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{{Short description|Transatlantic liner}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use American English|date=June 2022}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image= Minnekahda American Line.jpg
|Ship caption= Postcard by R Schmidt of ''Minnekahda'' when [[American Line]] chartered her in 1921.
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header= 
|Ship name= ''Minnekahda''
|Ship namesake= 
|Ship owner= *1918: [[Atlantic Transport Line|Atlantic Transport Co, Ltd]]
*1921: [[International Mercantile Marine Company|International Mercantile Marine Co]]
*1922: [[Atlantic Transport Line|Atlantic Transport Co of West Virginia]]
|Ship operator= 
|Ship registry= *1918: {{flagicon|UKGBI|civil}} [[Belfast Harbour|Belfast]]
*1920: {{flagicon|USA}} [[New York City|New York]]
|Ship route= *1920: [[Port of London|London]] – New York
*1921–25: New York – [[Port of Hamburg|Hamburg]]
*1925–31: New York – London
|Ship ordered= April 1913
|Ship builder= [[Harland & Wolff]], [[Belfast]]
|Ship original cost=
|Ship yard number= 446
|Ship laid down= 1914
|Ship launched= 8 March 1917
|Ship completed= 21 March 1918
|Ship acquired=
|Ship maiden voyage= 
|Ship refit= 1921, 1926
|Ship in service= 
|Ship out of service= 
|Ship identification= *'''1918:''' UK [[official number]] 136369
*[[code letters]] JSLH
*{{ICS|Juliet}}{{ICS|Sierra}}{{ICS|Lima}}{{ICS|Hotel}}
*'''1921:''' US official number 220814
*code letters MBVP
*{{ICS|Mike}}{{ICS|Bravo}}{{ICS|Victor}}{{ICS|Papa}}
*'''1934:''' [[Maritime call sign|call sign]] KDKK
*{{ICS|Kilo}}{{ICS|Delta}}{{ICS|Kilo}}{{ICS|Kilo}}
|Ship fate= Scrapped 1936
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship type= [[Ocean liner]]
|Ship class= 
|Ship tonnage= *1917: {{GRT|17221}}, {{NRT|10844}}
*1921: {{GRT|17281|link=off}}, {{NRT|10208|link=off}}
|Ship length= {{cvt|620.5|ft|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam= {{cvt|66.4|ft|abbr=on}}
|Ship height=
|Ship draught= 
|Ship depth= {{cvt|47.3|ft|abbr=on}}
|Ship decks= 4
|Ship ice class=
|Ship power= 1,831 [[Horsepower#Nominal horsepower|NHP]], 13,600 [[Horsepower#Indicated horsepower|ihp]]
|Ship propulsion= *3 × [[Propeller|screws]]
*2 × [[Marine steam engine#Triple or multiple expansion|triple expansion engines]]
*1 × low-pressure [[steam turbine]]
|Ship speed= {{convert|15+1/2|kn|km/h}}
|Ship capacity= *16,000 tons of cargo, including {{convert|49580|cuft|0}} [[Reefer ship|refrigerated]]
*1921: 2,150 3rd class passengers
*1925: 750 tourist class passengers
|Ship troops= 3,010
|Ship crew=
|Ship sensors= *[[Submarine signals|submarine signalling]]
*by 1930: wireless [[direction finding]]
|Ship notes= 
}}
|}

'''SS ''Minnekahda''''' was a [[Transatlantic crossing|transatlantic]] [[ocean liner]] that was launched in Ireland in 1917 and scrapped in Scotland in 1936. She was [[Keel laying|laid down]] in 1914 but the [[World War I|First World War]] delayed her completion. Because of the war she was completed in 1918 as a [[Troopship|troop ship]], and then worked as a [[cargo ship]].

''Minnekahda'' was not fitted out as a civilian passenger liner until 1921. She was refitted in 1926 to carry fewer passengers in more comfort. From 1931 she was laid up in [[New Jersey]].

''Minnekahda'' was in the fleet of the [[Atlantic Transport Line]], which was part of the [[International Mercantile Marine Company]]. She was registered in the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] until 1920, and then in the [[United States]].

==Building==
[[Harland & Wolff]] built ''Minnekahda'' in [[Belfast]] on slipway number 6 as yard number 446. She was laid down in 1914, but work on her was suspended after the First World War broke out that August. As the [[Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I|Central Powers' U-boat campaign depleted Allied shipping]], the need for replacement ships increased, and Harland & Wolff resumed work on ''Minnekahda''. She was launched on 8 March 1917 and completed as a troop ship on 21 March 1918.<ref name=H&W>{{cite web |url= http://www.theyard.info/ships/ships.asp?entryid=446 |title=Minnekahda |work=Harland and Wolff Shipbuilding and Engineering Works |access-date=28 June 2022}}</ref>

''Minnekahda''{{'}}s registered length was {{cvt|620.5|ft|abbr=on}}, her beam was {{cvt|66.4|ft|abbr=on}} and her depth was {{cvt|47.3|ft|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Lloyd's Register 1917, II|loc=MIN}} Her holds could carry 16,000 tons of cargo,<ref name=NYT-1920-1104>{{cite news |title=Replaces British Ensign. |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |page=22 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |date=4 November 1920 |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1920/11/04/102985507.html?pageNumber=22 |access-date=28 June 2022}}</ref> including {{convert|49580|cuft|0}} of refrigerated space.{{sfn|Lloyd's Register 1917, I}} As built, her [[tonnage]]s were {{GRT|17221}} and {{NRT|10844}}.{{sfn|Lloyd's Register 1917, II|loc=MIN}}

''Minnekahda'' was one of a series of Harland & Wolff steamships that were propelled by a combination of reciprocating steam engines and a [[steam turbine]]. She had three [[Propeller|screws]]. A pair of four-cylinder [[Marine steam engine#Triple or multiple expansion|triple expansion engines]] drove her [[port and starboard]] screws. Exhaust steam from those engines powered one low-pressure turbine that drove her middle screw.{{sfn|Lloyd's Register 1917, II|loc=MIN}}

Harland & Wolff had used this arrangement first on {{SS|Laurentic|1908|3}} for [[White Star Line]], and most notably on the three {{sclass|Olympic|ocean liner}}s. Between them, ''Minnekahda''{{'}}s three engines were rated at a total of 1,831 [[Horsepower#Nominal horsepower|NHP]]{{sfn|Mercantile Navy List 1919|p=376}} or 13,600 [[Horsepower#Indicated horsepower|ihp]]<ref name=SAS>{{cite web |url= http://shippingandshipbuilding.uk/view.php?year_built=&builder=&ref=203335 |title=Minnekahda |work=Shipping and Shipbuilding |publisher=Shipping and Shipbuilding Research Trust |access-date=28 June 2022}}</ref> and gave her a speed of {{convert|15+1/2|or|16|kn|km/h}}.<ref name=H&W/>{{sfn|Harnack|1930|p=325}}

[[Atlantic Transport Line]] [[Ship registration|registered]] ''Minnekahda'' at [[Belfast Harbour|Belfast]]. Her UK [[official number]] was 136369 and her [[code letters]] were JSLH.{{sfn|Lloyd's Register 1917, II|loc=MIN}}

==British troop and cargo ship==
[[File:Minnekahda dazzle.jpg|thumb|''Minnekahda'' in [[dazzle camouflage]], approaching New York on 4&nbsp;December&nbsp;1918 with 3,010 U.S. troops aboard]]

''Minnekahda'' served as an armed [[Troopship|troop transport]] during [[World War I]], engaged in carrying troops from the [[United States]] to Europe. In July 1918, she was involved in a [[friendly fire]] incident. She departed [[New York City]] on 21 July 1918 with 3,800 U. S. troops aboard as one of a convoy of five troop transports. In the predawn hours of 23 July, the [[United States Navy]] [[submarine]] {{USS|N-3|SS-55|6}} was on the surface in the [[Atlantic Ocean]], charging her [[Electric battery|batteries]] in calm, hazy weather with bright moonlight, when she suddenly sighted one of the ships of the convoy at 02:55 at a range of only {{convert|1,800|yd|sigfig=3}}. ''Minnekahda'' soon also appeared, headed straight at ''N-3'' and only about {{convert|200|yd|0}} away. ''N-3'' immediately made a preliminary recognition signal by firing a green [[Flare (pyrotechnic)|flare]], then sent a recognition signal by blinker light. ''Minnekahda'' did not respond except to blow her [[steam whistle]]. ''N-3''′s crew heard someone aboard ''Minnekahda'' order "Fire!" As ''N-3'' continued to flash the recognition signal by blinker light, ''N-3''′s [[commanding officer]] hailed ''Minnekahda'', calling out "Don't fire, this is an American submarine!" At that instant, one of ''Minnekahda''′s guns fired a {{convert|6|or|7.5|in|adj=on|0}} round (according to different sources),<ref>[http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/n/n-3.html Naval History and Heritage Command, ''Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships'': N-3 Accessed 26 March 2023]</ref><ref name=proceedingsmistakenattacks>[https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1934/december/mistaken-attacks-world-war Doughty, Leonard, Jr., Lieutenant Commander, "Mistaken Attacks in the World War," ''Proceedings'', October 1934.]</ref> and the [[Shell (projectile)|shell]] hit ''N-3'' forward at the [[waterline]], failing to explode but inflicting considerable damage and causing leaks. ''Minnekahda'' closed to a range of {{convert|50|yd|0}}, close enough for ''N-3''′s crew to see men aboard ''Minnekahda'' and hear them receive an order to load. As ''N-3'' continued to flash the recognition signal, several men on ''N3''′s deck yelled "Don't fire!" and "Don't shoot, this is the ''N-3''!" Finally, someone on ''Minnekahda'' asked where ''N-3''′s flag was. ''N-3''′s crew immediately brought a [[United States flag]] on deck and shined a light on it. ''Minnekahda'' promptly ceased fire. The U.S. Navy [[destroyer]] {{USS|Preble|DD-12|6}}, serving as one of the convoy′s escorts, approached at [[flank speed]] as if to ram ''N-3'', and ''N-3'' made recognition signals and backed at full speed, avoiding a collision with ''Preble'' by only a few feet. ''N-3'' hailed ''Preble'', which stopped and sent a boat to ''N-3'' to assess her damage. ''N-3'' had suffered no crew casualties, but ''Minnekahda''′s unexploded shell was found in ''N-3''′s forward [[Superstructure (ship)|superstructure]], and ''N-3''′s torpedo compartment was partially flooded. After pumping {{convert|2,800|USgal|impgal l|0}} of [[diesel fuel]] overboard to lighten herself forward, ''N-3'' proceeded to port on the surface under her own power.<ref name=proceedingsmistakenattacks/>

''Minnekahda'' repatriated [[Allies of World War I|Allied]] troops after the [[Armistice of 11 November 1918|armistice with Germany]] that ended World War I on 11 November 1918. On 23 November 1918 she left [[Port of Liverpool|Liverpool]] taking home 3,010 members of the [[American Expeditionary Forces]]. She sailed in convoy with two other British troop ships, {{SS|Lapland||2}} and ''[[SS Calgaric|Orca]]'', and an escort of [[destroyer]]s. On the voyage one U.S. soldier aboard ''Minnekahda'' died of [[pneumonia]], which he caught as a secondary infection after contracting the [[Spanish flu]]. Atlantic storms slowed the convoy by 36 hours, and ''Lapland'' and ''Minnekahda'' reached New York on 5 December 1918.<ref>{{cite news |title=Returning troops speed President |newspaper=The New York Times |page=4 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |date=5 December 1918 |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1918/12/05/97048517.html?pageNumber=4 |access-date=28 June 2022}}</ref>

In February 1919 ''Minnekahda'' repatriated 12 [[Company (military unit)|companies]] of the [[United States Army]]′s [[329th Infantry Regiment (United States)|329th Infantry Regiment]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Troops on the Minnekahda |newspaper=The New York Times |page=6 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |date=28 January 1919 |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1919/01/28/97064441.html?pageNumber=6 |access-date=28 June 2022}}</ref> On 16 January 1920 she left [[Port of London|London]] on her final trooping voyage, crossing the Atlantic via [[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]], [[Nova Scotia]], [[Canada]], to [[New York City]].<ref name=H&W/>

On 27 March 1920 ''Minnekahda'' started service between London and New York as a cargo ship.<ref name=H&W/> Her cargo included 17 tons of [[Gold bar|gold bullion]], worth $9,800,000, in her specie room. The bullion was from [[HM Treasury]], as an instalment repayment of war loans. When she docked in New York on 7 April, motor trucks under armed guard met her to take the bullion to the [[Federal Reserve Bank of New York]].<ref>{{cite news |title=$9,800,000 in gold here from England |newspaper=The New York Times |page=18 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |date=7 April 1920 |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1920/04/07/96879230.html?pageNumber=18 |access-date=28 June 2022}}</ref>

[[American Line]] [[Chartering (shipping)|chartered]] ''Minnekadha'' for a single round trip from New York to London and [[Port of Hamburg|Hamburg]] and back to New York that began on 17 July 1920. She began her last voyage as a cargo ship on 8 October 1920, leaving London for New York.<ref name=H&W/>

==Immigrant liner==
On 3 November 1920 Atlantic Transport Line changed ''Minnekahda''{{'}}s port of registration to New York.<ref name=NYT-1920-1104/> Her US official number was 220814 and her code letters were MBVP.{{sfn|Lloyd's Register 1921|loc=MIN}}

[[Bethlehem Steel]] at [[Fore River Shipyard]] in [[Quincy, Massachusetts]] refitted the ship<ref name=H&W/> at a cost of $700,000 to carry civilian passengers. She was a one-class ship, with cabins of two, four or six berths. Public rooms included a lounge and a smoking room. ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported her total capacity as 2,500 passengers,<ref>{{cite news |title=Steerage liner inspected. |newspaper=The New York Times |page=24 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |date=31 March 1921 |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/03/31/98661612.html?pageNumber=24 |access-date=28 June 2022}}</ref> but other sources give the total as 2,150.<ref name=H&W/> Her tonnages were revised to {{GRT|17281|link=off}} and {{NRT|10208|link=off}}.{{sfn|Lloyd's Register 1921|loc=MIN}}

[[File:Minnekahda Nord-Ostsee-Kanal.jpg|thumb|''Minnekahda'' in [[American Line]] colors, passing under the [[Levensau High Bridge]] on the [[Kiel Canal]], probably in 1921.]]
''Minnekahda''{{'}}s first voyage as a passenger liner was another charter to American Line for a single round trip. She left New York on 31 March 1921, called at [[Port of Naples|Naples]] and Hamburg, and returned to New York. On 21 May that year she entered regular Atlantic Transport Line service between New York and Hamburg.<ref name=H&W/>

When ''Minnekahda'' docked in New York on 26 July 1922, a squad of 30 [[United States Customs Service|US Customs]] personnel searched her and inspected her disembarking passengers and crew. Her [[Quartermaster#United States|Quartermaster]] was found in possession of undeclared diamonds and other jewelry worth a total of $10,000, and was arrested on suspicion of smuggling.<ref>{{cite news |title=Customs men seize $10,000 in jewelry |newspaper=The New York Times |page=31 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |date=27 July 1922 |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1922/07/27/99044985.html?pageNumber=31 |access-date=28 June 2022}}</ref>

Many of ''Minnekahda''{{'}}s westbound passengers were migrants from Europe to the United States. In one sailing from Hamburg via [[Port of Southampton|Southampton]] to New York in October 1923 she carried 827 passengers, most of whom were German migrants.<ref>{{cite news |title=Minnekahda in From Hamburg. |newspaper=The New York Times |page=17 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |date=26 October 1923 |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1923/10/26/105933528.html?pageNumber=17 |access-date=28 June 2022}}</ref>

On 30 November 1924 ''Minnekahda'' ran aground off the German coast near Hamburg. After 2,500 tons of her cargo was unloaded onto lighters, and she was refloated by 3 December 1924. [[Tugboat|Tugs]] assisted her to reach Hamburg.<ref>{{cite news |title=Liner Minnekahda is Refloated. |newspaper=The New York Times |page=21 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |date=4 December 1924 |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1924/12/04/98810201.html?pageNumber=21 |access-date=28 June 2022}}</ref> Her final voyage from Hamburg began on 10 January 1925.<ref name=H&W/>

==Tourist liner==
In 1921 the [[United States Congress|US Congress]] had adopted the [[Emergency Quota Act]], which set quotas to limit immigration to the US from each country. In April 1924 it passed the [[Immigration Act of 1924]], which significantly reduced those quotas. In March 1925 Atlantic Transport Line announced that it would reduce ''Minnekahda''{{'}}s passenger accommodation to 750 berths, all tourist class. The company changed her European port of departure from Hamburg to London, and announced that she would now bring British tourists to the US.<ref name=NYT-1925-0320>{{cite news |title=Cheap trips on liner. |newspaper=The New York Times |page=40 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |date=20 March 1925 |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1925/03/20/101651384.html?pageNumber=40 |access-date=28 June 2022}}</ref> Her new route included a call at [[Boulogne-sur-Mer|Boulogne]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Minnekahda Now on London Route. |newspaper=The New York Times |page=22 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |date=21 December 1924 |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1924/12/21/101629176.html?pageNumber=22 |access-date=28 June 2022}}</ref> The return fare was £38 per passenger.<ref name=NYT-1925-0320/> Her first voyage on her new route started on 24 March 1925.<ref name=H&W/> In the 1925 tourist season she made ten round trips and carried 6,228 tourists.<ref name=NYT-1926-0320>{{cite news |title=Tourist season opens. |newspaper=The New York Times |page=7 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |date=20 March 1926 |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1926/03/20/104202859.html?pageNumber=7 |access-date=28 June 2022}}</ref>

On 4 and 5 December 1925 on a westbound voyage from London to New York, ''Minnekahda'' encountered a "hurricane-force" storm that tore away {{convert|15|ft|0}} of railing from the after part of her deck. On 8 December she docked in New York, and US Customs officers immediately came aboard and searched her. Her officers complained at the roughness of the search, turning passengers' luggage "topsy-turvy". The [[Purser|Ship's Clerk]] said that Customs officers entered his cabin in his absence, threw his two suitcases on the floor and broke the locks.<ref>{{cite news |title=Says Customs men broke into cabins |newspaper=The New York Times |page=18 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |date=9 December 1925 |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1925/12/09/100034331.html?pageNumber=18 |access-date=28 June 2022}}</ref>

Although announced in March 1925, ''Minnekahda''{{'}}s refit to 750 tourist berths was undertaken in the winter of 1925–1926, in Boulogne. A new boat deck was added to increase her promenade space, and her cabins and bathrooms were improved.<ref name=NYT-1926-0320/>

On 25 September 1927 ''Minnekahda'' struck a submerged shipwreck a few miles outside Boulogne. The collision tore off part of her [[bilge keel]], damaged six hull plates on her [[Port and starboard|starboard]] side and broke one of the blades of her starboard propeller. [[Admiralty chart]]s showed no known wreck at that position. [[Trinity House]] sent a [[Lighthouse tender|tender]] to mark the wreck with a [[buoy]] until it could  be made safe.<ref name=NYT-1927-1015>{{cite news |title=Liner, Twice Warned by Vermonter of Mishap, Now Being Repaired After Hitting a Wreck |newspaper=The New York Times |page=21 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |date=15 October 1927 |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1927/10/15/117998984.html?pageNumber=21 |access-date=28 June 2022}}</ref>

[[File:RMS Majestic-postcard.jpg|thumb|{{RMS|Majestic|1914|6}}, which in October 1927 took 500 passengers who had been booked to sail on ''Minnekahda'']]
''Minnekahda'' had been scheduled to embark passengers in London, and to leave on 1 October for New York. The sailing was canceled for her to be repaired, and her 500 passengers were transferred to {{RMS|Majestic|1914|6}}. ''Minnekahda'' resumed passenger service with a departure from London on 29 October.<ref name=NYT-1927-1015/>

In 1929 ''Minnekahda'' began the tourist season by leaving New York on 6 April, bound for London via Boulogne. She carried only 240 passengers, but that was 75 more than she carried on a similar sailing in April 1928. From this the IMM predicted a successful season in the North Atlantic trade.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gain in travel expected. |newspaper=The New York Times |page=35 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |date=6 April 1929 |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1929/04/06/95905563.html?pageNumber=35 |access-date=28 June 2022}}</ref>

In August 1929 the IMM reported that its business was thriving, thanks to the increasing popularity of tourist class travel. It announced that several ships had carried record numbers of passengers, including ''Minnekahda'' which carried 809 on a single sailing that departed on 29 June. IMM also stated that she carried a total of 1,932 passengers spread over three sailings, and this was a record for the IMM fleet.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sets new record for third class. |newspaper=The New York Times |page=51 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |date=13 August 1929 |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1929/08/13/95988181.html?pageNumber=51 |access-date=28 June 2022}}</ref>

In a storm on a westbound voyage on 31 January 1930 a huge wave hit ''Minnekahda''. It tore off part of the deck railing from her starboard side, damaged some of her [[davit]]s and carried away several of her ventilators. Several inches of water flooded her smoking room. Much of the rest of her voyage was also stormy. The ship reduced speed and reached New York on 5 February, two days late.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gale-beaten ships dock days late |newspaper=The New York Times |page=17 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |date=6 February 1930 |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1930/02/06/95749436.html?pageNumber=17 |access-date=28 June 2022}}</ref>

By mid-1930 ''Minnekahda'' was equipped with wireless [[direction finding]].{{sfn|Lloyd's Register 1930|loc=MIN}} On a westbound voyage on 19 July 1930 a young woman passenger jumped overboard. The ship stopped her starboard engine, turned around, and launched two lifeboats. One of the boats, commanded by her [[Third mate|Third Officer]], rescued the young woman and took her back aboard, where she was admitted to the [[Sick bay|ship's hospital]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Minnekahda's Lifeboats Picks Up Detroit Passenger After Fifteen Minutes. |newspaper=The New York Times |page=4 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |date=22 July 1930 |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1930/07/22/96911580.html?pageNumber=4 |access-date=28 June 2022}}</ref>

On 12 August 1931 ''Minnekahda'' took part in the successful test of a [[Radiofax|radio facsimile]] system. [[General Electric]] transmitted a copy of the ''Union-Star'' newspaper of [[Schenectady, New York|Schenectady]] by wireless to ''Minnekahda'' and the [[United States Lines]] ship {{USS|America|ID-3006|2}}. Charles J. Young, son of the [[RCA]] founder [[Owen D. Young]], and Dr [[Ernst Alexanderson]], invented the system. It took 15 minutes to copy a single page measuring {{convert|8+1/2|by|9|in|mm}}.<ref>{{cite news |title=Paper facsimile radioed. |newspaper=The New York Times |page=22 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |date=13 August 1931 |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1931/08/13/118221046.html?pageNumber=22 |access-date=28 June 2022}}</ref>

==Fate==
On 12 October 1931 ''Minnekahda'' docked in New York, ending her final voyage from London. She was laid up first at Pier 52, and then moved to [[Staten Island]] for the winter. Throughout her ten-year passenger career she had the same [[Master mariner|Master]], [[Sea Captain|Captain]] Johan Jensen, who was born in [[Denmark]] and became a US citizen.<ref>{{cite news |title=Transfers Jensen to Baltimore liner |newspaper=The New York Times |page=55 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |date=3 December 1931 |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1931/12/03/98084228.html?pageNumber=55 |access-date=28 June 2022}}</ref>

By 1934 a new four-letter call sign KDKK replaced ''Minnekahda''{{'}}s code letters and earlier three-letter call sign.{{sfn|Lloyd's Register 1934|loc=MIN}}

By 1936 ''Minnekahda'' was laid up at [[Hoboken, New Jersey]]. That February she was sold for scrap. At first it was reported that Turner & Hickman of [[Glasgow]] had bought her for $125,000,<ref>{{cite news |title=Wrecking Firm buys Minnekahda |newspaper=The New York Times |page=43 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |date=26 February 1936 |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1936/02/26/88638435.html?pageNumber=43 |access-date=28 June 2022}}</ref> but in mid-March it was reported that her buyers were WH Arnott, Young and Co. On 14 March she moved to the [[Morse Dry Dock and Repair Company|Morse Dry Dock]] in [[Brooklyn]] to be prepared for her voyage after four and a half years laid up.<ref name=NYT-1936-0315>{{cite news |title=Events of interest in shipping world |newspaper=The New York Times |page=159 |url-access=subscription |via=Times Machine |date=15 March 1936 |url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1936/03/15/88643873.html?pageNumber=159 |access-date=28 June 2022}}</ref>

''Minnekahda'' was re-registered under the UK flag{{sfn|Lloyd's Register 1935|loc=MIN–MIR}} and embarked a UK crew.<ref name=NYT-1936-0315/> On 14 April she left New York for Scotland<ref name=SAS/> carrying a cargo of scrap iron.<ref name=NYT-1936-0315/> On 29 April she reached Arnott, Young's yard [[Dalmuir]] on the [[River Clyde]] to be scrapped.<ref name=SAS/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |last=Bonsor |first=NRP |year=1979 |title=North Atlantic Seaway |volume=3 |place=Jersey |publisher=Brookside Publications |isbn=978-0905824024 |pages=1,095–1,096}}
*{{cite book |last=Harnack |first=Edwin P |origyear=1903 |year=1930 |title=All About Ships & Shipping |place=London |publisher=[[Faber and Faber]] |edition=4th}}
*{{cite book |year=1917 |title=Lloyd's Register of Shipping |volume=I–Sailing Vessels, Owners, &c. |chapter=Part II.—List of vessels having a capacity of less than 80,000 cubic feet (if not holding Lloyd's R.M.C.). |place=London |publisher=[[Lloyd's Register]] of Shipping |via=[[Internet Archive]] |chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/HECROS1918SV/page/n335/mode/1up |ref={{harvid|Lloyd's Register 1917, I}} }}
*{{cite book |year=1917 |title=Lloyd's Register of Shipping |volume=II–Steamers |place=London |publisher=Lloyd's Register of Shipping |via=Internet Archive |url= https://archive.org/details/HECROS1918ST/page/n678/mode/1up |ref={{harvid|Lloyd's Register 1917, II}} }}
*{{cite book |year=1921 |title=Lloyd's Register of Shipping |volume=II–Steamers |place=London |publisher=Lloyd's Register of Shipping |via=Internet Archive |url= https://archive.org/details/HECROS1922ST/page/n841/mode/1up |ref={{harvid|Lloyd's Register 1921}} }}
*{{cite book |year=1930 |title=Lloyd's Register of Shipping |volume=II–Steamers and Motorships of 300 Tons Gross and Over |place=London |publisher=Lloyd's Register of Shipping |via=[[Southampton City Council]] |url= https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/30/30b0804.pdf |ref={{harvid|Lloyd's Register 1930}} }}
*{{cite book |year=1934 |title=Lloyd's Register of Shipping |volume=II–Steamers and Motorships of 300 Tons Gross and Over |place=London |publisher=Lloyd's Register of Shipping |via=Southampton City Council |url= https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/34/34b0571.pdf |ref={{harvid|Lloyd's Register 1934}} }}
*{{cite book |year=1935 |title=Lloyd's Register of Shipping |volume=II–Steamers and Motorships of 300 Tons Gross and Over |place=London |publisher=Lloyd's Register of Shipping |via=Internet Archive |url= https://archive.org/details/HECROS1936ST/page/n566/mode/1up |ref={{harvid|Lloyd's Register 1935}} }}
*{{cite book |year=1919 |title=Mercantile Navy List |via=Crew List Index Project |url= https://www.crewlist.org.uk/data/viewimages?&name=Minnekahda&steamsail=Steam&submit=Enter&year=1919 |ref={{harvid|Mercantile Navy List 1919}} }}

==External links==
* {{cite web |url= http://menus.nypl.org/menu_pages/64454 |title=Menu |date=25 December 1926 |publisher=[[Atlantic Transport Line]] |via=[[New York Public Library]]}} – Christmas Day dinner menu

{{July 1918 shipwrecks}}
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{{1930 shipwrecks}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Minnekahda, 1917}}
[[Category:1917 ships]]
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[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1918]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1930]]
[[Category:Rogue wave incidents]]

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