 | publisher = Hamilton |series=Turning Points in History Series| location = London | year = 1969 | isbn = 0-241-01513-8 }}

'''Secondary'''

* {{cite book| first=Daniello| last=Bartoli| year=1855| title=''History of the Life and Institute of St. Ignatius de Loyola: Founder of the Society of Jesus'' | publisher= Edward Dunigan and Brother| pages= |location=New York|id= |url=http://books.google.com/?id=Y0IQAAAAIAAJ&printsec=titlepage&dq=ignatius+de+loyola| authorlink=}}

* {{cite book | last = Caraman | first = Philip | title = Ignatius Loyola: A Biography of the Founder of the Jesuits' | publisher = Harper & Row | location = San Francisco | year = 1990 | isbn = 0-06-250130-5 }}

* {{cite book | last = O'Malley | first = John W. | title = The First Jesuits | publisher = Harvard University Press | location = Cambridge | year = 1993 | isbn = 0-674-30312-1 }}

* {{cite book | last = Meissner | first = William | title = Ignatius of Loyola: The Psychology of a Saint | publisher = Yale University Press | location = New Haven | year = 1992 | isbn = 0-300-06079-3 }}

* {{cite book |title=San Ignacio de Loyola: Nueva biografía |last= García Villoslada |first=Ricardo |year=1986 |publisher=La Editorial Católica |location= |isbn=84-220-1267-7|language=Spanish }}

== Other Works ==

* ''The Spiritual Exercises of St Ignatius'', [[TAN Books]], 2010. ISBN 978-0-89555-153-5

== Biographies ==

* ''Life of St. Ignatius of Loyola'', [[TAN Books]], 1997. ISBN 978-0-89555-345-4

* ''St. Ignatius of Loyola'', [[TAN Books]], 2008. ISBN 978-0-89555-624-0

==See also==

{{Portal|Saints}}

*[[List of Catholic saints]]

* [[Christian mysticism]]

* [[List of Jesuits]]

* [[Madeleine d'Houet]] foundress of the Sisters, [[Faithful Companions of Jesus]]

* [[Martín Ignacio de Loyola]]

* [[Isabella Roser]] and [[Isabel de Josa]], wealthy Catalan women who were Loyola's benefactors from the 1520s onwards.

== References ==

{{Christian Mysticism}}

{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==

{{sisterlinks}}

* [http://www.bartleby.com/210/7/311.html "St. Ignatius of Loyola, Confessor"], ''Butler's Lives of the Saints''

* [http://www.catholicrevelations.com/category/saints/the-life-of-st-ignatius-of-loyola-saint-and-confessor-of-the-catholic-church-and-the-spiritual-exercises-of-st-ignatius.html The Life of St. Ignatius of Loyola, Confessor & Founder of the Jesuits]

* {{CathEncy|id=07639c|title=St. Ignatius Loyola|short=yes}}

* {{worldcat id|id=lccn-n79-49329}}

* [http://www.luc.edu/jesuit/ignatius.bio.html Biography of Ignatius of Loyola]

* [http://www.nwjesuits.org/JesuitSpirituality/SpiritualExercises.html The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius] Translation by Elder Mullan, S.J.

* [http://woodstock.georgetown.edu/ignatius/letters.htm Letters of St. Ignatius of Loyola]

:*[http://woodstock.georgetown.edu/ignatius/letter25.htm ''On Perfect Obedience''] is his most famous.

* [http://www.john-uebersax.com/plato/contempl1.htm "Contemplation to Attain Love", by Ignatius of Loyola]

* [http://www.goajesuits.in The Goa Jesuit Province of the Society of Jesus]

* [http://www.saintpetersbasilica.org/Statues/Founders/IgnatiusLoyola/Ignatius%20Loyola.htm Founder Statue in St Peter's Basilica]

* [http://familiaignaciana.com FamiliaIgnaciana.com – Comunidad de Ignacianos en los Estados Unidos]

* [http://ignatius.sa.edu.au Saint Ignatius' College]

* [http://www.avemariapress.com/itemdetail.cfm?nItemid=442 Finding God In All Things]

{{s-start}}

{{s-rel|ca}}

{{Succession box | before= None | title=[[Superior General of the Society of Jesus]] | after=[[Diego Laynez]] | years=1540–1556}}

{{s-end}}

{{Catholicism || collapsed}}

{{History of the Roman Catholic Church|collapsed}}

{{Roman Catholic Theology|uncollapsed}}

{{Portalbar|Saints}}

{{Authority control|PND=118555359|LCCN=n/79/49329|VIAF=88881025|TSURL=viaf/88881025|VIAF-1=68908636|NOTES=VIAF included(s)}}

<!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] -->

{{Persondata

| NAME= Loyola, Saint Ignatius of

| ALTERNATIVE NAMES=

| SHORT DESCRIPTION= Saint Ignatius of Loyola, also known as Ignacio (Íñigo) López de Loyola (December 24, 1491 – July 31, 1556), was the principal founder and first Superior General of the Society of Jesus, a religious order of the Roman Catholic Church.

| DATE OF BIRTH={{birth date|mf=yes|1491|12|24}}

| PLACE OF BIRTH=Loyola ([[Azpeitia]])

| DATE OF DEATH={{death date and age|mf=yes|1556|7|31|1491|12|24}}

| PLACE OF DEATH=[[Rome]]

}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ignatius of Loyola}}

[[Category:1491 births]]

[[Category:1556 deaths]]

[[Category:People from Azpeitia]]

[[Category:Superiors General of the Society of Jesus]]

[[Category:Spanish Jesuits]]

[[Category:Christian theologians]]

[[Category:Christian mystics]]

[[Category:University of Paris alumni]]

[[Category:Counter-Reformation]]

[[Category:Founders of Roman Catholic religious communities]]

[[Category:Spanish saints]]

[[Category:Spanish Roman Catholic saints]]

[[Category:Roman Catholic theologians]]

[[Category:Spanish theologians]]

[[Category:Ignatian spirituality]]

[[Category:Spanish Roman Catholic priests]]

[[Category:16th-century Roman Catholic priests]]

[[Category:16th-century Christian saints]]

[[Category:16th-century Spanish people]]

[[Category:Basque people]]

[[Category:Anglican saints]]

[[Category:Christian radicals]]

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[[ko:로욜라의 이냐시오]]

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[[ka:იგნატი ლოიოლა]]

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[[ta:லொயோலா இஞ்ஞாசி]]

[[th:อิกเนเชียสแห่งโลโยลา]]

[[tr:Loyolalı Ignatius]]

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[[vi:Inhaxiô thành Loyola]]

[[war:Ignacio han Loyola]]

[[zh:依納爵·羅耀拉]]