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{{Short description|Species of single-celled organism}}
{{Speciesbox
| taxon = Vitrella brassicaformis
| authority = [[Miroslav Oborník|Oborník]] et al., 2012<ref name="Oborník2012"/>
}}

'''''Vitrella brassicaformis''''' (CCMP3155) is a unicellular [[Algae|alga]] belonging to the [[Eukaryote|eukaryotic]] supergroup [[Alveolate|Alveolata]]. ''V. brassicaformis'' and its closest known relative, ''[[Chromera velia]],'' are the only two currently described members of the phylum [[Chromerida]], which in turn constitutes part of the taxonomically unranked group [[Colpodellida]]. Chromerida is phylogenetically closely related to the phylum [[Apicomplexa]], which includes ''[[Plasmodium]]'', the agent of [[malaria]].<ref name="Oborník2012">{{cite journal|last1=Oborník|first1=Miroslav|last2=Modrý|first2=David|last3=Lukeš|first3=Martin|last4=Černotíková-Stříbrná|first4=Eva|last5=Cihlář|first5=Jaromír|last6=Tesařová|first6=Martina|last7=Kotabová|first7=Eva|last8=Vancová|first8=Marie|last9=Prášil|first9=Ondřej|last10=Lukeš|first10=Julius|year=2012|title=Morphology, Ultrastructure and Life Cycle of ''Vitrella brassicaformis'' n. sp., n. gen., a Novel Chromerid from the Great Barrier Reef|journal=Protist|volume=163|issue=2|pages=306–23|doi=10.1016/j.protis.2011.09.001|pmid=22055836}}</ref> Notably, both ''V. brassicaformis'' and ''C. velia'' are [[Photosynthesis|photosynthetic]], each containing a [[Plastid|complex secondary plastid]].<ref name="Moore2006">{{cite thesis|last=Moore|first=Robert Bruce|year=2006|title=Molecular ecology and phylogeny of protistan algal symbionts from corals|type=Thesis|publisher=The University of Sydney|hdl=2123/1914|oclc=271214031}}{{page needed|date=February 2017}}</ref> This characteristic defined the discovery of these so-called '[[Chromerida|chromerids]],' as their photosynthetic capacity positioned them to shed light upon the evolution of Apicomplexa's non-photosynthetic parasitism. Both genera lack [[Chlorophyll b|chlorophyll ''b'']] or ''[[Chlorophyll c|c]]''; these absences link the two taxonomically, as algae bearing only [[Chlorophyll a|chlorophyll ''a'']] are rare amid the biodiversity of life. Despite their similarities, ''V. brassicaformis'' differs significantly from ''C. velia'' in morphology, lifecycle, and accessory photosynthetic pigmentation. ''V. brassicaformis'' has a green color, with a complex lifecycle involving multiple pathways and a range of sizes and morphologies, while ''Chromera'' has a brown color and cycles through a simpler process from generation to generation. The color differences are due to differences in accessory pigments.

==Isolation and identification==
Extant cultures of ''V. brassicaformis'' were isolated from the coral ''[[Leptastrea|Leptastrea purpurea]]'' in the [[Great Barrier Reef]].<ref name=Moore2006/> These are available from the NCMA culture collection in Maine USA (cultures 3156, 3157, 3158) and are also backed up in other collections, such as NQAIF (Australia), and CCAP (UK). In 2004, the strains deposited to Culture Collection of Marine Phytoplankton (now Bigelow NCMA) by R. Moore were manually "re-isolated" (repurified) by CCMP staff. Staff worked under the assumption that the flagellate (motile) stage could be separated permanently from the benthic spherical stages, which is not so, as these are stages of a single lifecycle. The fact that this unusual peer-review process could have happened in the history of the description of the species is an example of the very unusual lifecycle/morphology combination of this organism compared to other photosynthetic eukaryotes that many culture collections were accustomed to handling. However, it is not an unusual lifecycle for [[dinoflagellate]]s, which are photosynthetic relatives of ''V. brassicaformis''.<ref name=Moore2006/>

Besides its varied somatic lifecycle, ''V. brassicaformis' '' putative gametogenesis and recombining stages have been well documented.<ref name="Oborník2012"/>

==Lifestyle==
The term "mixotrophy" defines this lifestyle which combines [[Phototroph|phototrophy]] (light as energy source) and [[Heterotroph|heterotrophy]] (predation as energy source).<ref name=Moore2006/> Mixotrophic [[dinoflagellate]]s are very common in the food web,<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s12601-010-0007-2 |title=Growth, feeding and ecological roles of the mixotrophic and heterotrophic dinoflagellates in marine planktonic food webs |journal=Ocean Science Journal |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=65 |year=2010 |last1=Jeong |first1=Hae Jin |last2=Yoo |first2=Yeong Du |last3=Kim |first3=Jae Seong |last4=Seong |first4=Kyeong Ah |last5=Kang |first5=Nam Seon |last6=Kim |first6=Tae Hoon |bibcode=2010OSJ....45...65J |doi-access=free }}</ref> and "''Vitrella"''-like organisms may have been the ancestors of such, raising the possibility that further families of Chromerida may eventually be found in the environment.<ref name="Janouškovec et al 2012">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2012.04.047 |pmid=22789997 |title=Global analysis of plastid diversity reveals apicomplexan-related lineages in coral reefs |journal=Current Biology |volume=22 |issue=13 |pages=R518–9 |year=2012 |last1=Janouškovec |first1=Jan |last2=Horák |first2=Aleš |last3=Barott |first3=Katie L. |last4=Rohwer |first4=Forest L. |last5=Keeling |first5=Patrick J. |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Description==
''Vitrella brassicaformis'' was described in 2011 by Obornik ''et al.'',<ref name="Oborník2012"/> from type material RM11 (CCMP3155)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ncma.bigelow.org/node/1/strain/CCMP3155/printInfo |title=Ccmp3155 |access-date=2013-01-06 |archive-date=2013-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730181317/https://ncma.bigelow.org/node/1/strain/CCMP3155/printInfo |url-status=dead }}{{full citation needed|date=February 2017}}</ref> originally isolated from host ''[[Pocillopora damicornis]]''.<ref name=Moore2006/> Major differences between ''V. brassicaformis'' and ''C. velia'' were noted by the authors, leading to their classification into two distinct families, [[Vitrellaceae]] and [[Chromeraceae]], respectively. The plastid genome is a highly compact 85 kb-long circle.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1073/pnas.1003335107 |jstor=20723998 |pmid=20534454 |pmc=2890776 |title=A common red algal origin of the apicomplexan, dinoflagellate, and heterokont plastids |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=107 |issue=24 |pages=10949–54 |year=2010 |last1=Janouskovec |first1=J. |last2=Horak |first2=A. |last3=Obornik |first3=M. |last4=Lukes |first4=J. |last5=Keeling |first5=P. J. |bibcode=2010PNAS..10710949J |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26092225/ | pmid=26092225 | year=2015 | last1=Oborník | first1=M. | last2=Lukeš | first2=J. | title=The Organellar Genomes of Chromera and Vitrella, the Phototrophic Relatives of Apicomplexan Parasites | journal=Annual Review of Microbiology | volume=69 | pages=129–144 | doi=10.1146/annurev-micro-091014-104449 }}</ref>

==Evolution and taxonomy==
Just as for its sister family [[Chromeraceae]], the family [[Vitrellaceae]] is a bridge between alternate views of protist evolution: the botanical view versus the zoological view. These views need not be opposed. [[Apicomplexa]]ns (all non-photosynthetic) are generally described using the zoological code, while protistan (often unicellular) algae have often been described using the botanical code. Protistologists have always been free to use whichever code they choose, and these two organisms (''V. brassicaformis'' and ''C. velia'') are prime examples of the need for this freedom. They possess a flagellate stage and a benthic stage.<ref name=Moore2006/>

Researcher [[Thomas Cavalier-Smith]] investigating the origins of apicomplexans and [[dinozoa]]ns, suggested a joint category [[Myzozoa]] encompassing both of these superphyla, plus related groups the [[colpodellid]]s and [[perkinsid]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.ejop.2004.01.002 |title=Protalveolate phylogeny and systematics and the origins of Sporozoa and dinoflagellates (phylum Myzozoa nom. Nov.) |journal=European Journal of Protistology |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=185–212 |year=2004 |last1=Cavalier-Smith |first1=T. |last2=Chao |first2=E.E. }}</ref> By morphology and lifestyle, like feeding through [[myzocytosis]],<ref name=Moore2006/>''V. brassicaformis'' more closely resembles an ancestral Myzozoan than ''C. velia'' does. These two lifestyles, [[autotrophy]] and [[heterotrophy]], found in one organism (''V. brassicaformis'') represent the store of potential that was able to lead to the Myzozoan radiation.

==Ecology==
''Vitrella brassicaformis'' was originally isolated from the Scleractinian coral ''[[Leptastrea purpurea]]'' (tropical) using a variation of a method intended to isolate [[Symbiodinium|Symbiodiniaceae]] (algal symbionts of corals). Vitrellaceae occur globally in tropical and warm subtropical marine environments. They are associated not only with coral reef ecosystems, but also thrombolites, stromatolites and other calcifying marine environments.<ref name="Janouškovec et al 2012"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Alveolata}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q7937227}}

[[Category:Protists described in 2012]]
[[Category:Chromerida]]

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