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Ecopsychology

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Ecopsychology is an interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary field that focuses on the synthesis of ecology and psychology and the promotion of sustainability.[1][2][3] It is distinguished from conventional psychology as it focuses on studying the emotional bond between humans and the Earth.[2][4] Instead of examining personal pain solely in the context of individual or family pathology, it is analyzed in its wider connection to the more than human world.[5] A central premise is that while the mind is shaped by the modern world, its underlying structure was created in a natural non-human environment.[6] Ecopsychology seeks to expand and remedy the emotional connection between humans and nature, treating people psychologically by bringing them spiritually closer to nature.[3]

History

Origins of ecopsychology

Sigmund Freud

In his 1929 book Civilization and Its Discontents ("Das Unbehagen in der Kultur"), Sigmund Freud discussed the basic tensions between civilization and the individual.[7] He recognized the interconnection between the internal world of the mind and the external world of the environment, stating:[7][page needed]

Our present ego-feeling is, therefore, only a shrunken residue of a much more inclusive—indeed, an all-embracing—feeling which corresponded to a more intimate bond between the ego and the world about it.

Robert Greenway

Influenced by the philosophies of noted ecologists Walles T. Edmondson and Loren Eiseley, Robert Greenway began researching and developing a concept that he described as "a marriage" between psychology and ecology in the early 1960s.[8][9] He theorized that "the mind is nature, and nature, the mind," and called its study psychoecology.[citation needed] Greenway published his first essay on the topic at Brandeis University in 1963.[8][10]

In 1969, he began teaching the subject at Sonoma State University.[10] One of Greenway's students founded a psychoecology study group at University of California, Berkeley, which was joined by Theodore Roszak in the 1990s.[8][10]

In the 1995 book Ecopsychology: Restoring the Earth, Healing the Mind, Greenway wrote:[8][page needed]

Ecopsychology is a search for language to describe the human-nature relationship. It is a tool for better understanding the relationship, for diagnosing what is wrong with that relationship, and for suggesting paths to healing.

Theodore Roszak

Theodore Roszak is credited with coining the term "ecopsychology" in his 1992 book The Voice of the Earth, although a group of psychologists and environmentalists, including Mary Gomes and Allen Kanner, were independently using the term at the same time. Roszak, Gomes and Kanner later expanded the idea in the 1995 anthology Ecopsychology. Two other books were especially formative, Paul Shepard's 1982 volume, Nature and Madness, which explored the effect that our diminishing engagement with nature had upon psychological development, and David Abram's 1996 The Spell of the Sensuous: Perception and Language in a More-than-Human World. The latter was one of the first books to bring phenomenology fully to bear on ecological issues, looking closely at the cosmo-vision (or the traditional ecological knowledge systems) of diverse indigenous, oral cultures, and analyzing the curious effect that the advent of formal writing systems, like the phonetic alphabet, has had upon the human experience of the more-than-human natural world.[11][12] Roszak mentions the biophilia hypothesis of biologist E.O. Wilson; that humans have an instinct to emotionally connect with nature.[4][13]

Beliefs

Roszak states that an individual's connection to nature can improve their interpersonal relationships and emotional wellbeing.[citation needed] An integral part of this practice is treating patients outdoors.[4] According to ecopsychology, humans are meant to take walks in parks.[citation needed] It considers the psyche of non-humans to be relevant.[clarification needed] It examines why people continue environmentally damaging behaviour, and motivates them to adopt sustainability.[4][7][8][10]

Fundamental principles

According to Roszak, some of the principles of ecopsychology are:[14][page needed]

  • "There is a synergistic interplay between planetary and personal well-being."
  • "The core of the mind is the ecological unconscious."
  • "The goal of ecopsychology is to awaken the inherent sense of environmental reciprocity that lies within the ecological unconscious."
  • "The contents of the ecological unconscious represent ... the living record of evolution."
  • "The crucial stage of development is the life of the child."
  • "The ecological ego matures toward a sense of ethical responsibility with the planet."
  • "Whatever contributes to small scale social forms and personal empowerment nourish the ecological ego."

See also

References

  1. ^ Fisher, Andy (2012). Radical ecopsychology: Psychology in the service of life. New York: Albany State University of New York Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0791453049.
  2. ^ a b Roszak, Theodore (1992). Voice of the earth - an exploration of ecopsychology. Grand Rapids, MI: Phanes Press. ISBN 1890482803.
  3. ^ a b Anderson, G. "About eco-psychology". Archived from the original on 2019-05-13. Retrieved 2012-03-08.
  4. ^ a b c d Roszack, Theodore (1 January 1996). "The nature of sanity". Psychology Today. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
  5. ^ Conn, Sarah A. (August 16, 2010). "Living in the earth: Ecopsychology, health and psychotherapy". The Humanistic Psychologist. 26 (1–3): 179–198. doi:10.1080/08873267.1998.9976972. Retrieved February 10, 2021.
  6. ^ Roszak, Theodore (1995). "A new therapy [Letter to the editor]". BioScience. 45 (1): 3. doi:10.2307/1312526. JSTOR 1312526.
  7. ^ a b c Freud, Sigmund (1929). "Civilization And Its Discontents" (PDF). Narcissistic Abuse Rehab. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-10-12. Retrieved February 10, 2021.
  8. ^ a b c d e Greenway, Robert (1995). "The Wilderness Effect and Ecopsychology" (PDF). Narcissistic Abuse Rehab. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-10-12. Retrieved February 10, 2021.
  9. ^ Liebert, Mary Ann (March 2009). "Robert Greenway: The Ecopsychology Interview". Ecopsychology. 1: 47–52. doi:10.1089/eco.2009.0008. Retrieved February 10, 2021.
  10. ^ a b c d Attfield, Nicci (February 7, 2021). "What is Ecopsychology?". Mindsplain. Archived from the original on 2021-02-07. Retrieved February 10, 2021.
  11. ^ Abram, David. The Spell of the Sensuous: Perception and Language in a More-than-Human World. Pantheon, New York, 1996.
  12. ^ Vakoch, Douglas; Castrillón, Fernando, eds. (2014). Ecopsychology, Phenomenology, and the Environment: The Experience of Nature. New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 9781461496182.
  13. ^ Wilson, E. O. (1995). The Biophilia Hypothesis. Island Press.
  14. ^ Roszak, Theodore; Gomes, Mary E., eds. (1995). Ecopsychology: Restoring the earth, healing the mind. USA: Counterpoint. ISBN 0871564068.

Further reading

  • M. Day. "Ecopsychology and the Restoration of Home". 1998. The Humanistic Psychologist. Vol. 26. Issue 1-3.
  • T. Roszak. The Voice of the Earth: An Exploration of Ecopsychology. 1993 Touchstone, New York.
  • T. Roszak, M.E. Gomes, A.D. Kanner (Eds). Ecopsychology, restoring the earth healing the mind. 1995 Sierra Club Books, San Francisco.
  • Renée G. Soule, "Ecopsychology" in Nigel Young (editor) The Oxford International Encyclopedia of Peace. 2010, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • A. Fisher. Radical Ecopsychology: Psychology in the Service of Life. 2013 Suny Press, Albany.
  • J. Phoenix Smith, "Ecopsychology: Toward a New Story of Cultural and Racial Diversity" 2013. Journal of Ecopsychology.Vol. 5. No.4.
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