List of wars involving Serbia
The following is a list of wars involving Serbia in the Middle Ages as well as late modern period and contemporary history.
The list gives the name, the date, combatants, and the result of these conflicts following this legend:
- Serbian victory
- Serbian defeat
- Result of civil or internal conflict
- Another result (e.g. a treaty or peace without a clear result, status quo ante bellum, result of civil or internal conflict, result unknown or indecisive)
- Ongoing conflict
Middle Ages
| Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Results |
|---|---|---|---|
| Avar-Serbian War (629–632) | _Swastika_(%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)_-_Rodnovery.svg){kind=small} Serb Settlers |
_2.svg){kind=small} Avar Khaganate
|
Victory
|
| Roman-Frankish War (802–812) |  Byzantine Empire.png){kind=small} Principality of Serbia
|
 Carolingian Empire
|
Victory
|
| Bulgarian-Serbian War (839–42) | Principality of Serbia |
 Bulgarian Empire
|
Victory
|
| Bulgarian-Serbian War (853) | Principality of Serbia
|
Bulgarian Empire
|
Victory
|
| Bulgarian–Serbian wars of 917–924 Part of the Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 913–927 | Principality of Serbia |
Bulgarian Empire
|
Defeat
|
| Conquest of Bari | Byzantine Empire Carolingian Empire Republic of Ragusa
|
 Emirate of Bari Emirate of Taranto Aghlabid dynasty
|
Victory
|
| Serb Uprising (927)[1][2][3][4] | Principality of Serbia Supported by: |
Bulgarian Empire
|
Victory
Časlav takes possession of the country after the uprising and submits suzereinity to the Byzantines |
| War of unification[1][2] | Principality of Serbia
|
Serb tribes in: | Principality Victory
|
| Magyar-Serb conflict (c. 960) Part of the Hungarian invasions of Europe |
Principality of Serbia
|
.svg){kind=small} Magyar tribes
|
Inconclusive
|
| Bulgarian-Serbian War (998) | .png){kind=small} Duklja
|
Bulgarian Empire
|
Defeat
|
| Serb Uprising (1034–1042) | Duklja
|
Byzantine Empire
|
Victory
|
| Byzantine-Norman wars (1040–1189) |  Normans
|
Byzantine Empire Venice
|
Indecisive
|
| Byzantine–Serbian War (1090–1095) | Principality of Serbia
|
Byzantine Empire
|
Inconclusive
|
| Byzantine–Hungarian War (1127–29) | .svg){kind=small} Kingdom of Hungary
|
Byzantine Empire
|
Inconclusive
|
| Byzantine-Venetian War (1171–1172) | Venice
Principality of Serbia Diplomatic support: Kingdom of Hungary Holy Roman Empire
|
Byzantine Empire
|
Byzantine Victory
|
| Byzantine campaign in the Middle East (1176)[6] Part of the Byzantine-Seljuq Wars |
Byzantine Empire
|
_3.svg){kind=small} Sultanate of Rum
|
Defeat
|
| Emeric's Balkan campaign (1200–1203) Part of the Fourth Crusade |
.svg){kind=small} Grand Principality of Serbia
|
Kingdom of Hungary Valkan's Clique (as Hungarian vassal).svg){kind=small} Papal States[10]
|
Emeric's Victories |
| Hungarian Invasion of Serbia (1237) Part of the Crusade against Bogumils | Grand Principality of Serbia
|
Kingdom of Hungary
|
Victory |
| Mongol invasion of the Balkans (1241–1242) |
Kingdom of Serbia
|
 Golden Horde (Mongols)
|
Defeat of the military alliance led by the Kingdom of Hungary
|
| Serbian conflict with the Nogai Horde | Kingdom of Serbia
|
 Nogai Horde
|
Victory |
| Epirote–Nicaean conflict (1258–1261) |
 Despotate of Epirus Principality of Achaea.svg){kind=small} Kingdom of SicilyAllies: Kingdom of Serbia
|
Empire of Nicaea Supported by:  Republic of Genoa
|
Inconclusive
|
| Byzantine-Catalan Wars (1305–1311)[11] | Byzantine Empire
|
Catalan Company Allies: Anatolian Turkish Beyliks Sultanate of Rum
|
Victory |
| Serbian-Crusader Conflict | Serbian cavalry Allies: Genoese fleet
|
Turcopoles | Victory
|
| Serbian-Anjou War (1318–1320)[13][14] | Kingdom of Serbia
|
.svg){kind=small} Kingdom of Hungary
|
Partial Victory
|
| War of Hum (1326–1329) | Kingdom of Serbia
|
.svg){kind=small} Banate of Bosnia Republic of Ragusa
|
Defeat |
| Bulgarian-Serbian War (1330) Part of the Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328 |
Kingdom of Serbia Supported by: Andronikos II Palaiologos[19]
|
Bulgarian Empire Supported by:  Wallachia Moldavia Andronikos III Palaiologos
|
Victory[20]
|
| Serbian Invasion of Macedonia (1342–1343) Part of the Byzantine civil war of 1341-1347 |
 Kingdom of SerbiaSupported by: John VI Kantakouzenos
|
John V Palaiologos Beylik of Aydin Zealots of Thessalonica
|
Victory
|
| Serbian Invasion of Albania (1342–1345)[21][22] Part of the Byzantine civil war of 1341-1347 |
Kingdom of Serbia Bulgarian Empire Principality of KarvunaSupported by: John V Palaiologos
|
John VI Kantakouzenos
|
Victory
|
| Serbian-Ottoman War (1352) Part of the Byzantine civil war of 1352–1357 |
Serbian Empire Bulgarian Empire Supported by: John V Palaiologos
|
 Ottoman BeylikSupported by: John VI Kantakouzenos
|
Defeat
|
| Serbian Civil War (1356–1359) Part of the Fall of the Serbian Empire | Serbian Empire[24]
|
 Empire of Thessaly (until 1359)Losha Clan  Shpata Family
|
Loyalist Victory
|
| The Feudal Wars (1356–1373) |  Serbian Empire Moravian Serbia District of Branković Realm of Altomanović (until 1369)
Anti-Altomanović Coalition: |
 Lordship of Prilep (1369)
|
Inconclusive
|
| Battle of Kosovo (1389) | Moravian Serbia Supported by: District of Branković[25] Kingdom of Bosnia[26] Principality of Muzaka Jonima family Knights of Rhodes[27]
|
 Ottoman EmpireMilitary support:   Isfendiyar Beylik
|
Inconclusive
|
| Crusade of Nicopolis (1396) | Ottoman Empire
|
Crusade:.svg){kind=small} Holy Roman Empire.svg){kind=small} Kingdom of France[29]
|
Victory |
| Ottoman-Timurid War 1399–1402 |  Ottoman Empire
Black Tatars |
 Timurid Empire
|
Defeat
|
| Ottoman Interregnum (1402–1413) | Mehmed Çelebi
Supported by:
|
Musa Çelebi.svg){kind=small} Wallachia
Supported by: |
Victory
|
| Second Scutari War (1419–23) |  Zeta Serbian Despotate (after 1421) Albanian nobility
|
Republic of Venice
|
Inconclusive
|
| Despotate-Ottoman Wars (1425–1459)[38] Part of the Ottoman Invasions of Serbia and Hungarian–Ottoman Wars | Serbian Despotate.svg){kind=small} Kingdom of Hungary
|
Ottoman Empire
|
Eventual Defeat
|
_(Border).svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
_(1526-1540).svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
Partitioned Serbia
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=spacer}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
Modern period
| Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Results |
|---|---|---|---|
| Uprising against the Dahije (1804) |
 Serbia |
 Dahije
|
Victory
|
| First Serbian Uprising (1804–1813) Part of the Serbian Revolution |
Supported by: |
Dahijas (1804) Ottoman Empire (from 1805)
|
Inconclusive
|
| Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) Part of the Serbian Revolution and Russo-Turkish Wars |
 Russian Empire
|
Victory[46] | |
| Hadži-Prodan's rebellion (1814) |
 Serb rebels
|
 Ottoman Empire
|
Defeat
|
| Second Serbian Uprising (1815–1817) Part of the Serbian Revolution |
 Serbian rebels
|
Ottoman Empire
|
Victory
|
| Niš Rebellion (1821) |
Serb rebels
|
 Ottoman Empire
|
Defeat
|
| Serbian Involvement in the Greek Revolution Part of the Greek War of Independence |
 Greek Revolutionaries
Military Support: |
.svg){kind=small} Ottoman Empire
|
Greek Victory
|
| Serb uprising (1848–1849) Part of the Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire |
 Serbian Vojvodina
Supported by: |
.svg){kind=small} Kingdom of Hungary (until 14 April 1849).svg){kind=small} Hungarian State (after 14 April 1849)
|
Victory
|
| Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877) Part of the Great Eastern Crisis |
Serb rebels Supported by:  Serbia Montenegro
|
Ottoman Empire
|
Inconclusive |
| First Serbian–Ottoman War (1876–1877) Part of the Great Eastern Crisis |
Ottoman Empire
|
Victory
| |
| Second Serbian–Ottoman War (1877–1878) Part of the Great Eastern Crisis and the Russo-Turkish War (1877–78) |
Ottoman Empire
|
Victory
| |
| Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) |
 Russian Empire
|
 Ottoman Empire
|
Coalition Victory
|
| Timok Rebellion (1883) |
 Kingdom of Serbia
|
People's Radical Party | Victory
|
| Serbo-Bulgarian War (1885) |
Supported by: |
 Bulgaria
|
Defeat
|
| Macedonian struggle (1901) |
 Serbian ChetniksSupported by: Serbia |
 VMRO Ottoman Empire
|
Inconclusive
|
| First Balkan War (1912–1913) Part of the Balkan Wars |
Balkan League: Supported by: | Victory[64] | |
| Serbian invasion of Albania (1912–1913) Part of the Balkan Wars |
 Kingdom of Serbia Kingdom of Montenegro
|
 Independent Albania
|
Victory
|
| Tikveš Uprising (1913) |
Serbia Chetniks |
IMRO Supported by:  Bulgaria
|
Victory
|
| Second Balkan War (1913) Part of the Balkan Wars |
Victory | ||
| Ohrid-Debar Uprising (1913) |
Serbia Chetniks  Greece
|
IMRO Kachaks
|
Victory
|
| Third Peasant Revolt in Albania (September–October 1914) |
 Republic of Central AlbaniaSupport: .svg){kind=small} Kingdom of Serbia  Kingdom of Italy
|
 Principality of Albania
|
Serbo-Italian backed Republic of Central Albania Victory
|
| Serbian campaign and Balkans theatre (1914–1918) Part of the European theatre of World War I |
Allied Powers
|
Central Powers:
|
Victory |
| Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–1920) Part of the aftermath of World War I and the Revolutions of 1917–23 |
Victory
| ||
| Impresa di Pola (1918) Part of the Adriatic Campaign in 1918 and the Adriatic question |
Defeat
| ||
| 1918–1920 unrest in Split (1918–1920) Part of the Adriatic question |
 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes United States Italy
|
 Italian nationalists renegades
|
Inconclusive
|
| Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia (1918–1919) Part of the aftermath of World War I |
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
|
 German-Austria
|
Military victory |
| Christmas Uprising (1919) Part of the aftermath of World War I and the creation of Yugoslavia |
Montenegrin Whites Victory
| ||
| Drenica-Dukagjin Uprisings (1919–1924) |
.svg){kind=small} Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes |
.svg){kind=small} Kosovar Albanians  Committee for the National Defence of KosovoDiplomatic support:  Albania
|
Victory
|
| Koplik War (1920–1921) |
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes |
Principality of Albania
|
Inconclusive
|
| Albanian-Yugoslav Border War (1921) |
Kingdom of Yugoslavia Kingdom of Greece.svg){kind=small} Republic of Mirdita |
Principality of Albania
|
Inconclusive
|
| Zogu Invasion of Albania (1924) |
Ahmet Zogu supporters (Mati Tribesmen) Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
|
.svg){kind=small} Fan Noli supporters (Albanian peasants) Principality of Albania Committee for the National Defence of Kosovo
|
Zogu-Yugoslav Victory
|
| Invasion of Yugoslavia (1941) Part of the Balkans campaign and Mediterranean theatre of World War II |
Yugoslavia
|
Axis | Defeat
|
| World War II in Yugoslavia (1941–1945) Part of the European theatre of World War II |
Allies
Bulgaria (1944–45)
 Yugoslav government-in-exile (1941–44)
|
Axis
German puppet states and governments:
|
Yugoslav Partisan Victory
|
| Yugoslav Involment in the Years of Lead (1970s-1980s) |  Red Brigades Front Line October 22 Group PAC  Continuous Struggle Workers' Power Workers' Autonomy
Foreign supporters: |
Supported by: |
Defeat
|
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
Contemporary period
| Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Results |
|---|---|---|---|
| Croatian War of Independence[c] (1991–1995) Part of the Yugoslav Wars |
|
|
Defeat
|
| War in Bosnia[d] (1992–1995) Part of the Yugoslav Wars |
|
|
Inconclusive
|
| Kosovo War (1998–1999) Part of the Yugoslav Wars |
 FR Yugoslavia
|
 UÇK NATO (1999)
Supported by: |
Military Stalemate[74]
|
| Insurgency in the Preševo Valley (1999–2001) [citation needed]Part of the Yugoslav Wars |
FR Yugoslavia
|
 UÇPMB
|
Victory[75] |
.svg){kind=small}
See also
Footnotes
- ^ As well as Serbian garrison troops during the Battle of Petrovaradin[citation needed]
- ^ Acceded to the Tripartite Pact, generally considered Axis powers (see e.g., Facts About the American Wars, Bowman, p. 432, which includes them in a list of "Axis powers", or The Library of Congress World War II Companion, Wagner, Osborne, & Reyburn, p. 39, which lists them as "The Axis").
- ^ Direct involvement until early 1992. After the proclamation of Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in April 1992, all units of former Yugoslav People's Army were withdrawn from territories of Croatia and Bosnia. Despite this, various paramilitary groups from FRY continued to fight in Croatia
- ^ Officially Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (and Serbia as part of it) did not participate in Bosnian War. However, various Serbian paramilitaries were directly involved in conflicts.
References
- ^ a b Porphyrogenitus, Constantine VII (ed.). De Administrando Imperio.
- ^ a b Станојевић, Станоје (ed.). "I Прве српске државе" Историја српскога народа. Београд.
- ^ Веселиновић, Андрија; Љушић, Радош, eds. (2001). Српске династије. Нови Сад: Плантонеум. ISBN 86-83639-01-0.
- ^ Острогорски, Георгије, ed. (1993). Историја Византије (II фототипско издање оригинала 1959). Београд.
- ^ Arnold of Lübeck left negative remarks on the Serbs in his chronicles after an attack on Western knights and Pilgrims, even going as far as naming the "Sons of Belial"
- ^ Острогорски, Георгије, ed. (1993). Историја Византије (II фототипско издање оригинала 1959). Београд.
- ^ Serbia's role in the Byzantine campaigns against the Seljuqs was through Stefan Nemanja's role of being a vassal. Auxiliary troops were sent as a form of tribute towards the Byzantine emperor Manuel I Komnenos in order to aid him in battle.
- ^ Острогорски, Георгије, ed. (1993). Историја Византије (II фототипско издање оригинала 1959). Београд.
- ^ Hendy, Michael, ed. (1985). Studies in the Byzantine Monetary Economy c. 300–1450. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 128. ISBN 0-521-24715-2.
- ^ Curta, Florin, ed. (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250. Cambridge University Press. p. 389. ISBN 978-0-521-89452-4.
- ^ Hilandar ...Following the end of the Latin Occupation of this part of Byzantium, a new wave of raids hit the monastic republic. In the early 14th century, pirate mercenaries of the Catalan Grand Company repeatedly raided the Holy Mountain, while looting and sacking numerous monasteries, stealing treasures and Christian relics, and terrorizing monks. Of the 300 monasteries and monastic communities on Athos, Hilandar was among only 35 that survived the violence of the first decade of the 14th century.
- ^ Vásáry, István, ed. (24 March 2005). Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365. Cambridge University Press. pp. 109–110. ISBN 1139444085.
- ^ Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr., ed. (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. pp. 219–262. ISBN 9781850439776.
- ^ Živković, Tibor; Kunčer, Dragana, eds. (2008). Roger - the forgotten Archbishop of Bar (PDF). Историјски часопис. 56. pp. 191–209.
- ^ Станојевић, Станоје, ed. (1989). Историја српскога народа" (треће издање, репринт издања из 1926). Београд. ISBN 978-86-83639-01-4.
- ^ Фајфрић, Жељко, ed. (1998). Света лоза Стефана Немање. Шид.
- ^ Ћоровић, Владимир, ed. (1989). Историја српског народа (рукопис из 1941). Београд.
- ^ Ћоровић, Владимир, ed. (1989). Историја српског народа (рукопис из 1941). Београд.
- ^ Vásáry, István, ed. (24 March 2005). Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365. Cambridge University Press. p. 112. ISBN 1139444085.
- ^ Vásáry, István, ed. (24 March 2005). Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365. Cambridge University Press. p. 113. ISBN 1139444085.
- ^ Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr., ed. (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. p. 301. ISBN 9781850439776.
- ^ Soulis, George Christos, ed. (1984). The Serbs and Byzantium during the reign of Tsar Stephen Dušan (1331–1355) and his successorst. Dumbarton Oaks. p. 19.
- ^ Nicol, Donald MacGillivray, ed. (1996). The Reluctant Emperor: A Biography of John Cantacuzene, Byzantine Emperor and Monk, C. 1295–1383. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521522014.
- ^ The Serbian Empire of Stefan V fragmented into a conglomeration of principalities, some of which did not even nominally acknowledge his rule.
- ^ Fine Jr., John V. A., ed. (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
- ^ Lazar sought aid from his neighbors Tvtrko and Vuk Brankovic. Trtvko sent a large contingent under the command of Vlatko Vukovic. Vuk Brankovic came himself, leading his own men. Thus the Serbian army was composed of three contingents under these three leaders, none of whom was then a Turkish vassal.
- ^ Budak, Neven, ed. (2001). "John of Palisna, the Hospitaller Prior of Varna". In Hunyadi, Zsolt; Laszlovszky, Jozsef (eds.). The Crusades and the Military Orders: Expanding the Frontiers of Medieval Latin Christianity. Central European University Press. ISBN 9639241423.
- ^ Alexandru Madgearu, The Wars of the Balkan Peninsula: Their Medieval Origins, ed. Martin Gordon, (Scarecrow Press, 2008), 90.
- ^ a b c d e Tuchman, Barbara W. (1978). A Distant Mirror: the Calamitous 14th Century. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 548. ISBN 0-345-28394-5.
- ^ The Crusades and the military orders: expanding the frontiers of Latin Christianity; Zsolt Hunyadi page 226
- ^ Valerii︠a︡ Fol, Bulgaria: History Retold in Brief, (Riga, 1999), 103.
- ^ (Djokić 2023, p. 128)
Not all Serb magnates fought and died as Ottoman vassals. Vuk Branković, who survived the Kosovo battle, and who continued to rule over his realm that included Kosovo, joined a large Christian coalition led by Hungary, which now represented the 'bulwark of Christianity' and included Wallachian, Venetian, Bulgarian, Croatian, French and English troops. The Christian coalition was defeated by Ottomans at Nicopolis, Bulgaria in 1396. Branković died as an Ottoman prisoner the following year, but is ironically portrayed in the Serbian folklore as a Judas-like figure.
- ^ (Cerović 2002, p. 228)
Вук Бранковић, син Бранков, оженио се Маром, кћерком кнеза Лазара. Његови поседи протезали су се од Скопља до Копаоника и Сјенице, до горњих токова Таре и Мораче. После битке на Косову, примио је вазални однос према Турској. У бици код Никопоља учествовао је на страни Угарске, када га је заробио султан Бајазит и одвео га у заробљеништво, где је умро, 1397. године.
- ^ "Battle of Nicopolis". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-18.
- ^ Siege of Damascus (1400)
- ^ Timurid invasions of Georgia
- ^ Siege of Smyrna
- ^ In 1471, the Serbian Despotate was renewed in exile as a vassal of Hungary. Up until its demise in 1540, it spent its entirety fighting the Turks. The state provided support and auxiliary troops to the Kingdom of Hungary.
- ^ Stefan Lazarević and other Serbian Despots had brief conflicts with Bosnia
- ^ Battle of Kosovo (1448)
- ^ Skanderbeg's Serbian Campaign
- ^ During the Second battle of Kosovo, Hunyadis forces ravaged the Serbian countryside which lead to his arrest
- ^ Many Serbs served as Venetian generals during the Cretan war, these include Stojan Janković, Ilija Smiljani, Krsto Vicković, etc.
- ^ Vuk Mandušić and other rebel leaders lead multiple uprisings in Herzegovina 1647-1648
- ^ Meriage, Lawrence P. (27 January 2017). "The First Serbian Uprising (1804-1813) and the Nineteenth-Century Origins of the Eastern Question". Slavic Review. 37 (3): 421–439. doi:10.2307/2497684. JSTOR 2497684. S2CID 222355180.
- ^ a b Davis, G. Doug; Slobodchikoff, Michael O. (2018). Cultural Imperialism and the Decline of the Liberal Order: Russian and Western Soft Power in Eastern Europe. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 88. ISBN 9781498585873.
- ^ Even though the organization officially permitted only Greeks, many Serbs (and even Karađorđe himself) would become members ("brothers") of this organization by the end of the First Serbian Uprising, it is said that Filiki Eteria had a sector in Niš
- ^ Vukov Blog: Graditelj Ćele kule. 29 May 2013.
- ^ ..in the likes of Anastasije Dmitrijević
- ^ A tactical detachment of some 250~ Serbs served under the command of
Charles Nicolas Fabvier, a French Philhellene
- ^ Loukatos. pp. 105–107.
- ^ Benbassa, Esther; Rodrigue, Aron, eds. (2000). Sephardi Jewry: A History of the Judeo-Spanish Community, 14th-20th Centuries. University of California Press. p. 66. ISBN 9780520218222.
- ^ Torsten Ekman (2006). Suomen kaarti 1812–1905 (in Finnish). Helsinki: Schildts. ISBN 951-50-1534-0.
- ^ Daur, Soner. Plevne'de Çerkesler
- ^ Crampton, Richard; Crampton, Benjamin (2016). Atlas of Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century. Routledge. p. 15. ISBN 9781317799528.
- ^ Egidio Ivetic, Le guerre balcaniche, il Mulino - Universale Paperbacks, 2006, p. 63
- ^ "Там /в Плевенско и Търновско/ действително се говори, че тези черкези отвличат деца от българи, загинали през последните събития." (Из доклада на английския консул в Русе Р. Рийд от 16.06.1876 г. до английския посланик в Цариград Х. Елиот. в Н. Тодоров, Положението, с. 316)
- ^ Hacısalihoğlu, Mehmet. Kafkasya'da Rus Kolonizasyonu, Savaş ve Sürgün (PDF). Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi.
- ^ BOA, HR. SYS. 1219/5, lef 28, p. 4
- ^ Karataş, Ömer. The Settlement of the Caucasian Emigrants in the Balkans during lkans duringthe 19th Century Century
- ^ Gawrych, George (2006). The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874–1913. IB Tauris. p. 202. ISBN 9781845112875. "When the First Balkan War broke out, a majority of Albanians, even habitual rebels such as Isa Boletin, rallied in defense of the din ve devlet ve vatan in order to preserve intact their Albanian lands. Lacking a national organization of their own, Albanians had no choice but to rely on Ottoman institutions, its army, and its government for protection from partition. Both failed them miserably in the face of four invading Balkan armies, and as a result foreign invasion and occupation severed that link between the Albanian Eagle and the Ottoman Crescent."
- ^ Kondis, Basil (1976). Greece and Albania, 1908–1914. Thessaloniki: Institute for Balkan Studies. p. 84. ISBN 9798840949085.
The Albanian forces fought on the side of Turkey not because they desired a continuance of Turkish rule but because they believed that together with the Turks, they would be able to defend their territory and prevent the partition of "Greater Albania
- ^ Hall, Richard C. (4 January 2002). The Balkan Wars 1912-1913: Prelude to the First World War. Routledge. p. 85. ISBN 978-1-134-58363-8. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
Ottoman regulars supported by Albanian irregulars continued in central and southern Albania even after the signing of the armistice in December 1912
- ^ Anagnostopoulos, Archimandrite Nikodemos (2017). Orthodoxy and Islam: Theology and Muslim–Christian Relations in Modern Greece and Turkey. Taylor & Francis. p. 75. ISBN 9781315297927.
- ^ Document unitaire RAF – BR – PCC (1987) date=March 22, 2013 Archived 2013-03-22 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Christopher, Andrew; Mitrokhin, Vasili (2000). The Sword and the Shield: the Mitrokhin archive and the secret history of the KGB. Basic Books.
- ^ "Gaddafi: A vicious, sinister despot driven out on tidal wave of hatred". The Guardian. 23 August 2011.
- ^ It was dismantled and became inactive.
- ^ "Italian minister falls victim to corruption". The Independent. February 11, 1993. Archived from the original on 2022-05-07.
- ^ Willan, Puppetmasters, p. 161
- ^ Vulliamy, Ed (1990-12-05). "Secret agents, freemasons, fascists ... and a top-level campaign of political 'destabilisation'". The Guardian. Retrieved 2021-06-10.
- ^ "NAR: lo spontaneismo armato neofascista". Ariannaeditrice.it.
- ^ "Croats and Serbs still bitter after genocide verdict". BBC News. 2015-02-03. Retrieved 2023-11-26.
- ^ References:
- Stigler, Andrew L. (Winter 2002–2003). "A clear victory for air power: NATO's empty threat to invade Kosovo". International Security. 27 (3): 124–157. doi:10.1162/01622880260553651. JSTOR 3092116.
- Biddle, Stephen (2002). "The new way of war? Debating the Kosovo model". Foreign Affairs. 81 (3): 148–139. doi:10.2307/20033168. JSTOR 20033168.
- Dixon, Paul (2003). "Victory by spin? Britain, the US and the propaganda war over Kosovo". Civil Wars. 6 (4): 83–106. doi:10.1080/13698240308402556.
- Harvey, Frank P (2006). "Getting NATO's success in Kosovo right: The theory and logic of counter-coercion". Conflict Management and Peace Science. 23 (2): 139–158. doi:10.1080/07388940600665842. JSTOR 26275265.
- ^ a b Holley, David (25 May 2001). "Yugoslavia Occupies Last of Kosovo Buffer". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
- ^ "Southern Serbia's Fragile Peace". International Crisis Group. 9 December 2003. Archived from the original on 3 June 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2012.
.svg){kind=small}