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'''Chollas Creek''' is an urban creek in [[San Diego County, California]], United States, that drains to the [[San Diego Bay]].<ref>{{cite report |first=Linda |last=Pardy |first2=Jimmy |last2=Smith |first3=Deborah |last3=Jayne |date=14 August 2002 |title=Technical Report for Total Maximum Daily Load for Diazinon in Chollas Creek Watershed San Diego County |url=https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/sandiego/water_issues/programs/tmdls/docs/chollascreekdiazinon/finaltechtmdl042903.pdf |publisher=California Regional Water Quality Control Board San Diego Region |page=4 |docket=Chollas Creek Diazinon TMDL Final Technical Report |access-date=29 August 2023 |quote=}}</ref> It is has also been referred to as '''Las Chollas Creek'''.<ref name=1978memo>{{Citation | last=Matthew | first= R.S. | year=1978 | title=Navigable Waters of the United States; Las Chollas Creek | publisher=United States Army Corps of Engineers | url=https://www.spl.usace.army.mil/Portals/17/docs/regulatory/JD/NavigableWater/CA_Sec10_Nav_Det/1978-07-17_D11_Memo.pdf?ver=qEYVqndkRGDZtAj_1NdBBg%3D%3D | access-date = 25 August 2023 }}</ref> Chollas Creek arises in [[Lemon Grove, California|Lemon Grove]] and [[La Mesa, California|La Mesa]], where its four branches begin. It empties into the Bay at [[Barrio Logan, San Diego, California|Barrio Logan]].<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--not stated--> |date=17 July 2019 |title=Roam Chollas Creek Threading City Heights Encanto |url=https://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2019/jul/17/roam-chollas-creek-threading-city-heights-encanto/ |work=San Diego Reader |location= |access-date=3 July 2023}}</ref> The creek is {{convert|30|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}} long.<ref name=CSR2017 /> The creek splits into two main forks and may be dry during the Southern California dry season.<ref name=CSD-RT-10-URS17-01 />{{rp|2-1}} Multiple plant, animal, and aquatic wildlife species live in or around the creek, including the rare plants ''[[Juncus acutus]] leopoldii'', ''[[Iva hayesiana]]'', and the threatened [[Coastal California gnatcatcher]].<ref name=CMacGregor2015 /><ref name=2002CCEP />{{rp|22}}
'''Chollas Creek''' is an urban creek in [[San Diego County, California]], United States, that drains to the [[San Diego Bay]].<ref>{{cite report |first=Linda |last=Pardy |first2=Jimmy |last2=Smith |first3=Deborah |last3=Jayne |date=14 August 2002 |title=Technical Report for Total Maximum Daily Load for Diazinon in Chollas Creek Watershed San Diego County |url=https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/sandiego/water_issues/programs/tmdls/docs/chollascreekdiazinon/finaltechtmdl042903.pdf |publisher=California Regional Water Quality Control Board San Diego Region |page=4 |docket=Chollas Creek Diazinon TMDL Final Technical Report |access-date=29 August 2023 |quote=}}</ref> It is also referred to as '''Las Chollas Creek'''.<ref name=1978memo>{{Citation | last=Matthew | first= R.S. | year=1978 | title=Navigable Waters of the United States; Las Chollas Creek | publisher=United States Army Corps of Engineers | url=https://www.spl.usace.army.mil/Portals/17/docs/regulatory/JD/NavigableWater/CA_Sec10_Nav_Det/1978-07-17_D11_Memo.pdf?ver=qEYVqndkRGDZtAj_1NdBBg%3D%3D | access-date = 25 August 2023 }}</ref> Chollas Creek arises in [[Lemon Grove, California|Lemon Grove]] and [[La Mesa, California|La Mesa]], where its four branches begin. It empties into the Bay at [[Barrio Logan, San Diego, California|Barrio Logan]].<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--not stated--> |date=17 July 2019 |title=Roam Chollas Creek Threading City Heights Encanto |url=https://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2019/jul/17/roam-chollas-creek-threading-city-heights-encanto/ |work=San Diego Reader |location= |access-date=3 July 2023}}</ref> The creek is {{convert|30|mi|abbr=on|adj=on}} long.<ref name=CSR2017 /> The creek splits into two main forks and may be dry during the Southern California dry season.<ref name=CSD-RT-10-URS17-01 />{{rp|2-1}} Multiple plant, animal, and aquatic wildlife species live in or around the creek, including the rare plants ''[[Juncus acutus]] leopoldii'', ''[[Iva hayesiana]]'', and the threatened [[Coastal California gnatcatcher]].<ref name=CMacGregor2015 /><ref name=2002CCEP />{{rp|22}}


The creek's existence predates 1500 BC, and was used by the [[Kumeyaay]] with a village having been on the creek.<ref name=CASDI17203 />{{rp|9}}<ref name=WESTEC1976 />{{rp|43}}<ref name=MMiskwish2021 /> By 1841, the Kumeyaay village was no longer present on the creek.<ref name=CASDI17203 />{{rp|35}} The creek has flooded several times impacting people who had homes nearby it.<ref name=ET1951 /> Portions of the creek have been armored or [[Channelized (river)|channelized]].<ref name=2002CCEP />{{rp|1}} On a tributary of the creek a dam was constructed in the early 20th century, forming [[Chollas Reservoir]].<ref name=McCausland2022 /> Due to the presence of the reservoir the [[United States Navy]] constructed the [[Chollas Heights Navy Radio Station]].<ref name=LFetzer2005 />
The creek's existence predates 1500 BC, and was used by the [[Kumeyaay]] with a village having been on the creek.<ref name=CASDI17203 />{{rp|9}}<ref name=WESTEC1976 />{{rp|43}}<ref name=MMiskwish2021 /> By 1841, the Kumeyaay village was no longer present on the creek.<ref name=CASDI17203 />{{rp|35}} The creek has flooded several times impacting people who had homes nearby it.<ref name=ET1951 /> Portions of the creek have been armored or [[Channelized (river)|channelized]].<ref name=2002CCEP />{{rp|1}} On a tributary of the creek a dam was constructed in the early 20th century, forming [[Chollas Reservoir]].<ref name=McCausland2022 /> Due to the presence of the reservoir the [[United States Navy]] constructed the [[Chollas Heights Navy Radio Station]].<ref name=LFetzer2005 />

Revision as of 13:54, 11 September 2023

Chollas Creek
Las Chollas Creek
The South fork of Chollas Creek, just west of 47th Street, in the Lincoln Park neighborhood of San Diego.
Map
Native nameMatt Xtaat (Kumiai)[1][2]
Physical characteristics
MouthSan Diego Bay
 • location
(Just NW from the NW corner of Norman Scott Rd, San Diego, CA 92136 USA)
 • coordinates
32°41′14.7″N 117°08′01.1″W / 32.687417°N 117.133639°W / 32.687417; -117.133639
 • elevation
0.0 feet (0.0 m) above sea level
Length30 mi (48 km)

Chollas Creek is an urban creek in San Diego County, California, United States, that drains to the San Diego Bay.[3] It is also referred to as Las Chollas Creek.[4] Chollas Creek arises in Lemon Grove and La Mesa, where its four branches begin. It empties into the Bay at Barrio Logan.[5] The creek is 30 mi (48 km) long.[6] The creek splits into two main forks and may be dry during the Southern California dry season.[7]: 2–1  Multiple plant, animal, and aquatic wildlife species live in or around the creek, including the rare plants Juncus acutus leopoldii, Iva hayesiana, and the threatened Coastal California gnatcatcher.[8][9]: 22 

The creek's existence predates 1500 BC, and was used by the Kumeyaay with a village having been on the creek.[10]: 9 [11]: 43 [1] By 1841, the Kumeyaay village was no longer present on the creek.[10]: 35  The creek has flooded several times impacting people who had homes nearby it.[12] Portions of the creek have been armored or channelized.[9]: 1  On a tributary of the creek a dam was constructed in the early 20th century, forming Chollas Reservoir.[13] Due to the presence of the reservoir the United States Navy constructed the Chollas Heights Navy Radio Station.[14]

It has been described as "one of San Diego's most neglected watersheds."[15] For decades the creek has been plagued by pollution, illegal dumping and the destruction of natural habitats.[15] It is an "impaired" water body due to high levels of pollutants.[16][17] In 2002, the City of San Diego began a plan to rehabilitate the creek.[18] In 2021, a plan to make the creek into a regional park was adopted.[19]

Geography

The Chollas Creek watershed extends from the cities of La Mesa, Lemon Grove, into San Diego largely south of Interstate 8, as well as from an area unincorporated San Diego County.[20] It also runs through City Heights, Encanto, Barrio Logan, and eastern and southeastern San Diego.[17] The highest elevation of the creek is within La Mesa at about 800 feet (240 m).[4] The creek currently empties into San Diego Bay within Naval Station San Diego.[10]: 11 

A map showing the watershed of Chollas Creek
Chollas Creek watershed.[21]

Hydrology

Vegetation over a channelized creek
Chollas Creek north fork at Rolando Boulevard.

Chollas Creek is 16,270 acres (65.8 km2) split into two main forks.[7]: 2–1  The cumulative length of those two forks is 30 miles (48 km) linearly.[6] The south fork watershed covers an area of 6,997 acres (28.32 km2), and the north fork watershed covers an area of 9,276 acres (37.54 km2).[7]: 2–1 [22] During the months of May to September, the creek may be dry to having very little flow due to the dry season of Southern California. The mile of the creek closest to San Diego Bay is tidally influenced.[7]: 2–1 

Flora and fauna

In the late 19th century, thickets of cactus as tall as nearly six feet high were noted in the valley created by the creek.[10]: 12  Other species of plants observed growing abundantly included Arctostaphylos, Ceanothus, Eriodictyon californicum, Vitis girdiana, and Diplacus aurantiacus.[10]: 12 

By the late 20th Century, species of plant that can be found along the creek are Eriogonum fasciculatum, Salvia apiana, Quercus dumosa, Malosma, and Diplacus aurantiacus.[23]: 5  In 2015, a study of the south fork of the creek, before it merged with the north fork, found that two plant species with California Rare Plant Ranks were found; they were Juncus acutus leopoldii, and Iva hayesiana.[8]: 11–12 

At the mouth of Chollas Creek in 2015, a study of that portion of the creek found 4 species of bivalves, and 1 species of gastropod. The most numerous species of bivalve was a species of chione.[24]: 9 

Birds commonly found along Chollas Creek include the California gnatcatcher, red-tailed hawk, Bell's vireo, and cactus wren.[25] Of these species the Coastal California gnatcatcher is a threatened species.[9]: 22 [26]

Wildlife that live around the creek can include coyotes, skunks, possums, and red-shouldered hawk.[27]: 26–27, 35  Other wildlife which might be found around the creek include desert cottontail, gray foxes, and big brown bats.[25]

History

Chollas Creek's existence is estimated to date back to at least 1500 BC, with wetland environment dominating the mouth of the creek by 0 AD at the latest.[10]: 9  By 1,000 AD at the latest, a sandy beach was formed at the northwest mouth of the creek.[10]: 10 

Native American history

Chollas Creek was utilized by the Kumeyaay prior to the arrival of the Spanish.[11]: 43 [28]

Chollas Native American community

In Kumiai the village on Chollas Creek was named Matt Xtaat.[1][2] The village appears on a 1782 map created by La Princesa navigator Don Juan Pantoja y Arriola labeled on the map as "Ranchería de las Choyas."[10]: 34–35 [29] By 1841, Eugène Duflot de Mofras noted that the village was no longer in existence.[10]: 35  According to archeological surveys conducted in 2004 and 2006, the village was located between present day Oceanview Boulevard in the north and National Avenue in the south, and between 31st street in the west and 35th street in the east.[10]: 45–48  According to archeological research conducted in 2011, the area where the village was located was occupied in two distinct periods; one beginning over two thousand years before 2011, and another beginning as early as 1,771 years before 2011.[10]: 147  The land which the village use to occupy is now largely occupied by single-family homes and apartment buildings.[10]: 53 

Spanish era

During the Portola Expedition, a survey conducted by crew members of the San Antonio, found that Chollas Creek was a viable water source. Despite this finding, it was not utilized due to the presence of the Kumeyaay community there.[30] In 1769, Juniper Serra noted that the village at Chollas Creek was lined with chollas cactus.[10]: 33  Although other Kumeyaay communities were involved in the November 1775 attack on Mission San Diego, Choyas was not involved.[11]: 43  In the late 18th century, 71 people from Choyas were baptized.[11]: 43 

United States era

19th century

Stagecoach travelled within the Chollas Creek watershed down what is now Federal Boulevard.[31]: H-43 [32][33] In 1851, Army officer Nathaniel Lyon travelled east along the creek and established a route to what is now Campo, California.[28] In the 1883–1884 rainy season, Southern California experienced record-setting rainfall. As of February 2023, it was the wettest rain season in San Diego County.[34] During that season, the rainfall caused the creek to expand to 120 feet wide at one point.[10]: 40 [35] In 1886, the National City and Otay Railroad built a crossing over the creek near the present day alignment of Main Street for a railroad track used to supply the construction of Sweetwater Dam.[10]: 40  In 1887, railroad track owned by the California Southern Railroad crossed over creek.[10]: 39  In 1888, railroad track owned by the Coronado Railroad crossed the creek near the present day alignment of National Avenue.[10]: 40 

20th century

In 1901, Chollas Reservoir was created on a tributary of the creek;[13] it was created due to the construction of the Chollas Dam, also known as the Chollas Heights Dam, which is a 56 feet (17 m) tall earth-fill type dam with a steel core plate.[36] When the reservoir was built, it was east of the city limits of San Diego, and was the terminus point of a water pipe from the Lower Otay Reservoir.[37]: 20  Built by the Southern California Mountain Water Company, it and the rest of the company was purchased by the City of San Diego in 1913.[37]: Appendix B, page 15  Water from Chollas Reservoir was piped down to the University Heights Reservoir.[38] For a period of time in 1917, due to damage to the rest of the water distribution system which supplied the San Diego caused by a storm, the Chollas Reservoir became the sole source of water for the San Diego.[37]: Appendix B, page 23  In 1927 cracks developed in the dam, requiring repairs.[37]: Appendix B, page 23  Following the collapse of the St. Francis Dam, it led to reassessment of other dams which led to modifications and improvements to these dams, including the capacity enlargement of the Chollas Reservoir.[37]: 26  It had a water treatment plant, but it was decommissioned in 1950;[39] this was due to the completion of the much larger water treatment plant built at Lake Murray.[40] In 1966 the reservoir was decommissioned and transferred to the City of San Diego Parks & Recreation Department and became Chollas Lake Park.[37]: Appendix B, page 19 [41][42] In 1971 it was designated as a fishing lake for youth 15 and younger.[42] The Chollas Lake is roughly 16 acres.[43] In 1986, a Bactrocera dorsalis was caught in a trap near the lake, leading to efforts to eradicate the species in the area.[44]

The Chollas Heights Navy Radio Station was built just north of Chollas Reservoir in 1916.[14] Operated remotely from Point Loma, at the time of its creation it used the largest vacuum tube constructed, and required 50 US gallons (190 L) per minute to keep it cooled.[45] The site was chosen so that the lake's water might cool the heated transmitter tubes.[46][47]: 12  Three towers, each 660 feet (200 m) high, were constructed between February 1915 and January 26, 1916.[48][49] It was the world's first global Navy Radio Transmitting Facility, broadcasting at 200,000 watts, and was the most powerful radio transmitter in North America at the time.[47]: 2, 8 [48] It was built as one of a series of high-powered radio stations, including locations in Pearl Harbor, Cavite, and Annapolis.[50] Efforts were made to list the facility as a historic landmark.[51] Some structures of the facility have been reused for other purposes though the most historic parts of the facility were not saved.[52] The station was closed in 1992 and demolished in 1994.[48]

From the turn of the century, until at least 1930, an estuary existed at the mouth of the creek that measured at least 2,000 feet (610 m) across, and expanded until the point where the north and south branches of the creeks met.[10]: 11–12  In 1919, Naval Base San Diego was established. Soon after, land at the mouth of Chollas Creek was infilled, removing the existing wetlands. The creek was placed within a channel in order to prevent flooding of reclaimed lands that are part of the Navy base.[10]: 40  From 1946 until 1981, a burn site and landfill was operated by the City of San Diego within the watershed of Chollas Creek near Chollas reservoir.[53][54] On New Year's Eve 1951, the creek went over its normal creekbanks impacting a dozen families.[12] In the early 1960s additional channeling of the creek occurred, with the goal of flood prevention.[10]: 42  In 1969, flooding occurred in Chollas Creek leading to the collapse of a channeled portion of the creek near Oceanview Boulevard, along with damage to the Jackie Robinson YMCA.[55] In 1978, a portion of the creek from its mouth to 0.35 miles (0.56 km) was designated as navigable waters.[4] In 1999, Chollas Creek was added to the list of impaired waterbodies by the Regional Water Quality Control Board, San Diego Region, after it was found that in storm water samples organophosphate pesticides and heavy metals were found in the samples.[56]

21st century

A crane lifts debris from a river, with military ships in the far background. In February of 2010, after severe weather conditions caused debris buildup within the creek, Naval Base San Diego's Public Works crane and rigging crew collected over 40 tons of trash over four days.

In 2002, the City of San Diego adopted a 20-year, $42 million plan to rehabilitate the creek.[18] That same year, the watershed of the creek had the highest population density of any watershed in San Diego County.[57] In 2007, Groundworks was formed to clean up Chollas Creek due significant illegal dumping into the creek.[15] By 2013, while most of the creek had been put within concrete channels or underground culverts, a small portion of creek bed had been restored to a more natural soft channel on the south branch of the creek.[31]: H-10  In 2014, neighbors organized to reclaim a vacant lot in the watershed area for community use. A neighborhood group working with the San Diego Civic Innovation Lab and Groundwork San Diego cleared the lot. Improvements included "walking paths, native plant landscaping, mosaic art benches and shade structures".[58] In 2015, microplastics were found in 1 in 4 fish caught and in the sediment at the mouth Chollas Creek.[59] In January 2016, Friends of Chollas Creek organized a clean up of the creek in the Oak Park neighborhood.[60] In June 2021, the City of San Diego declared that Chollas Creek would be made into a regional park. Because of the size and sprawl of the creek, it was decided that Chollas Creek Regional Park would be a loose collection of small parks, open canyons, trails and other recreational amenities.[19] This was finalized in the August 2021 Parks Master Plan.[61] Prior to this, Chollas Creek was the only major waterway in San Diego not to be designated a regional park.[19] In late 2022, the California Coastal Commission approved repairs to the Las Chollas Creek Bridge, which dates back to 1907, and is utilized by the San Diego Trolley to cross the creek.[62]

In January 2022, a California sea lion was found on California State Route 94, where bystander motorists, then California Highway Patrol officers, had to divert traffic until it was taken by SeaWorld San Diego personnel for assessment.[63] One of the theories at the time was that he had traveled from San Diego Bay up Chollas Creek to Highway 94 – a route of 3.5 miles.[63] The first time this particular sea lion required the assistance of SeaWorld personnel was in November 2021, when it had made its way away from the water onto Harbor Island Drive near San Diego International Airport.[64][65] In February 2022, after the attachment of a flipper identification tag and rehabilitation the sea lion was released into the ocean.[66] In April 2022, the sea lion, who was given the name of Freeway, was found traveling up Chollas Creek in the Logan Heights neighborhood more than a mile away from ocean water, towards where he was found in January of that same year.[64][67] After being rescued from Chollas Creek, the sea lion was retained at SeaWorld.[67] In April 2023, the sea lion was euthanized at SeaWorld following deteriorating health due to a progressive disease.[65][68]

In May 2023, Groundwork San Diego presented a plan to the San Diego City Council to create a series of trails along Chollas Creek.[69] The Chollas Creek Regional Park is expected to be completed by 2024.[70]

Fishing

The California Department of Fish and Wildlife track the stocking of fish to Chollas Park Lake, located on a tributary of Chollas Creek.

The available fish are as follows:[71][72]

References

  1. ^ a b c Miskwish, Michael (September 2021). "The Kumeyaay Villages of San Diego City" (PDF). Indian Voices. San Diego, California: Blackrose Communications. Retrieved June 26, 2023.
  2. ^ a b Felix-Ibarra, Ana Patricia (2021-08-17). "Kumeyaay Placenames". ArcGIS StoryMaps. Archived from the original on 2021-12-28. Retrieved 2021-12-28.
  3. ^ Pardy, Linda; Smith, Jimmy; Jayne, Deborah (14 August 2002). Technical Report for Total Maximum Daily Load for Diazinon in Chollas Creek Watershed San Diego County (PDF) (Report). California Regional Water Quality Control Board San Diego Region. p. 4. Chollas Creek Diazinon TMDL Final Technical Report. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
  4. ^ a b c Matthew, R.S. (1978), Navigable Waters of the United States; Las Chollas Creek (PDF), United States Army Corps of Engineers, retrieved 25 August 2023
  5. ^ "Roam Chollas Creek Threading City Heights Encanto". San Diego Reader. 17 July 2019. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
  6. ^ a b Comment Summary and Responses (PDF) (Report). October 18, 2017. p. 9. Amendment to the Water Quality Control Plan for the San Diego Basin to Incorporate Site-Specific Water Effect Ratios into Total Maximum Daily Loads for Dissolved Copper and Dissolved Zinc in Chollas Creek. Retrieved 3 August 2023. Chollas Creek's cumulative length is 30 linear miles (two major forks) and the watershed is 25 square miles in area. {{cite report}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |authors= (help)
  7. ^ a b c d Preliminary Evaluation of an Illegal Dumping Abatement (PDF) (Report). City of San Diego. Retrieved 31 July 2023. {{cite report}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |authors= (help)
  8. ^ a b MacGregor, Catherine (June 2015). Chollas Creek to Bayshore Bikeway Multi-Use Path: Biological Technical Report (PDF) (Report). Groundwork San Diego - Chollas Creek. R.E.C. Consultants, Inc. Retrieved 7 August 2023 – via City of San Diego.
  9. ^ a b c Chollas Creek Enhancement Program (PDF) (Report). City of San Diego. 14 May 2002. Retrieved 7 August 2023. {{cite report}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |authors= (help)
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Brodie, Natalie; Hall, Jacqueline; Sampson, Michael; Buxton, Michael; Morgan, Christopher; Miller, Jason; Roeder, Mark; Homburg, Jeffrey; Windingstad, Jason; sasson, Aharon (October 2014). McLean, Roderic (ed.). Late Holocene Life Along Chollas Creek: Results of Data Recovery at CA_SDI-17203 (PDF) (Report). Carrie Purcell. LSA Associates, Inc. Retrieved 3 July 2023 – via Research Gate. {{cite report}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |authors= (help)
  11. ^ a b c d Center City Project Environmental Impact Report/ Environmental Impact Statement. San Diego: WESTEC Services, Inc. January 20, 1976. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
  12. ^ a b "Damage Heavy in S.D. Storm; Runoff Raises Level of Lakes". Evening Tribune. San Diego. December 31, 1951. Retrieved 28 August 2023 – via San Diego Union-Tribune.
  13. ^ a b HELIX Environmental Planning, Inc.; McCausland, Annie (October 2022). City of San Diego Dam Maintenance Program (PDF) (Report). City of San Diego Public Utilities Department. p. 20. Retrieved 24 April 2023. {{cite report}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |authors= (help)
  14. ^ a b Fetzer, Leland (2005). San Diego County Place Names, A to Z. Sunbelt Publications, Inc. ISBN 978-0-932653-73-4.
  15. ^ a b c Florido, Adrian (22 October 2010). "Cleaning Up Chollas Creek's Trash". Voice of San Diego. San Diego. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
  16. ^ OEHHA California Office of Environmental Heal Hazard Assessment. "Impaired Water Bodies". OEHHA. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
  17. ^ a b An Ordinance of the Council of the City of San Diego Designating Chollas Creek Watershed as a San Diego Regional Park Pursuant to San Diego Charter Section 55.2(a)(9) (PDF) (Ordinance O-21372). Council of the City of San Diego. 27 September 2021.
  18. ^ a b "Chollas Creek supporters get residents into the flow". San Diego Union-Tribune. San Diego. 30 September 2010. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
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    Mae, Melissa; Bowler, Matthew (2 June 2021). "Mayor Gloria Begins 'Parks For All Of Us' Initiative, Calling For Equity". KPBS. San Diego. City News Service. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
    "San Diego to create regional park in long-neglected Chollas Creek area of southeastern San Diego". San Diego Union-Tribune. San Diego. 27 June 2021. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
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  21. ^ California State Water Resources Control Board (2007-06-13). San Diego Regional Board Meeting (Report). Retrieved 2023-08-28.
  22. ^ Appendix 7-B: Integrated Flood Management Planning Study (PDF) (Report). San Diego Integrated Regional Water Management. April 2013. p. 4-14 - 4-15. Retrieved 28 August 2023. {{cite report}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |authors= (help)
  23. ^ Roy E. Pettus (1979). A Cultural Resources Survey of Portions of the Las Chollas, South Las Chollas, Los Coches, Forester and Loma Alta Stream Basins in San Diego County, California (Report). Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers. Retrieved June 26, 2023. {{cite report}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |authors= (help)
  24. ^ Smith, David M.; Maxon, Patrick O. (August 2015). Phase II Evaluation of a Portion of Archaeological Site CA-SDI-12093 (PDF) (Report). Lara Gates. BonTerra Psomas. Retrieved 31 July 2023 – via City of San Diego. {{cite report}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |authors= (help)
  25. ^ a b Schulte, Richard (2021-04-27). "Nature and art at Chollas Creekside Park". Cool San Diego Sights!. Retrieved 2023-08-01.
  26. ^ Bailey, Eric A.; Mock, Patrick J. (1998). "Dispersal Capability of the California Gnatcatcher: A Landscape Analysis of Distribution Data" (PDF). Western Birds. 29 (4): 351–360. Retrieved 30 August 2023.
    "PHASE I - SOUTH BRANCH Existing Creek Conditions" (PDF). Chollas Creek South Branch: Implementation Program (PDF) (Report). City of San Diego. p. 15. Retrieved 6 September 2023. One site of the federal threatened coastal California gnatcatcher (Polioptila Califronica californica) is known from a large patch of coastal sage scrub between Roswell and Market streets along the Encanto Branch, approximately 1,500 feet (460 m) to the east of Chollas Creek. {{cite report}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |authors= (help)
  27. ^ Trestles Environmental Corporation; Schaefer Environmental Solutions (May 2021). Biological Resources Technical Report (PDF) (Report). Groundwork San Diego. City of San Diego. Federal Boulevard Creek De-Channelization and Trail Project. Retrieved 25 August 2023. {{cite report}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |authors= (help)
  28. ^ a b "Lemon Grove Timeline". Lemon Grove Historical Society. Retrieved June 26, 2023.
  29. ^ Fetzer, Leland (2005). San Diego County Place Names A to Z (1st ed.). San Diego, California: Sunbelt Publications, Inc. pp. 23–24. ISBN 9780932653734.
  30. ^ Moilner, Geoffrey (Spring 2016). "Cosoy: Birthplace of New California". Journal of San Diego History. 62 (2): 131–158. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
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Further reading

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