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Non-exhaust emissions

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Non-exhaust emissions come from wearing down of motor vehicle brake pads, tires, roads themselves, and unsettling of particles on the road.[1][2][3][4][5] This particulate matter is made up of micrometre-sized particles and causes negative health effects, including respiratory disease and cancer.[6] Very fine particulate matter has been linked to cardiovascular disease.[7] In general they are emissions produced by motor vehicles, other than exhaust gas.[2]

Studies have shown that non-exhaust emissions from vehicles can be greater than exhaust gas emissions.[4]

Types of emissions

  • Brake wear gets released into the air as particulate matter[1] averaging 12-17 milligrams per vehicle per kilometer.[5]
  • Unsettling particles on the road get released into the air averaging 8-12 milligrams per vehicle per kilometer.[5]
  • Rubber pollution gets released into the air averaging 2.3-3.3 milligrams per vehicle per kilometer.[5]
  • The road itself wears and releases particulate matter into the air.[2]

Electric and hybrid vehicles

Electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles with regenerative braking still unsettle particles on the roadway and give off rubber and road pollution, and do so at a higher rate than lighter internal combustion vehicles[5], but do not emit the same level of brake wear compared to vehicles of the same type.[8]

Regulatory agencies and policies that target exhaust emissions

Very few agencies are charged with implementing exhaust emission standards for non-exhaust emissions.[1] Most policies target exhaust emissions and do not regulate non-exhaust particulate matter emissions.[2]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "Non-exhaust Particulate Emissions from Road Transport (highlights)" (PDF). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Publishing, Paris.
  2. ^ a b c d Non-exhaust Particulate Emissions from Road Transport: An Ignored Environmental Policy Challenge (Report). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. doi:10.1787/4a4dc6ca-en.
  3. ^ "Non-exhaust traffic emissions: Sources, characterization, and mitigation measures". Science of The Total Environment. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144440.
  4. ^ a b "Non-exhaust emission sources". Royal Society of Chemistry Environmental Chemistry Group.
  5. ^ a b c d e "PM10 and PM2.5 emission factors for non-exhaust particles from road vehicles: Dependence upon vehicle mass and implications for battery electric vehicles". Atmospheric Environment. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117886.
  6. ^ US EPA, OAR (26 April 2016). "Health and Environmental Effects of Particulate Matter (PM)". US EPA. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
  7. ^ "Pollution Particles Lead to Higher Heart Attack Risk". Bloomberg L.P. 17 January 2008. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011.
  8. ^ "A Comparison of Braking Behavior between an IC Engine and Pure Electric Vehicle in Los Angeles City Driving Conditions". Brake Colloquium & Exhibition. doi:10.4271/2017-01-2518.
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