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{{Short description|Catholic churches in the People's Republic of China that are not state-sanctioned}}
{{For|unregistered Protestant churches in China|House church (China)}} 
The term '''underground church''' ({{zh|s=地下教会|p=dìxià jiàohuì}}) is used to refer to [[Catholic Church in China|Chinese Catholic]] churches in the [[China|People's Republic of China]] which have chosen not to associate with the state-sanctioned [[Catholic Patriotic Association]]; they are also called '''loyal church''' ({{zh|s=忠贞教会|p=zhōngzhēn jiàohuì}}). Underground churches came into existence in the 1950s, after the [[Chinese Communist Party|Communist Party]]'s [[proclamation of the People's Republic of China]], due to the severing of ties between [[Catholic Church in China|Chinese Catholics]] and the [[Holy See]].<ref name="bays">{{cite book|last=Bays|first=Daniel|title=A New History of Christianity in China|url=https://archive.org/details/newhistorychrist00bays|url-access=limited|pages=[https://archive.org/details/newhistorychrist00bays/page/n200 192]–193|location=Malden, MA|date =2012|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell}}</ref>

There continues to be tensions between underground churches and "open churches" which have joined the state-sanctioned [[Catholic Patriotic Association]] ({{zh|s=中国天主教爱国会|p= Zhōngguó Tiānzhǔjiào Àiguó Huì}}).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2013/11/18/do-not-abandon-catholics-in-china-cardinal-tells-church/|title=Do not abandon Catholics in China, Cardinal tells Church|last=Rocca|first=Francis X.|date=November 18, 2013|website=www.catholicherald.co.uk|access-date=2016-04-21}}</ref>

==Terminology==
The description of an "underground church" reflects language that was made popular during the [[Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII|Cold War]], when these churches came about. Underground churches are also sometimes referred to as "[[Vatican City|Vatican]] loyalists" because they have attempted to remain loyal to the [[Pope]] and the [[Holy See]]. There is no established organization structure of underground churches, though they tend to be clustered around a number of Vatican-ordained bishops.<ref name="leung">{{Cite book|title=Chinese Catholic Church in Conflict: 1949-2001|last=Leung|first=Beatrice|last2=Liu|first2=William T.|publisher=Universal Publishers|year=2004|isbn=978-1581125146|location=Boca Raton, Florida|pages=91–96, 143–153}}</ref> However, underground churches would in 1989 form the Bishops Conference of Mainland China ({{zh|s=天主教中国大陆主教团|p=Tiānzhǔjiào Zhōngguó Dàlù Zhǔjiào Tuán}}) as separate from the state-sanctioned {{Ill|Bishops' Conference of Catholic Church in China|zh|中國天主教主教團}} ({{zh|s=中国天主教主教团|p=Zhōngguó Tiānzhǔjiào Zhǔjiào Tuán}}), which was established in 1980.<ref name="leung"/>

Chinese Catholics associated with underground churches are often seen in contrast with the Chinese Catholics associated with the [[Catholic Patriotic Association]], often termed "open churches" ({{Zh|c=|s=地上教会|t=|p=dìshàng jiàohuì|l=above ground church}}), which are officially independent of the [[Holy See]].<ref name="bays" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Joseph Tse-Hei|date=March 2007|title=Christianity in Contemporary China: An Update|url=https://academic.oup.com/jcs/article/49/2/277/764110|journal=Journal of Church and State|language=en|volume=49|issue=2|pages=278–279|doi=10.1093/jcs/49.2.277|issn=0021-969X}}</ref>

Protestant churches in China which have not joined the state-sanctioned Protestant church, the [[Three-Self Patriotic Movement]], are generally termed [[House church (China)|house churches]] rather than underground churches.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==
{{Portal|Catholicism}}
* [[House church (China)|Protestant house church]]
* [[China–Holy See relations]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Catholicism in China]]
[[Category:Catholic spirituality]]
[[Category:Catholic liturgy]]
[[Category:Catholic Church in China]]

{{RC-stub}}

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