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The [[Hypersonic Flight Experiment]] (HEX), first of the five test flights was conducted on 23 May 2016. The [[sub-orbital spaceflight|Sub-orbital]] test flight was launched at 07:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] (01:30 [[GMT]]) from [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] in [[Sriharikota]] ({{convert|80|km}} north of [[Chennai]]). The test flight lasted for 773.6 seconds,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Yadav|first1=Sandeep|last2=Jayakumar|first2=M.|last3=Nizin|first3=Aziya|last4=Kesavabrahmaji|first4=K.|last5=Shyam Mohan|first5=N.|date=2017-12-01|title=Final Phase Flight Performance and Touchdown Time Assessment of TDV in RLV-TD HEX-01 Mission|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s40032-017-0403-9|journal=Journal of the Institution of Engineers (India): Series C|language=en|volume=98|issue=6|pages=679–688|doi=10.1007/s40032-017-0403-9|s2cid=115904439|issn=2250-0553}}</ref> reached maximum altitude of {{convert|65|km}}, [[atmospheric entry]] speed of Mach 5 and covered a distance of {{convert|450|km}} [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|Sriharikota]], steered itself to an on-target splashdown to land ([[ditching|ditch]]) at a designated spot in the [[Bay of Bengal]]. Not designed to float, the vehicle disintegrated on impact with water and was not recovered.<ref name="India’s Reusable Launch Vehicle Successfully Flight Tested">{{cite news|title=India's Reusable Launch Vehicle Successfully Flight Tested|publisher=[[ISRO]] website|access-date=23 May 2016|url=http://www.isro.gov.in/update/23-may-2016/india%E2%80%99s-reusable-launch-vehicle-technology-demonstrator-rlv-td-successfully}}</ref>
The [[Hypersonic Flight Experiment]] (HEX), first of the five test flights was conducted on 23 May 2016. The [[sub-orbital spaceflight|Sub-orbital]] test flight was launched at 07:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] (01:30 [[GMT]]) from [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] in [[Sriharikota]] ({{convert|80|km}} north of [[Chennai]]). The test flight lasted for 773.6 seconds,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Yadav|first1=Sandeep|last2=Jayakumar|first2=M.|last3=Nizin|first3=Aziya|last4=Kesavabrahmaji|first4=K.|last5=Shyam Mohan|first5=N.|date=2017-12-01|title=Final Phase Flight Performance and Touchdown Time Assessment of TDV in RLV-TD HEX-01 Mission|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s40032-017-0403-9|journal=Journal of the Institution of Engineers (India): Series C|language=en|volume=98|issue=6|pages=679–688|doi=10.1007/s40032-017-0403-9|s2cid=115904439|issn=2250-0553}}</ref> reached maximum altitude of {{convert|65|km}}, [[atmospheric entry]] speed of Mach 5 and covered a distance of {{convert|450|km}} [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|Sriharikota]], steered itself to an on-target splashdown to land ([[ditching|ditch]]) at a designated spot in the [[Bay of Bengal]]. Not designed to float, the vehicle disintegrated on impact with water and was not recovered.<ref name="India’s Reusable Launch Vehicle Successfully Flight Tested">{{cite news|title=India's Reusable Launch Vehicle Successfully Flight Tested|publisher=[[ISRO]] website|access-date=23 May 2016|url=http://www.isro.gov.in/update/23-may-2016/india%E2%80%99s-reusable-launch-vehicle-technology-demonstrator-rlv-td-successfully}}</ref>


RLV-TD was mounted on top of and launched aboard a [[Single-stage-to-orbit|single stage]] [[solid fuel]] [[Booster (rocketry)|booster]] (HS9 booster) that was derived from [[strap-on booster]]s flown on India's [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]]. By the time, the booster consumed its [[solid fuel|solid]] [[propellant]] in 91 seconds, the RLV-TD separated from its boost stage and peaked to a sub-orbital altitude of about {{convert|65|km}}. The [[heat shield]], [[Guidance system|guidance]], [[navigation]] and [[Aircraft flight control system|control]] [[algorithm]]s were tested at [[hypersonic speed]] by accurately steering the vehicle during the [[Descent (aeronautics)|descent]] stage. For the descent back, the test vehicle was programmed to pitch its nose up, exposing silica tiles on its underside and [[reinforced carbon–carbon]] nose cap to the [[airflow]] into the thick lower layers of the atmosphere. The RLV-TD endured high temperatures of descent through the atmosphere due to its [[thermal protection system]].
RLV-TD was mounted on top of aboard a [[Single-stage-to-orbit|single stage]] [[solid fuel]] [[Booster (rocketry)|booster]] (HS9 booster) derived from [[strap-on booster]]s flown on India's [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle]]. the booster consumed its [[solid fuel|solid]] [[propellant]] in 91 seconds, the RLV-TD separated and peaked to a sub-orbital altitude of about {{convert|65|km}}. The [[heat shield]], [[Guidance system|guidance]], [[navigation]] and [[Aircraft flight control system|control]] [[algorithm]]s were tested by accurately steering the vehicle during the [[Descent (aeronautics)|descent]] . , the test vehicle was programmed to pitch its nose up, exposing silica tiles on its underside and [[reinforced carbon–carbon]] nose cap to the [[airflow]] into the thick lower layers of the atmosphere. The RLV-TD high temperatures of descent through the atmosphere.


All stages of the test flight were tracked by ground station at the launch site and a shipborne terminal. All the mission objectives were met and technologies like [[Proximity operations|autonomous navigation]], [[Guidance system|guidance]] and [[Aircraft flight control system|control]], reusable [[thermal protection system]] and descent mission management were successfully validated.<ref name="India’s Reusable Launch Vehicle Successfully Flight Tested"/><ref name="India Flies Winged Space Plane On Experimental Suborbital Launch"/>
All stages of the test flight were tracked by ground station at the launch site and a shipborne terminal. All the mission objectives were met and technologies like [[Proximity operations|autonomous navigation]], [[Guidance system|guidance]] and [[Aircraft flight control system|control]], reusable [[thermal protection system]] and descent mission management were successfully validated.<ref name="India’s Reusable Launch Vehicle Successfully Flight Tested"/><ref name="India Flies Winged Space Plane On Experimental Suborbital Launch"/>

Revision as of 04:55, 2 April 2023

RLV-TD
Technology Development Vehicle (TDV) for RLV Technology Demonstration Programme at Satish Dhawan Space Centre
FunctionTechnology demonstration vehicle
ManufacturerISRO
Country of originIndia
Size
Height~16 m (52 ft)[1] (Length: 6.5 m (21 ft) (Orbiter))
Diameter1 m (3 ft 3 in)[1]
Mass12 tonnes (Orbiter 1.75 tonnes)[2]
Stages2[1]
Launch history
StatusTesting prototypes[3]
Launch sitesSatish Dhawan Space Centre
First flight01:30 UTC, 23 May 2016 [4]
[edit on Wikidata]

RLV-TD is India's first uncrewed flying testbed developed for the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)'s Reusable Launch Vehicle Technology Demonstration Programme. It is a scaled down prototype of an eventual two-stage-to-orbit (TSTO) reusable launch vehicle.

The RLV-TD successfully completed its first atmospheric test flight on 23 May 2016, which lasted for 770 seconds and reached a maximum altitude of 65 kilometres (40 mi). It was designed to evaluate various technologies, and development of the final version is expected to take 10 to 15 years.[5] The fully developed RLV is expected to take off vertically like a rocket, deploy a satellite in orbit, return to Earth, and land on a runway.[6]

Development & history

RLV-TD was developed by ISRO under the RLV Technology Demonstration Programme. The Technology Demonstration Programme consists of development of hypersonic rocket with air-breathing engines and the reusable launch vehicle.[7][6] The RLV-TD is being designed and built at the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre. Its navigational equipment was supplied by the ISRO Inertial Systems Unit in Thiruvananthapuram and ISRO's Satellite Applications Centre in Ahmedabad. The RLV-TD's landing gear is supplied by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited.

Engines

In January 2006, ISRO completed the design, development and tests of Scramjet (supersonic ramjet) at its Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre in Thiruvananthapuram. During the ground tests, stable supersonic combustion with an inlet Mach number 6 was demonstrated for 7 seconds.

On 3 March 2010, ISRO successfully conducted the flight test of its new sounding rocket ATV-D01 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota. ATV-D01 weighed 3 tonnes at lift-off and was the heaviest sounding rocket ever developed by ISRO at the time. It was mounted with a passive Scramjet engine. The rocket flew for 7 seconds, achieved Mach number 6 + 0.5 and dynamic pressure 80 + 35 kPa.[8]

Reusable launch vehicle

RLV-TD HEX01

In January 2012, the design of ISRO's reusable launch vehicle was approved by the "National Review Committee" and clearance was granted to build the vehicle. The vehicle was named "Reusable Launch Vehicle-Technology Demonstrator" (RLV-TD).[9] ISRO aims to bring down the cost of payload delivery to low Earth orbit by 80% from existing $20,000/kg to $4,000/kg.[10][11][12]

The RLV-TD was developed with an objective to test various aspects such as hypersonic flight, autoland, powered cruise flight, hypersonic flight using the air-breathing engine propulsion and "Hypersonic Experiment". A series of four RLV-TD test flights are planned by ISRO:[9][13][14] HEX (Hypersonic Flight Experiment), LEX (Landing Experiment), REX (Return Flight Experiment), and SPEX (Scramjet Propulsion Experiment).

A team of 750 engineers at Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, National Aeronautical Laboratory, and Indian Institute of Science worked on the design and development of RLV-TD and the associated rocket. RLV-TD underwent 120 hours of wind tunnel, 5,000 hours of computational fluid dynamics and 1,100 runs of flight simulation tests. RLV-TD has mass of 1.75 tonnes, wingspan of 3.6 meters and overall length of 6.5 meters (excluding the rocket). The vehicle had 600 heat-resistant tiles on its undercarriage and it features delta wings and angled tail fins.[6][15] Total cost of the project was ₹95 crore (equivalent to ₹137 crore or US$16.4 million in 2023).[16][17] Future planned developments include testing an air-breathing propulsion system, which aims to capitalise on the oxygen in the atmosphere instead of liquefied oxygen while in flight.[18]

Hypersonic Flight Experiment

HEX01 maiden launch from Satish Dhawan Space Centre First Launch Pad on 23 May 2016
Main article: Hypersonic Flight Experiment

The Hypersonic Flight Experiment (HEX), first of the five test flights was conducted on 23 May 2016. The Sub-orbital test flight was launched at 07:00 IST (01:30 GMT) from Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota (80 kilometres (50 mi) north of Chennai). The test flight lasted for 773.6 seconds,[19] reached maximum altitude of 65 kilometres (40 mi), atmospheric entry speed of Mach 5 and covered a distance of 450 kilometres (280 mi) Sriharikota, steered itself to an on-target splashdown to land (ditch) at a designated spot in the Bay of Bengal. Not designed to float, the vehicle disintegrated on impact with water and was not recovered.[20]

RLV-TD was launched mounted on top of aboard a single stage solid fuel booster (HS9 booster), derived from strap-on boosters flown on India's Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle. Omce the booster consumed its solid propellant in 91 seconds, the RLV-TD separated and peaked to a sub-orbital altitude of about 65 kilometres (40 mi). The heat shield, guidance, navigation and control algorithms were tested by accurately steering the vehicle during the hypersonic speed descent phase. During this phase, the test vehicle was programmed to pitch its nose up, exposing silica tiles on its underside and reinforced carbon–carbon nose cap to the airflow into the thick lower layers of the atmosphere. The RLV-TD's thermal protection system enabled the behicle to endure high temperatures of descent through the atmosphere.

All stages of the test flight were tracked by ground station at the launch site and a shipborne terminal. All the mission objectives were met and technologies like autonomous navigation, guidance and control, reusable thermal protection system and descent mission management were successfully validated.[20][6]

Landing Experiment

ISRO is planning to conduct air-drop landing experiment (RLV-LEX) during Q1 of 2023 that will take place at Aeronautical Test Range in Challakere, Chitradurga, Karnataka.[21][22] A prototype RLV will be lifted off with the help of helicopter and later will release from a height of 3 km altitude. During this experiment RLV has to glide, navigate towards the runway and land on the runway autonomously with landing gear,[23][24] slowing down with deployment of parachute. Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) already successfully established the connection between RLV Interface Systems (RIS) with the helicopter and qualification model for the landing gear was also achieved.[25] As per S. Somanath, the first scaled down landing experiment will happen on defence runway at Challakere where a technology demonstrator weighing four tonnes will be released from an altitude of 3 km and covering a distance of 3 km in runaway. The vehicle has to autonomously glide, navigate and land. This is part of an air drop test to perform aerodynamic studies on air frame developed by ISRO. The previous attempt to check the glide ability was aborted in April 2022 due to a cyclone.[26][27]

On 2 April 2023, ISRO successfully conducted the Reusable Launch Vehicle Autonomous Landing Mission (RLV LEX) at the Aeronautical Test Range (ATR), Chitradurga , Karnataka. In LEX, The RLV took off at 7:10 am IST by a Chinook Helicopter of the Indian Air Force as an underslung load and flew to a height of 4.5 km ( above MSL ) . Once the predetermined pillbox parameters were attained , based on the RLV's Mission Management Computer command , the RLV was released in mid - air , at a down range of 4.6 km . Release conditions included 10 parameters covering position , velocity , altitude and body rates , etc. The release of RLV was autonomous , RLV then performed approach and landing maneuvers using the Integrated Navigation , guidance & control system and completed an autonomous landing on the ATR airstrip at 7:40 AM IST. [28]

Future developments

In other experiments, ISRO intends to carry out an orbital re-entry experiment (REX) and a Scramjet Propulsion Experiment (SPEX) using a reusable carrier vehicle.[29][22] ISRO Chief K. Sivan stated that the agency had many experiments planned for the RLV-TD, but would only focus on them from 2019, as it was occupied with other missions.[30]

Timeline

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "Modeling &Control of Launch Vehicles" (PDF). www.sc.iitb.ac.in.
  2. ^ "Tuesday, December 22, Isro's small steps towards developing its own reusable rocket [Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV)] program". LIVE MINT, IN. 2015. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  3. ^ "Navigation satellite system by March".
  4. ^ "India's First-Ever Indigenous Space Shuttle RLV-TD Launched Successfully".
  5. ^ "ISRO successfully launches Indias first ever indigenous space shuttle". The Economic Times. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
  6. ^ a b c d "India Flies Winged Space Plane On Experimental Suborbital Launch". spaceflightnow.com. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
  7. ^ "India's Reusable Launch Vehicle Successfully Flight Tested". ISRO website. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
  8. ^ "Flight testing of advanced sounding rocket". ISRO website. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
  9. ^ a b "Launch vehicle approved". DNA India. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
  10. ^ "Make In India Gets Wings With Successful Launch Of Swadeshi Space Shuttle". The Free Press Journal. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
  11. ^ "India Just Launched A Mini Space Shuttle". sciencealert.com. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
  12. ^ "Breakthrough in Supersonic combustion technology". Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre website. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
  13. ^ "Demonstration program". ISRO website. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
  14. ^ "Low cost access". bharat-rakshak.com. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
  15. ^ "ISRO's Reusable Launch Vehicle What Happened And What Next". thewire.in. Archived from the original on 25 May 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
  16. ^ "VSSC to find new skies". The Indian Express. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
  17. ^ "India's own space shuttle launched successfully". The Hindustan Times. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
  18. ^ "ISRO to Test Rocket That Uses Oxygen Directly from the Atmosphere to Fuel Itself". 2016-05-26. Retrieved 2016-07-07.
  19. ^ Yadav, Sandeep; Jayakumar, M.; Nizin, Aziya; Kesavabrahmaji, K.; Shyam Mohan, N. (2017-12-01). "Final Phase Flight Performance and Touchdown Time Assessment of TDV in RLV-TD HEX-01 Mission". Journal of the Institution of Engineers (India): Series C. 98 (6): 679–688. doi:10.1007/s40032-017-0403-9. ISSN 2250-0553. S2CID 115904439.
  20. ^ a b "India's Reusable Launch Vehicle Successfully Flight Tested". ISRO website. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
  21. ^ "ISRO gearing up for second prototype test of RLV-TD". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
  22. ^ a b "ISRO to test reusable launch vehicle soon". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 2018-08-10.
  23. ^ "Press Information Bureau". pib.gov.in. 19 December 2018. Retrieved 2018-12-21. In the next phase, an autonomous runway landing experiment is planned releasing the RLV-TD vehicle from a helicopter to demonstrate the runway approach and landing capability. This will be followed by an end-to-end orbital re-entry mission demonstration using a Technology Demonstration Vehicle boosted by propulsion system
  24. ^ "Reusable Launch Vehicle". www.vssc.gov.in. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
  25. ^ "ISRO Plans To Test ground Landing Of 'Desi' Space Shuttle By Year end". Kalinga TV. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  26. ^ Bagla, Pallava (2022-05-24). "India is quietly building the Reusable Launch Vehicle, a swadeshi Space Shuttle". NEWS9LIVE. Retrieved 2022-05-26.
  27. ^ a b "Episode 90 – An update on ISRO's activities with S Somanath and R Umamaheshwaran". AstrotalkUK. October 24, 2019. Retrieved October 30, 2019.
  28. ^ ISRO (2 April 2023). "ISRO sucessfully conducted LEX misssion of RLV".
  29. ^ "Like Space X, Isro too working on reusable rocket stages - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2018-08-10.
  30. ^ "Isro plans orbital re-entry test for re-usable vehicle - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
  31. ^ India’s Reusable Launch Vehicle-Technology Demonstrator (RLV-TD), Successfully Flight Tested. 23 May 2016. ISRO.
  32. ^ "Department of Space presentation on 18 Jan 2019" (PDF). 18 January 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2019.
  33. ^ "Message from Chairman's desk - ISRO". www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 2019-01-03. We have commenced the next phase of Reusable Launch Vehicle technology development towards an Orbital Recovery Experiment.
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