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{{Short description|Americans of Indian birth or descent}}
{{Redirect|Asian Indians|people from India|Indian people|people from the Indian subcontinent|Ethnic groups in South Asia}}
{{Distinguish|Native Americans in the United States|Indigenous peoples of the Americas}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use American English|date=November 2011}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2011}}

{{Infobox ethnic group
| group            = Indian Americans|
| pop              = '''5,160,203''' (2023)<ref name="ACS 2023">{{cite web |url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT1Y2023.B02018 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=2024-09-21 |title=US Census Data }}</ref>
<br />{{small|'''1.47%''' of the U.S. population (2023)}}<br />
| popplace         = {{hlist|[[New Jersey]] • [[New York metropolitan area]] • [[San Francisco Bay Area]] • [[Washington–Baltimore combined statistical area]] • [[Delaware Valley|Greater Philadelphia]] • [[Greater Boston]] • [[Atlanta metropolitan area]] • [[Chicago metropolitan area]] • [[Northeast Ohio|Cleveland-Akron metropolitan area]]  • [[Miami metropolitan area]] • [[Indianapolis metropolitan area]] • [[Milwaukee metropolitan area]] • [[Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex]] • [[Greater Houston]] • [[Research Triangle]] • [[Greater Orlando]] • [[Phoenix metropolitan area]] • [[Metro Detroit]] • [[Greater Pittsburgh Region]] • [[Greater Los Angeles]]• [[Minneapolis–Saint Paul]] • [[San Diego County, California|San Diego County]] • [[Charlotte metropolitan area]] • [[Denver metropolitan area]] • [[Columbus metropolitan area, Ohio]] • [[Cincinnati metropolitan area]] • [[San Antonio]] • [[Tampa Bay area]] • [[Greater St. Louis]] • [[Las Vegas Valley]] • [[Seattle metropolitan area]]}}
| langs            = {{hlist| [[American English]] • [[Indian English]] • [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] • [[Telugu language|Telugu]] • [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] • [[Bengali language|Bengali]] • [[Tamil language|Tamil]] • [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] •  [[Marathi language|Marathi]] • [[Malayalam]] • [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] • [[Kannada]] • [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] • [[Konkani language|Konkani]] • other [[Languages of Indian subcontinent|Indian languages]]<ref name="2006AmericanCommunitySurvey">{{cite web |last=Terrazas |first=Aaron |url=http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/indian-immigrants-united-states-1/#10 |title=Indian Immigrants in the United States |publisher=migrationpolicy.org |date=2010-06-09 |access-date=2016-11-09 |archive-date=July 21, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721030923/http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/indian-immigrants-united-states-1/#10 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Telugu US">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-45902204|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213071110/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-45902204|title=Do you speak Telugu? Welcome to America|work=BBC News|date=October 21, 2018|archive-date=December 13, 2019}}</ref><ref name="2020Census">https://www.census.gov/prod/2013pubs/acs-22.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205101044/http://www.census.gov/prod/2013pubs/acs-22.pdf |date=February 5, 2016 }} see page 3</ref>}}
<!--Do not add in languages unless they have their own category on the census-->| rels             = 48% [[Hinduism in the United States|Hinduism]]<br />15% [[Christianity in the United States|Christianity]]<br />8% [[Islam in United States|Islam]]<br />8% [[Sikhism in the United States|Sikhism]]<br />3% [[Religion in the United States|Other religion]]<br />18% [[Irreligion in the United States|No religion]]<ref name=asianreligion>{{cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2023/10/11/religion-among-asian-americans/|title=Religion Among Asian Americans|date=October 11, 2023 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|access-date=October 14, 2023}}</ref>
| related_groups   = [[Indo-Caribbean Americans]] • [[Indo-Fijians#Diaspora|Indo-Fijian Americans]] • [[Indian people]] • other [[South Asian Americans]] • [[Indian diaspora]] • [[South Asian diaspora]] • [[Indian Canadians]]
| native_name_lang = 
| image            = India Square JC jeh.JPG
| image_caption    = [[India Square]], in the heart of [[Bombay, Jersey City|Bombay]], [[Jersey City, New Jersey#Demographics|Jersey City]], [[New Jersey]], home to one of the highest concentrations of Asian Indians in the [[Western Hemisphere]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jerseycityindependent.com/2014/04/neighborhood-spotlight-journal-square/|title=Neighborhood Spotlight: Journal Square|author=Laryssa Wirstiuk|newspaper=Jersey City Independent|date=April 21, 2014|access-date=December 26, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630085618/http://www.jerseycityindependent.com/2014/04/neighborhood-spotlight-journal-square/|archive-date=June 30, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> is one of at least 24 Indian-American enclaves characterized as a [[Little India]] which have emerged in the [[Indians in the New York City metropolitan area|New York City Metropolitan Area]], with the largest metropolitan Indian population outside [[Asia]], as large-scale immigration from [[India]] continues into [[New York City|New York]].<ref name=Immigrants2014est>{{cite web|url=https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/immsuptable2d_5.xls|title=Supplemental Table 2. Persons Obtaining Lawful Permanent Resident Status by Leading Core Based Statistical Areas (CBSAs) of Residence and Region and Country of Birth: Fiscal Year 2014|publisher=U.S. Department of Homeland Security|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-date=August 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804064953/https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/immsuptable2d_5.xls|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Immigrants2013est>{{cite web |url=https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/immigration-statistics/yearbook/2013/LPR/immsuptable2d.xls |title=Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2013 Supplemental Table 2 |publisher=U.S. Department of Homeland Security |access-date=June 1, 2016 |archive-date=May 1, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501031722/http://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/immigration-statistics/yearbook/2013/LPR/immsuptable2d.xls |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Immigrants2012est>{{cite web|url=https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/immigration-statistics/yearbook/2012/LPR/immsuptable2d.xls |title=Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2012 Supplemental Table 2 |publisher=U.S. Department of Homeland Security |access-date=June 1, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222152450/http://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/immigration-statistics/yearbook/2012/LPR/immsuptable2d.xls |archive-date=December 22, 2014}}</ref>
}}

'''Indian Americans''' are people with ancestry from [[India]] who are [[U.S. citizen|citizens]] or [[Green card|permanent residents]] of the [[United States]]. The terms '''Asian Indian''' and '''East Indian''' are used to avoid confusion with [[Native Americans in the United States]], who are also referred to as "Indians" or "American Indians". With a population of more than 5.1 million, Indian Americans make up approximately 1.35% of the U.S. population and are the largest group of [[South Asian Americans]], the largest Asian-alone group,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-26 |title=Indians surpass Chinese as largest 'Asian-alone' group in U.S. |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/indians-surpass-chinese-largest-asian-alone-group-us-rcna117206 |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> and the largest group of [[Asian Americans]] after [[Chinese Americans]]. Indian Americans are the [[List of ethnic groups in the United States by household income#Detailed ancestry|highest-earning ethnic group]] in the United States.<ref name=":HighestEarningEthnicGroupInAmerica">Multiple sources:
* {{Cite news |date=July 12, 2018 |last1=Kochhar |first1=Rakesh |last2=Cilluffo |first2=Anthony |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2018/07/12/income-inequality-in-the-u-s-is-rising-most-rapidly-among-asians/ |url-status=live |access-date=April 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210404224936/https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2018/07/12/income-inequality-in-the-u-s-is-rising-most-rapidly-among-asians/ |archive-date=April 4, 2021 |title=Income Inequality in the U.S. Is Rising Most Rapidly Among Asians |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |language=en }}
* {{Cite news |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?t=013%20-%20Asian%20Indian%20alone%3A014%20-%20Bangladeshi%20alone%3A015%20-%20Cambodian%20alone%3A017%20-%20Chinese%20%28except%20Taiwanese%29%20alone%3A018%20-%20Taiwanese%20alone%3A019%20-%20Filipino%20alone%3A020%20-%20Hmong%20alone%3A021%20-%20Indonesian%20alone%3A022%20-%20Japanese%20alone%3A023%20-%20Korean%20alone%3A024%20-%20Laotian%20alone%3A026%20-%20Pakistani%20alone%3A028%20-%20Thai%20alone%3A029%20-%20Vietnamese%20alone%3A051%20-%20Polynesian%20alone%3A053%20-%20Samoan%20alone%3A056%20-%20Guamanian%20or%20Chamorro%20alone%3A411%20-%20Panamanian%3A414%20-%20Argentinean%3A415%20-%20Bolivian%3A416%20-%20Chilean%3A417%20-%20Colombian%3A418%20-%20Ecuadorian%3A420%20-%20Peruvian%3A423%20-%20Spaniard%3A500%20-%20Cajun%3A502%20-%20Albanian%3A506%20-%20Egyptian%3A509%20-%20Lebanese%3A511%20-%20Palestinian%3A512%20-%20Syrian%3A513%20-%20Armenian%3A515%20-%20Australian%3A516%20-%20Austrian%3A518%20-%20Belgian%3A521%20-%20Bulgarian%3A522%20-%20Canadian%3A524%20-%20Croatian%3A525%20-%20Czech%3A527%20-%20Danish%3A528%20-%20Dutch%3A529%20-%20English%3A532%20-%20Finnish%3A533%20-%20French%20%28except%20Basque%29%3A534%20-%20French%20Canadian%3A535%20-%20German%3A536%20-%20Greek%3A537%20-%20Guyanese%3A538%20-%20Hungarian%3A540%20-%20Iranian%3A541%20-%20Irish%3A542%20-%20Israeli%3A543%20-%20Italian%3A544%20-%20Latvian%3A545%20-%20Lithuanian%3A547%20-%20Macedonian%3A549%20-%20Norwegian%3A551%20-%20Polish%3A552%20-%20Portuguese%3A553%20-%20Romanian%3A554%20-%20Russian%3A556%20-%20Scotch-Irish%3A557%20-%20Scottish%3A558%20-%20Serbian%3A560%20-%20Slovak%3A561%20-%20Slovene%3A566%20-%20Ghanaian%3A567%20-%20Nigerian%3A568%20-%20South%20African%3A569%20-%20Swedish%3A570%20-%20Swiss%3A571%20-%20Turkish%3A572%20-%20Ukrainian%3A574%20-%20Welsh%3A577%20-%20Barbadian |url-status=live |access-date=April 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212055636/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?t=013%20-%20Asian%20Indian%20alone%3A014%20-%20Bangladeshi%20alone%3A015%20-%20Cambodian%20alone%3A017%20-%20Chinese%20%28except%20Taiwanese%29%20alone%3A018%20-%20Taiwanese%20alone%3A019%20-%20Filipino%20alone%3A020%20-%20Hmong%20alone%3A021%20-%20Indonesian%20alone%3A022%20-%20Japanese%20alone%3A023%20-%20Korean%20alone%3A024%20-%20Laotian%20alone%3A026%20-%20Pakistani%20alone%3A028%20-%20Thai%20alone%3A029%20-%20Vietnamese%20alone%3A051%20-%20Polynesian%20alone%3A053%20-%20Samoan%20alone%3A056%20-%20Guamanian%20or%20Chamorro%20alone%3A411%20-%20Panamanian%3A414%20-%20Argentinean%3A415%20-%20Bolivian%3A416%20-%20Chilean%3A417%20-%20Colombian%3A418%20-%20Ecuadorian%3A420%20-%20Peruvian%3A423%20-%20Spaniard%3A500%20-%20Cajun%3A502%20-%20Albanian%3A506%20-%20Egyptian%3A509%20-%20Lebanese%3A511%20-%20Palestinian%3A512%20-%20Syrian%3A513%20-%20Armenian%3A515%20-%20Australian%3A516%20-%20Austrian%3A518%20-%20Belgian%3A521%20-%20Bulgarian%3A522%20-%20Canadian%3A524%20-%20Croatian%3A525%20-%20Czech%3A527%20-%20Danish%3A528%20-%20Dutch%3A529%20-%20English%3A532%20-%20Finnish%3A533%20-%20French%20%28except%20Basque%29%3A534%20-%20French%20Canadian%3A535%20-%20German%3A536%20-%20Greek%3A537%20-%20Guyanese%3A538%20-%20Hungarian%3A540%20-%20Iranian%3A541%20-%20Irish%3A542%20-%20Israeli%3A543%20-%20Italian%3A544%20-%20Latvian%3A545%20-%20Lithuanian%3A547%20-%20Macedonian%3A549%20-%20Norwegian%3A551%20-%20Polish%3A552%20-%20Portuguese%3A553%20-%20Romanian%3A554%20-%20Russian%3A556%20-%20Scotch-Irish%3A557%20-%20Scottish%3A558%20-%20Serbian%3A560%20-%20Slovak%3A561%20-%20Slovene%3A566%20-%20Ghanaian%3A567%20-%20Nigerian%3A568%20-%20South%20African%3A569%20-%20Swedish%3A570%20-%20Swiss%3A571%20-%20Turkish%3A572%20-%20Ukrainian%3A574%20-%20Welsh%3A577%20-%20Barbadian |archive-date=December 12, 2021 |title=S0201 &#124; SELECTED POPULATION PROFILE IN THE UNITED STATES |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau|United States Census Bureau (UCSB)]] |language=en }}
* {{Cite news |date=September 4, 2014 |url=https://www.dol.gov/_sec/media/reports/20140828-AAPI.pdf |url-status=dead |access-date=April 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904211946/https://www.dol.gov/_sec/media/reports/20140828-AAPI.pdf |archive-date=September 4, 2014 |title=The Economic Status of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders in the Wake of the Great Recession |publisher=[[United States Department of Labor]] |language=en }}
* {{Cite news |date=September 23, 2019 |location=[[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]] |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/americas/indians-in-america-make-100000-on-average-highest-earning-ethnic-group-1.1569215954674 |url-status=live |access-date=April 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210306030553/https://gulfnews.com/world/americas/indians-in-america-make-100000-on-average-highest-earning-ethnic-group-1.1569215954674 |archive-date=March 6, 2021 |title=Indians in America make $100,000 on average: Highest-earning ethnic group |publisher=[[Gulf News]] |language=en }}
* {{Cite news |date=August 24, 2021 |author=[[Chidanand Rajghatta]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/march-of-the-desis-in-us-best-educated-richest-and-growing/articleshow/85590343.cms |url-status=live |access-date=April 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220418073722/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/march-of-the-desis-in-us-best-educated-richest-and-growing/articleshow/85590343.cms |archive-date=April 18, 2022 |title=March of the desis in US: Best educated, richest, and growing |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en }}
* {{Cite news |date=August 25, 2021 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/migrate/indians-in-us-wealthier-with-average-household-earning-of-123700-report/articleshow/85623601.cms |url-status=live |access-date=April 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825200621/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/migrate/indians-in-us-wealthier-with-average-household-earning-of-123700-report/articleshow/85623601.cms |archive-date=August 25, 2021 |title=Indians in US wealthier with average household earning of $123,700: Report |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en }}
* {{Cite news |date=November 4, 2020 |last=Chaubey |first=Santosh |url=https://www.news18.com/news/world/indian-americans-wealthiest-immigrant-group-in-us-with-an-increasingly-formidable-political-voice-3042785.html |url-status=live |access-date=April 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104142832/https://www.news18.com/news/world/indian-americans-wealthiest-immigrant-group-in-us-with-an-increasingly-formidable-political-voice-3042785.html |archive-date=November 4, 2020 |title=Indian-Americans: Wealthiest Immigrant Group in US With An Increasingly Formidable Political Voice |website=[[News18]] |language=en }}
* {{Cite news |date=October 14, 2016 |last=Trottman |first=Melanie |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2016/10/14/indian-americans-are-the-highest-paid-asian-americans-labor-department-report-shows/?reflink=desktopwebshare_permalink |url-status=live |access-date=April 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418075417/https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-IRTB-32852 |archive-date=April 18, 2022 |title=Indian Americans are the Highest-Paid Asian Americans, Labor Department Report Shows |publisher=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |language=en }}
* {{Cite news |date=October 15, 2016 |last=Trottman |first=Melanie |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/international/indian-americans-are-the-highest-paid-asian-americans-labor-department-report-shows-116101500524_1.html |url-status=live |access-date=April 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018204726/https://www.business-standard.com/article/international/indian-americans-are-the-highest-paid-asian-americans-labor-department-report-shows-116101500524_1.html |archive-date=October 18, 2016 |title=Indian Americans are the highest-paid Asian Americans, Labor Department report shows |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |language=en }}
* {{Cite news |date=October 14, 2016 |url=https://www.americanbazaaronline.com/2016/10/14/indian-americans-are-the-highest-paid-community-in-the-us-labor-dept-report418261/ |url-status=live |access-date=April 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108122930/https://www.americanbazaaronline.com/2016/10/14/indian-americans-are-the-highest-paid-community-in-the-us-labor-dept-report418261/ |archive-date=November 8, 2020 |title=Indian Americans are the highest paid community in the US: Labor Dept. report |publisher=The American Bazaar |language=en }}
* {{Cite news |date=October 23, 2014 |last=Phillips |first=Matt |url=https://qz.com/285610/indians-in-the-us-make-the-most-because-they-studied-the-most/ |url-status=live |access-date=April 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141026203520/http://qz.com/285610/indians-in-the-us-make-the-most-because-they-studied-the-most/ |archive-date=October 26, 2014 |title=Indians in the US make the most because they studied the most |publisher=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]] |language=en }}
* {{Cite news |date=March 4, 2021 |last=Bleiweis |first=Robin |url=https://www.americanprogress.org/article/economic-status-asian-american-pacific-islander-women/ |url-status=live |access-date=April 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110065434/https://www.americanprogress.org/article/economic-status-asian-american-pacific-islander-women/ |archive-date=November 10, 2021 |title=The Economic Status of Asian American and Pacific Islander Women |publisher=[[Center for American Progress]] |language=en }}
* {{Cite news |date=October 16, 2020 |last1=Hanna |first1=Mary |last2=Batalova |first2=Jeanne |url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/indian-immigrants-united-states-2019 |url-status=live |access-date=April 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210128003306/https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/indian-immigrants-united-states-2019 |archive-date=January 28, 2021 |title=Indian Immigrants in the United States |publisher=[[Migration Policy Institute|Migration Policy Institute (MPI)]] |language=en }}
* {{Cite news |date=January 6, 2016 |last=Guo |first=Jeff |url=https://www.ndtv.com/indians-abroad/why-indian-american-women-make-more-money-than-white-guys-1262928 |url-status=live |access-date=April 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107211102/https://www.ndtv.com/indians-abroad/why-indian-american-women-make-more-money-than-white-guys-1262928 |archive-date=January 7, 2016 |title=Why Indian-American Women Make More Money Than White Guys |publisher=[[NDTV]] |language=en }}
* {{Cite news |date=October 14, 2016 |last=Samson |first=Carl |url=https://nextshark.com/indians-highest-earning-asian-americans/ |url-status=live |access-date=April 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017014954/https://nextshark.com/indians-highest-earning-asian-americans/ |archive-date=October 17, 2016 |title=Indians Are the Highest Earning Out Of All Asian-Americans |publisher=NextShark |language=en }}</ref>

==Terminology==
In the [[Americas]], the term "Indians" had historically been used to describe [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous people]] since [[European colonization of the Americas|European colonization]] in the 15th century. Qualifying terms such as "[[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]]" and "East Indian" were and still are commonly used in order to avoid ambiguity. The U.S. government has since coined the term "Native American" in reference to the indigenous people of the United States, but terms such as "American Indian" [[Native American name controversy|remain]] among indigenous as well as non-indigenous populations. Since the 1980s, Indian Americans have been categorized as "Asian Indian" (within the broader subgroup of [[Asian Americans|Asian American]]) by the [[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Koshy|first=Susan|title=Category Crisis: South Asian Americans and Questions of Race and Ethnicity|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/article/444259|journal=Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies|year=1998|volume=7|issue=3|pages=285–320|doi=10.1353/dsp.1998.0013|s2cid=143516386|issn=1911-1568|access-date=June 1, 2016|archive-date=June 23, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623090502/http://muse.jhu.edu/article/444259|url-status=live}}</ref>

While "East Indian" remains in use, the term "Indian" and "[[South Asia]]n" is often chosen instead for academic and governmental purposes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Aspinall|first=Peter J.|date=2003-06-01|title=Who is Asian? A category that remains contested in population and health research|journal=Journal of Public Health|volume=25|issue=2|pages=91–97|doi=10.1093/pubmed/fdg021|issn=1741-3842|pmid=12848395|doi-access=free}}</ref> Indian Americans are included in the census grouping of [[South Asian Americans]], which includes [[Bangladeshi Americans]], [[Bhutanese Americans]], [[Indo-Caribbean Americans]], [[Maldivian Americans]], [[Nepalese Americans]], [[Pakistani Americans]], and [[Sri Lankan Americans]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/topics/population/race/about.html|title=About Race|website=The United States Census Bureau|access-date=August 13, 2020|archive-date=December 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229172441/https://www.census.gov/topics/population/race/about.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://saalt.org/south-asians-in-the-us/demographic-information/|title=Demographic Information {{pipe}} SAALT|access-date=August 13, 2020|archive-date=August 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811124438/https://saalt.org/south-asians-in-the-us/demographic-information/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
{{See also|Asian immigration to the United States}}

===Pre-1800===
Beginning in the 17th century, members of the [[East India Company]] would bring Indian servants to the [[Thirteen Colonies|American colonies]].<ref name="Thakur">{{cite book|last1=Thakur|first1=Pradeep|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fVdwDwAAQBAJ|title=Indian Americans (Part 1)|date=2009|isbn=978-81-908705-5-9|pages=15–17|publisher=Lulu.com |access-date=August 26, 2020|archive-date=March 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326125806/https://books.google.com/books?id=fVdwDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> There were also some East Indian slaves in the United States during the American colonial era.<ref name="indian slaves">{{cite news |url=http://www.indiacurrents.com/articles/2007/05/16/indian-slaves-in-colonial-america |title=Indian Slaves in Colonial America |author=Francis C.Assisi |date=16 May 2007 |newspaper=India Currents |access-date=11 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127200048/http://www.indiacurrents.com/articles/2007/05/16/indian-slaves-in-colonial-america |archive-date=November 27, 2012 |df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite book|last1=Meyers|first1=Debra|title=Colonial Chesapeake: New Perspectives|last2=Perreault|first2=Melanie|publisher=Lexington Books|year=2006|page=83}}</ref> In particular, court records from the 1700s indicate a number of "East Indians" were held as slaves in Maryland and Delaware.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Thomas |last2=Sims |first2=Leah |title=Colonial Chesapeake : new perspectives |date=2006 |publisher=Lexington Books |location=Lanham, MD |isbn=0739110926 |pages=81–97}}</ref> Upon freedom, they are said to have blended into the [[Free Negro|free African American population]], considered "[[mulatto]]es".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Heinegg |first1=Paul |title=Free African Americans of Maryland and Delaware : from the colonial period to 1810 |date=2021 |location=[Baltimore, Md.] |isbn=978-0806359281 |edition=Second}}</ref>

Three brothers from "modern day India or Pakistan" received their freedom in 1710 and married into a Native American tribe in Virginia.<ref name="heinegg">{{cite book|url=http://www.freeafricanamericans.com|title=Free African Americans of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland, and Delaware: Indian Families Bass & Weaver|last=Heinegg|first=Paul|date=1995|publisher=Genealogical Publishing|location=Baltimore|access-date=24 December 2019}}</ref> The present-day [[Nansemond]] people trace their lineage to this intermarriage.<ref name=autogenerated3 >[http://www.nansemond.org/joomla/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=16&Itemid=30 Dr. Helen C. Rountree, "Nansemond History"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723044852/http://www.nansemond.org/joomla/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=16&Itemid=30 |date=2011-07-23 }}, Nansemond Tribal Association, accessed 16 Sep 2009</ref>

===19th century===
[[File:Nansemond.jpg|thumb|left|175px|Members of the [[Nansemond]] tribe, descendant of East Indian, Native American, and African American people, c. 1900, Smithsonian Institution.]]

In 1850, the federal census of [[St. Johns County, Florida]], listed a 40-year-old [[Drafter|draftsman]] named John Dick, whose birthplace was listed as "[[Hindustan|Hindostan]]", living in city of [[St. Augustine, Florida|St. Augustine]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=St. Johns County 1850 Federal Census |url=http://files.usgwarchives.net/fl/stjohns/census/1850/pg0214a.txt |access-date=October 5, 2022 |website=usgwararchives.net}}</ref> His race is listed as white, suggesting he was of British descent.

By 1900, there were more than 2,000 Indian [[Sikhs]] living in the United States, primarily in [[California]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard T. Schaefer|title=Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YMUola6pDnkC&pg=PT801|date=20 March 2008|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4129-2694-2|page=801|chapter=Indian Americans|access-date=October 15, 2016|archive-date=February 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217040135/https://books.google.com/books?id=YMUola6pDnkC&pg=PT801|url-status=live}}</ref> At least one scholar has set the level lower, finding a total of 716 Indian immigrants to the U.S. between 1820 and 1900.{{sfn|Rangaswamy|2000|page=41}} Emigration from India was driven by difficulties facing Indian farmers, including the challenges posed by the colonial [[land tenure]] system for small landowners, and by [[drought]] and food shortages, which worsened in the 1890s.  At the same time, Canadian steamship companies, acting on behalf of Pacific coast employers, recruited Sikh farmers with economic opportunities in [[British Columbia]].{{sfn|Rangaswamy|2000|page=42}}

The presence of Indians in the U.S. also helped develop interest in Eastern religions in the U.S. and would result in its influence on American philosophies such as [[transcendentalism]]. [[Swami Vivekananda]] arriving in Chicago at the World's Fair led to the establishment of the [[Vedanta Society]].{{sfn|Rangaswamy|2000|page=41}}

===20th century===
[[File:The Sikh Temple in Stockton, California, 1915.jpg|thumb|The first Sikh Gurudwara was established in 1912 by the early immigrant Sikh farmers in Stockton, California.]]

Escaping from racist attacks in Canada, Sikhs migrated to Pacific Coast U.S. states in the 1900s to work in the [[lumber mill]]s of [[Bellingham, Washington|Bellingham]] and [[Everett, Washington]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 1907 Bellingham Riots in Historical Context - Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project |url=https://depts.washington.edu/civilr/bham_history.htm |access-date=2022-09-19 |website=depts.washington.edu}}</ref> Sikh workers were later concentrated on the railroads and began migrating to California; around 2,000 Indians were employed by the major rail lines such as [[Southern Pacific Railroad]] and [[Western Pacific Railroad]] between 1907 and 1908.{{sfn|Rangaswamy|2000|pp=42-43}} Some white Americans, resentful of economic competition and the arrival of people from different cultures, responded to Sikh immigration with racism and violent attacks.{{sfn|Takaki|1998|p=297}} The [[Bellingham riots]] in Bellingham, Washington on September 5, 1907, epitomized the low tolerance in the U.S. for Indians and Sikhs, who were called "[[Hindus|Hindoos]]" by locals. While anti-Asian racism was embedded in U.S. politics and culture in the early 20th century, Indians were also racialized for their anticolonialism, with U.S. officials, who pushed for Western imperial expansion abroad, casting them as a "Hindu" menace.<ref name="Seema"/> Although labeled Hindu, the majority of Indians were Sikh.<ref name="Seema">{{cite book|author=Seema Sohi|title=Echoes of Mutiny: Race, Surveillance, and Indian Anticolonialism in North America|year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-937625-4|page=8 |quote=Indians in North America, nearly 90 percent of whom where Sikhs from the state of Punjab, were also racialized through colonial gendered discourses. During the early decades of the twentieth century, US Immigration, Justice, and State Department officials cast Indian anti-colonialists as a "Hindoo" menace}}</ref>

In the early 20th century, a range of state and federal laws restricted Indian immigration and the rights of Indian immigrants in the U.S. Throughout the 1910s, American nativist organizations campaigned to end immigration from India, culminating in the passage of the [[Immigration Act of 1917|Asiatic Barred Zone Act]] in 1917.{{sfn|Takaki|1998|p=297}} In 1913, the Alien Land Act of California prevented non-citizens from owning land.{{sfn|Takaki|1998|pp=203, 300}} However, Asian immigrants got around the system by having Anglo friends or their own U.S. born children legally own the land that they worked on.  In some states, [[Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States|anti-miscegenation laws]] made it illegal for Indian men to marry white women. However, it was legal for "brown" races to mix. Many Indian men, especially Punjabi men, married Hispanic women, and Punjabi-Mexican marriages became a norm in the West.{{sfn|Takaki|1998|pp=309-310}}{{sfn|Chakravorty|Kapur|Singh|2017|p=17}}

[[Bhicaji Balsara]] became the first known Indian to gain naturalized U.S. citizenship. As a [[Parsis|Parsi]], he was considered a "pure member of the Persian sect" and therefore a "free white person." In 1910, judge [[Emile Henry Lacombe]] of the [[Southern District of New York]] gave Balsara citizenship on the hope that the [[United States attorney]] would indeed challenge his decision and appeal it to create "an authoritative interpretation" of the law. The U.S. attorney adhered to Lacombe's wishes and took the matter to the Circuit Court of Appeals in 1910. The Circuit Court of Appeals agreed that [[Parsis]] are classified as white.<ref name="auto">{{cite book|title=Postmodernism & a Sociology...(c)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CnMon2RiFLAC&pg=PA143|publisher=University of Arkansas Press|isbn=978-1-61075-322-7|pages=143–|access-date=September 9, 2017|archive-date=May 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501164303/https://books.google.com/books?id=CnMon2RiFLAC&pg=PA143|url-status=live}}</ref> On the same grounds, another federal court decision granted citizenship to [[A. K. Mozumdar]].{{sfn|Takaki|1998|p=298}} These decisions contrasted with the 1907 declaration by U.S. Attorney General [[Charles J. Bonaparte]]: "...under no construction of the law can natives of British India be regarded as white persons."{{sfn|Takaki|1998|p=298}} After the [[Immigration Act of 1917]], Indian immigration into the U.S. decreased. Illegal entry through the Mexican border became the way of entering the country for Punjabi immigrants. California's Imperial Valley had a large population of Punjabis who assisted these immigrants and provided support. Immigrants were able to blend in with this relatively homogenous population. The [[Ghadar Movement|Ghadar Party]], a group in California that [[Indian independence movement|campaigned for Indian independence]], facilitated illegal crossing of the Mexican border, using funds from this migration "as a means to bolster the party's finances."{{sfn|Chakravorty|Kapur|Singh|2017|p=18}} The Ghadar Party charged different prices for entering the U.S. depending on whether Punjabi immigrants were willing to shave off their beard and cut their hair. It is estimated that between 1920 and 1935, about 1,800 to 2,000 Indian immigrants entered the U.S. illegally.{{sfn|Chakravorty|Kapur|Singh|2017|p=18}}

[[File:Bhagatsinghthind.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Bhagat Singh Thind]] was twice denied citizenship as he was not deemed white.<ref>{{cite news|title=Court Rules Hindu Not a 'White Person'; Bars High Caste Native of India From Naturalization as an American Citizen|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=February 20, 1923| access-date= October 11, 2021 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1923/02/20/archives/court-rules-hindu-not-a-white-person-bars-high-caste-native-of.html}}</ref>]]
By 1920, the population of Americans of Indian descent was approximately 6,400.{{sfn|Takaki|1998|p=294}} In 1923, the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] ruled in ''[[United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind]]'' that Indians were ineligible for citizenship because they were not "free white persons."{{sfn|Rangaswamy|2000|p=44}} The court also argued that the "great body of our people" would reject assimilation with Indians.<ref name="Thind">Zhao, X. & Park, E.J.W. (2013). Asian Americans: An Encyclopedia of Social, Cultural, Economic, and Political History. Greenwood. pp. 1142. {{ISBN|978-1-59884-239-5}}</ref> Furthermore, the court ruled that based on popular understanding of race, the term "white person" referred to people of northern or western European ancestry rather than "Caucasians" in the most technical sense.{{sfn|Takaki|1998|p=299}} Over fifty Indians had their citizenship revoked after this decision, but [[Sakharam Ganesh Pandit]] fought against [[denaturalization]]. He was a lawyer and married to a white American, and he regained his citizenship in 1927. However, no other naturalization was permitted after the ruling, which led to about 3,000 Indians leaving the U.S. between 1920 and 1940. Many other Indians had no means of returning to India.{{sfn|Rangaswamy|2000|p=44}}

In 1927, [[Sri Lankan diaspora|Sri Lankan]] lecturer [[Chandra Dharma Sena Gooneratne]], then frequently erroneously referred to as Indian, delivered several lectures across the country pertaining chiefly to [[indology]]—often advocating for [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]] within them. While in the [[Southern United States|South]], though initially facing racism, effectively circumvented any such discrimination via wearing a [[turban]].

Indians started moving up the social ladder by getting higher education. For example, in 1910, [[Dhan Gopal Mukerji]] went to UC Berkeley when he was 20 years old. He was an author of many children's books and won the [[Newbery Medal]] in 1928 for his book ''Gay-Neck: The Story of a Pigeon''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Makhijani |first=Pooja |date=2017-10-03 |title=What a Forgotten Children's Book Reveals About the Publishing Industry |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2017/10/what-a-forgotten-kids-book-reveals-about-us-publishing/539709/ |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> However, he committed suicide at the age of 46 while he was suffering from depression. Another student, [[Yellapragada Subbarow]], moved to the U.S. in 1922. He became a biochemist at [[Harvard University]], and he "discovered the function of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as an energy source in cells, and developed methotrexate for the treatment of cancer." However, being a foreigner, he was refused tenure at Harvard. [[Gobind Behari Lal]], who went to the [[University of California, Berkeley]] in 1912, became the science editor of the ''San Francisco Examiner'' and was the first Indian American to win the Pulitzer Prize for journalism.{{sfn|Chakravorty|Kapur|Singh|2017|p=19}}

After [[World War II]], U.S. policy re-opened the door to Indian immigration, although slowly at first. The [[Luce–Celler Act]] of 1946 permitted a quota of 100 Indians per year to immigrate to the U.S. It also allowed Indian immigrants to naturalize and become citizens of the U.S., effectively reversing the Supreme Court's 1923 ruling in ''United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/rootsinthesand/a_lucecellar.html|title=Roots in the Sand&nbsp;— the Archives|publisher=PBS|access-date=2013-02-07|archive-date=November 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114173430/http://www.pbs.org/rootsinthesand/a_lucecellar.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Naturalization Act of 1952, also known as the [[McCarran-Walter Act]], repealed the Barred Zone Act of 1917, but limited immigration from the former Barred Zone to a total of 2,000 per year. In 1910, 95% of all Indian Americans lived on the western coast of the United States. In 1920, that proportion decreased to 75%; by 1940, it was 65%, as more Indian Americans moved to the East Coast. In that year, Indian Americans were registered residents in 43 states. The majority of Indian Americans on the west coast were in rural areas, but on the east coast they became residents of urban areas. In the 1940s, the prices of the land increased, and the Bracero program brought thousands of Mexican guest workers to work on farms, which helped shift second-generation Indian American farmers into "commercial, nonagricultural occupations, from running small shops and grocery stores, to operating taxi services and becoming engineers." In Stockton and Sacramento, a new group of Indian immigrants from the state of Gujarat opened several small hotels.{{sfn|Chakravorty|Kapur|Singh|2017|p=335}} In 1955, 14 of 21 hotels enterprises in San Francisco were operated by Gujarati Hindus.<ref>{{cite web|last1=BHATTACHARJEE|first1=YUDHIJIT|title=How Indian Americans Came to Run Half of All U.S. Motels|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/2018/09/south-asia-america-motels-immigration/|website=Culture & History|access-date=9 March 2019|date=4 September 2018|archive-date=May 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515184340/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/2018/09/south-asia-america-motels-immigration/|url-status=dead}}</ref> By the 1980s, Indians owned around 15,000 motels, about 28% of all hotels and motels in the U.S.{{sfn|Takaki|1998|p=446}}

The [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965]] dramatically opened entry to the U.S. to immigrants other than traditional Northern European groups, which would significantly alter the demographic mix in the U.S.<ref>{{cite news |title=1965 immigration law changed face of America |author=Jennifer Ludden |newspaper=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5391395 |access-date=December 9, 2016 |archive-date=October 21, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021143552/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5391395 |url-status=live}}</ref> Not all Indian Americans came directly from India; some moved to the U.S. via [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian communities in other countries]], including the [[United Kingdom]], [[Canada]], [[South Africa]], the former British colonies of [[East Africa]],<ref name="auto1">{{cite book|last1=Rangaswamy|first1=Padma|title=Indian Americans|date=2007|publisher=Chelsea House|location=New York|isbn=9780791087862|page=[https://archive.org/details/indianamericans0000rang/page/55 55]|edition=2007 Hardcover|url=https://archive.org/details/indianamericans0000rang|url-access=registration|quote=gujarati.}}</ref> (namely [[Kenya]], [[Tanzania]], and [[Uganda]], [[Mauritius]]), the [[Asia-Pacific]] region ([[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Australia]], and [[Fiji]]),<ref name="auto1"/> and the [[Caribbean]] ([[Guyana]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Suriname]], and [[Jamaica]]).<ref name="auto1"/> From 1965 until the mid-1990s, long-term immigration from India averaged about 40,000 people per year. From 1995 onward, the flow of Indian immigration increased significantly, reaching a high of about 90,000 immigrants in the year 2000.{{sfn|Chakravorty|Kapur|Singh|2017|p=55}}

===21st century===
[[File:Bhardwaj usn2001.jpg|left|thumb|upright=0.6|[[Mohini Bhardwaj]], [[2004 Summer Olympics]] [[Gymnastics at the 2004 Summer Olympics|medalist in gymnastics]]]]
[[File:Sanjay Gupta (cropped).jpg|right|thumb|upright=0.6|[[Sanjay Gupta]], Chief Medical Correspondent at CNN]]

The beginning of the 21st century marked a significant wave in the migration trend from India to the United States. The [[Business process outsourcing to India|emergence of Information Technology industry in Indian cities]] as [[Bangalore]], [[Chennai]], [[Pune]], [[Mumbai]], and [[Hyderabad]] led to the large number of migrations to the U.S. primarily from the states of Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu in South India. There are sizable populations of people from the states of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Telangana]], [[Gujarat]], [[West Bengal]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], and [[Tamil Nadu]] in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Batalova |first=Jeanne Batalova Ari Hoffman and Jeanne |date=2022-12-06 |title=Indian Immigrants in the United States |url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/indian-immigrants-united-states |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=migrationpolicy.org |language=en}}</ref> Indians comprise over 80% of all [[H-1B visa]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-10-20 |title=Three-fourths of H1B visa holders in 2018 are Indians: US report |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/visa-and-immigration/three-fourths-of-h1b-visa-holders-in-2018-are-indians-us-report/articleshow/66289772.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-02-23 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Indian Americans have risen to become the richest ethnicity in America, with an average household income of $126,891, almost twice the U.S. average of $65,316.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-15 |title=Why Indians are the highest earning ethnic group in US? Harsh Goenka explains |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/why-indians-are-the-highest-earning-community-in-us-harsh-goenka-explains-101673757990980.html |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

Since 2000, a large number of students have started migrating to the United States to pursue higher education. A variety of estimates state that over 500,000 Indian American students attend higher-education institutions in any given year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/governance/no-let-up-in-number-of-Indians-going-to-study-in-the-us/148859/|title=India holds on to its position as one of the top two countries that send students to US|last=Sharma|first=Kritika|date=2018-11-13|website=ThePrint|access-date=2019-12-30|archive-date=January 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102170939/https://theprint.in/india/governance/no-let-up-in-number-of-Indians-going-to-study-in-the-us/148859/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/education/21-fewer-indian-students-went-abroad-last-year-as-us-figures-see-biggest-drop/326433/|title=21% fewer Indian students went abroad last year as US figures saw biggest drop|last=Sharma|first=Kritika|date=2019-11-26|website=ThePrint|access-date=2019-12-30|archive-date=December 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230173743/https://theprint.in/india/education/21-fewer-indian-students-went-abroad-last-year-as-us-figures-see-biggest-drop/326433/|url-status=live}}</ref> As per Institute of International Education (IIE) 'Opendoors' report, 202,014 new students from India enrolled in U.S. education institutions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://opendoorsdata.org/fast_facts/fast-facts-2019/|title=IIE Open Doors / Fast Facts 2019|website=IIE Open Doors / Fast Facts 2019|access-date=August 19, 2020|archive-date=August 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830193325/https://opendoorsdata.org/fast_facts/fast-facts-2019/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2017, [[Kamala Harris]] became the first Indian American senator in the history of the United States.<ref>https://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/article124327739.html</ref>  In 2021, she became the first Indian American vice president.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kamala Harris sworn in as first female US vice-president – video |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/video/2021/jan/20/kamala-harris-sworn-in-as-first-female-us-vice-president-video |website=The Guardian |access-date=20 January 2021 |date=20 January 2021 |archive-date=February 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207042656/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/video/2021/jan/20/kamala-harris-sworn-in-as-first-female-us-vice-president-video |url-status=live}}</ref> She was elected vice president as the running mate of [[President of the United States|President]] [[Joe Biden]] in the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 presidential election]]. This was a major milestone in Indian American history, and in addition to Harris, another 20 Indian Americans were nominated to key positions in the administration.<ref>{{cite news |title=Biden ropes in 20 Indian-Americans, 17 in key White House positions |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/biden-ropes-in-20-indian-americans-in-his-administration-17-at-key-wh-positions/article33592716.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=20 January 2021 |date=17 January 2021 |archive-date=February 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203220923/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/biden-ropes-in-20-indian-americans-in-his-administration-17-at-key-wh-positions/article33592716.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{See also|Indians in the New York City metropolitan area}}
[[File:Americans with Asian Indian Ancestry by state.svg|thumb|left|300px|Percent of population with Indian ancestry in 2010. [[New Jersey]] stands alone demographically, comprising a population over 4% Indian in 2020.]]
{{Historical populations
|type = USA
|1910|2545
|1920|2507
|1930|3130
|1940|2405
|1980|387223
|1990|815447
|2000|1645510 
|2010|2843391
|2020|4397737
|estref=<ref name="Proximityone.com">{{cite web |url=http://proximityone.com/cen2010_asian.htm |title=America's Asian Population Patterns 2000–2010 |publisher=Proximityone.com |access-date=2013-02-07 |archive-date=March 23, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323093118/http://proximityone.com/cen2010_asian.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="population1">{{cite web|url=http://2010.census.gov/news/releases/operations/cb11-cn31.html |title=U.S. Census Bureau Delivers Illinois' 2010 Census Population Totals, Including First Look at Race and Hispanic Origin Data for Legislative Redistricting |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=February 20, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219012241/http://2010.census.gov/news/releases/operations/cb11-cn31.html |archive-date=February 19, 2011 |df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725044857/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 25, 2008 |title=Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States |publisher=Census.gov |access-date=2013-02-07 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>
}}

According to the [[2010 United States census]],<ref name=factfinder2.census.gov>{{cite web|title=American FactFinder&nbsp;— Results|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_15_1YR_B02018&prodType=table|access-date=30 January 2016|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200214011110/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_15_1YR_B02018&prodType=table|archive-date=February 14, 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> the Asian Indian population in the United States increased from almost 1,678,765 in 2000 (0.6% of U.S. population) to 2,843,391 in 2010 (0.9%
of U.S. population), a [[Demographics of Asian Americans|growth rate of 69.37%]], one of the fastest growing ethnic groups in the United States.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/census/2011-05-12-asian-indian-population-Census_n.htm | work=USA Today | title=Census shows growth among Asian Indians | date=2011-05-17 | access-date=September 1, 2017 | archive-date=June 28, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628132608/http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/census/2011-05-12-asian-indian-population-Census_n.htm | url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[New York metropolitan area|New York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area]], consisting of [[New York City]], [[Long Island]], and adjacent areas within [[New York (state)|New York]], as well as nearby areas within the states of [[New Jersey]] (extending to [[Trenton, New Jersey|Trenton]]), [[Connecticut]] (extending to [[Bridgeport]]), and including [[Pike County, Pennsylvania]], was home to an estimated 711,174 uniracial Indian Americans as of the 2017 [[American Community Survey]] by the [[U.S. Census Bureau]], comprising by far the largest Indian American population of any metropolitan area in the U.S.<ref name=IndianCensusNYCMetro>{{cite web|url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/17_5YR/DP05/330M400US408|title=ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES 2013–2017 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CT-PA CSA|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=January 27, 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213005918/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/17_5YR/DP05/330M400US408|archive-date=February 13, 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Fcc2.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of the numerous [[greenbelt]]s of [[exurb]]an [[Monroe Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey|Monroe Township]], [[Little India, Edison/Iselin|Middlesex County]], [[Indians in New Jersey|New Jersey]] housing tracts in 2010. Since then, significant new housing construction is rendering an increasingly [[affluent]] and [[suburb]]an environment to Monroe Township, while maintaining the proximity to both [[Indians in the New York metropolitan area|New York City]] and top-ranked [[Princeton University]] sought by Indians in this township with the fastest-growing Indian population in the [[Western Hemisphere]].]]
New York City itself also contains by far the largest Indian American population of any individual city in North America, estimated at 246,454 as of 2017.<ref name=NYCIndians>{{cite web|url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/17_1YR/S0201/1600000US3651000/popgroup~013|title=ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES 2017 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates Asian Indian alone – New York City, New York|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]]|access-date=February 11, 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200214004508/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/17_1YR/S0201/1600000US3651000/popgroup~013|archive-date=February 14, 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Monroe Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey|Monroe Township]], [[Middlesex County, New Jersey|Middlesex County]], in [[central New Jersey]], ranked the safest small city in the United States,<ref name=MonroeTownshipSafe>{{cite web|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/nexstar_media_wire/4366427-these-are-the-safest-small-towns-and-cities-in-every-state-report/amp/|title=These are the safest small towns and cities in every state: report|author=Alix Martichoux|newspaper=The Hill|date=December 19, 2023|access-date=January 4, 2023}}</ref> has displayed one of the fastest growth rates of its Indian population in the [[Western Hemisphere]], increasing from 256 (0.9%) as of the 2000 Census<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/00_SF1/DP1/0600000US3402347280|title=Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1) 100-Percent Data|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=February 11, 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212094804/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/00_SF1/DP1/0600000US3402347280|archive-date=February 12, 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> to an estimated 5,943 (13.6%) as of 2017,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/17_5YR/DP05/0600000US3402347280|title=ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES 2013–2017 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates – Monroe township, Middlesex County, New Jersey|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=February 11, 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213155409/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/17_5YR/DP05/0600000US3402347280|archive-date=February 13, 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> representing a 2,221.5% increase over that period. [[affluence|Affluent]] [[professional]]s and [[senior citizen]]s, a temperate climate with numerous [[greenbelt]]s, [[charitable contribution|charitable benefactors]] to [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID relief efforts in India]] in official coordination with Monroe Township, [[Hindu mandir]]s, Indian [[food truck]]s and language classes, and [[Bollywood]] actors with second homes all play into the growth of the Indian population in the township, as well as its relative proximity to top-ranked [[Princeton University]]. By 2022, the Indian population surpassed one-third of Monroe Township's population, and the nickname ''[[Little India, Edison/Iselin|Edison]]-South'' had developed, in reference to the [[Little India]] stature of both Middlesex County, New Jersey [[Township (New Jersey)|townships]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=j2t2feSY-iw |title= Monroe swears in 1st officer of Asian-Indian descent during Asian Pacific American Heritage month|website=m.youtube.com |date= May 25, 2022|access-date=May 25, 2022}}{{title missing|date=July 2022}}</ref> In 2014, 12,350 Indians legally immigrated to the New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA core based statistical area;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/immsuptable2d_5.xls|title=Supplemental Table 2. Persons Obtaining Lawful Permanent Resident Status by Leading Core Based Statistical Areas (CBSAs) of Residence and Region and Country of Birth: Fiscal Year 2014|publisher=Department of Homeland Security|access-date=May 31, 2016|archive-date=August 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804064953/https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/immsuptable2d_5.xls|url-status=live}}</ref> As of February 2022, Indian airline carrier [[Air India]] as well as United States airline carrier [[United Airlines]] were offering direct flights from the [[New York City Metropolitan Area]] to and from [[Delhi]] and [[Mumbai]]. In May 2019, [[Delta Air Lines]] announced [[non-stop flight|non-stop]] flight service between [[John F. Kennedy International Airport|New York JFK]] and Mumbai, to begin December 22, 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/atlanta/news/2019/05/01/delta-picks-new-york-over-atlanta-for-mumbai-route.html|title=Delta picks New York City over Atlanta for nonstop Mumbai route|author=Alex Gailey|newspaper=Atlanta Business Chronicle|date=May 1, 2019|access-date=May 4, 2019|archive-date=March 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326125814/https://www.bizjournals.com/atlanta/news/2019/05/01/delta-picks-new-york-over-atlanta-for-mumbai-route.html|url-status=live}}</ref> And in November 2021, [[American Airlines]] began non-stop flight service between New York JFK and Delhi with [[IndiGo|IndiGo Air]] [[codeshare|codesharing]] on this flight. At least 24 Indian American enclaves characterized as a [[Little India (location)|Little India]] have emerged in the New York City Metropolitan Area.

Other metropolitan areas with large Indian American populations include [[Atlanta metropolitan area|Atlanta]], [[Greater Austin|Austin]], [[Washington–Baltimore combined statistical area|Baltimore–Washington]], [[Greater Boston|Boston]], [[Chicago metropolitan area|Chicago]], [[Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex|Dallas–Ft. Worth]], [[Metro Detroit|Detroit]], [[Greater Houston|Houston]], [[Greater Los Angeles Area|Los Angeles]], [[Delaware Valley|Philadelphia]], [[Greater Phoenix|Phoenix]], [[Research Triangle|Raleigh]], [[San Francisco Bay Area|San Francisco–San Jose–Oakland]], and [[Seattle metropolitan area|Seattle]].

[[File:Census Bureau 2000, Asian Indians in the United States.png|center|500px]]
The three oldest Indian American communities going back to around 1910 are in lesser populated [[agriculture|agricultural]] areas in California including [[Stockton, California|Stockton]] and [[Yuba City, California|Yuba City]] in the [[Central Valley of California|Central Valley]], as well as in  the [[Imperial Valley]]. These were all primarily Sikh settlements.

===U.S. metropolitan areas with significant Asian Indian populations===
Asian Indian population in [[Combined Statistical Area]]s of the United States of America as per Census 2020<ref>{{cite web | url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=B02018&g=010XX00US$31000M1_040XX00US01 | title=B02018 Asian Alone or in Any Combination by Selected Groups }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!'''Metropolitan Area'''
!'''Asian Indian Population'''
!'''Total Population'''
!'''Percentage'''
|-
|New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CT-PA CSA
|792,367
|22,431,833
|3.53%
|-
|San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA CSA
|513,349
|9,225,160
|5.56%
|-
|Chicago-Naperville, IL-IN-WI CSA
|253,509
|9,986,960
|2.54%
|-
|Washington-Baltimore-Arlington, DC-VA-MD-WV-PA CSA
|253,146
|10,028,331
|2.52%
|-
|Dallas-Fort Worth, TX-OK CSA
|239,291
|8,157,895
|2.93%
|-
|Los Angeles-Long Beach, CA CSA
|231,515
|18,644,680
|1.24%
|-
|Houston-Pasadena, TX CSA
|162,343
|7,339,672
|2.21%
|-
|Philadelphia–Reading–Camden, PA-NJ-DE-MD CSA
|158,773
|7,379,700
|2.15%
|-
|Atlanta–Athens-Clarke County–Sandy Springs, GA-AL CSA
|158,408
|6,976,171
|2.27%
|-
|Boston–Worcester–Providence, MA-RI-NH CSA
|152,700
|8,349,768
|1.83%
|-
|Seattle-Tacoma, WA CSA
|144,290
|4,102,400
|2.79%
|-
|Detroit–Warren–Ann Arbor, MI CSA
|108,440
|5,424,742
|2.00%
|-
|Sacramento–Roseville, CA CSA
|76,403
|2,680,831
|2.85%
|-
|Miami–Port St. Lucie–Fort Lauderdale, FL CSA
|63,824
|6,908,296	
|0.92%
|-
|Austin-Round Rock-San Marcos, TX CSA
|63,524
|2,352,426
|2.70%
|-
|Phoenix-Mesa, AZ CSA
|61,580
|4,899,104
|1.26%
|-
|Raleigh–Durham–Cary, NC CSA
|59,567
|2,242,324
|2.66%
|-
|Orlando–Lakeland–Deltona, FL CSA
|54,187
|4,197,095
|1.29%
|-
|San Diego-Carlsbad, CA CSA
|50,673
|3,276,208
|1.55%
|-
|Charlotte–Concord, NC-SC CSA
|50,115
|3,232,206
|1.55%
|-
|Minneapolis–St. Paul, MN-WI CSA
|48,671
|4,078,788	
|1.19%
|-
|New Haven–Hartford–Waterbury, CT CSA
|45,600
|2,659,617
|1.71%
|-
|Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL MSA
|43,690
|3,175,275
|1.38%
|-
|Columbus–Marion–Zanesville, OH CSA
|43,461
|2,606,479
|1.67%
|-
|Portland–Vancouver–Salem, OR-WA CSA
|35,714
|3,280,736	
|1.09%
|-
|Indianapolis–Carmel–Muncie, IN CSA
|33,489
|2,599,860	
|1.29%
|-
|Denver–Aurora–Greeley, CO CSA
|31,452
|3,623,560
|0.87%
|-
|St. Louis–St. Charles–Farmington, MO-IL CSA
|28,874
|2,924,904
|0.99%
|-
|Cleveland–Akron–Canton, OH CSA
|28,467
|3,769,834	
|0.76%
|-
|Fresno–Hanford–Corcoran, CA CSA
|25,055
|1,317,395
|1.90%
|-
|Cincinnati–Wilmington, OH-KY-IN CSA
|24,434
|2,291,815
|1.07%
|-
|Pittsburgh–Weirton–Steubenville, PA-OH-WV CSA
|24,414
|2,767,801
|0.88%
|-
|Kansas City–Overland Park–Kansas City, MO-KS CSA
|22,308
|2,528,644
|0.88%
|-
|Richmond, VA MSA
|21,077
|1,314,434
|1.60%
|-
|San Antonio–New Braunfels–Kerrville, TX CSA
|19,611
|2,637,466
|0.74%
|-
|Milwaukee–Racine–Waukesha, WI CSA
|18,779
|2,053,232	
|0.91%
|-
|Nashville-Davidson–Murfreesboro, TN CSA
|18,296
|2,250,282
|0.84%
|-
|Jacksonville–Kingsland–Palatka, FL-GA CSA
|16,853
|1,733,937
|0.97%
|-
|Albany–Schenectady, NY CSA
|16,476
|1,190,727
|1.38%
|-
|Las Vegas–Henderson, NV CSA
|14,913
|2,317,052
|0.64%
|-
|Buffalo–Cheektowaga–Olean, NY CSA
|14,021
|1,243,944
|1.13%
|-
|Salt Lake City–Provo–Orem, UT-ID CSA
|13,520
|2,705,693
|0.50%
|-
|Bakersfield, CA MSA
|12,771
|909,235
|1.40%
|-
|Harrisburg–York–Lebanon, PA CSA
|12,497
|1,295,259
|0.96%
|-
|Greensboro–Winston-Salem–High Point, NC CSA
|11,660
|1,695,306
|0.69%
|-
|Allentown–Bethlehem–East Stroudsburg, PA-NJ CSA
|11,188
|1,030,216
|1.09%
|-
|Memphis–Clarksdale–Forrest City, TN-MS-AR CSA
|10,502
|1,389,905
|0.76%
|-
|Madison–Janesville–Beloit, WI CSA
|10,361
|910,246
|1.14%
|-
|Louisville/Jefferson County–Elizabethtown, KY-IN CSA
|10,259
|1,487,749
|0.69%
|-
|Oklahoma City–Shawnee, OK CSA
|10,237
|1,498,149	
|0.68%
|-
|Virginia Beach–Chesapeake, VA-NC CSA
|9,985
|1,857,542	
|0.54%
|-
|Greenville–Spartanburg–Anderson, SC CSA
|9,809
|1,511,905
|0.65%
|-
|Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers, AR MSA
|9,028
|546,725
|1.65%
|-
|Des Moines–West Des Moines–Ames, IA CSA
|8,081
|890,322
|0.91%
|-
|Columbia–Sumter–Orangeburg, SC CSA
|7,586
|1,056,968	
|0.72%
|-
|Rochester–Batavia–Seneca Falls, NY CSA
|7,564
|1,157,563
|0.65%
|-
|Dayton–Springfield–Kettering, OH CSA
|6,281
|1,088,875
|0.58%
|-
|Omaha–Fremont, NE-IA CSA
|6,241
|1,004,771
|0.62%
|-
|Gainesville–Lake City, FL CSA
|6,207
|408,945	
|1.52%
|-
|Grand Rapids–Wyoming, MI CSA
|5,995
|1,486,055	
|0.40%
|-
|Tucson–Nogales, AZ CSA
|5,977
|1,091,102
|0.55%
|-
|Lansing–East Lansing–Owosso, MI CSA
|5,860
|541,297
|1.08%
|-
|Birmingham–Cullman–Talladega, AL CSA
|5,714
|1,361,033
|0.42%
|-
|Champaign–Urbana–Danville, IL CSA
|5,299
|310,260
|1.71%
|-
|Bloomington–Pontiac, IL CSA
|5,225
|206,769
|2.53%
|-
|Lafayette–West Lafayette–Frankfort, IN CSA
|5,111
|281,594	
|1.82%
|-
|Cape Coral-Fort Myers-Naples CSA
|5,042
|1,188,319
|0.42%
|-
|Tulsa–Bartlesville–Muskogee, OK CSA
|5,032
|1,134,125	
|0.44%
|-
|Knoxville–Morristown–Sevierville, TN CSA
|4,793
|1,156,861
|0.41%
|-
|Reno–Carson City–Gardnerville Ranchos, NV-CA CSA
|4,761
|684,678
|0.70%
|-
|Albuquerque-Santa Fe-Los Alamos, NM CSA
|4,555
|1,162,523
|0.39%
|-
|Springfield–Amherst Town–Northampton, MA CSA
|4,398
|699,162
|0.63%
|-
|Scranton—Wilkes-Barre, PA MSA
|4,367
|567,559
|0.77%
|-
|Peoria–Canton, IL CSA
|4,151
|402,391
|1.03%
|-
|College Station-Bryan, TX MSA
|4,149
|268,248
|1.55%
|-
|Urban Honolulu, HI MSA
|4,122
|1,016,508
|0.41%
|-
|North Port-Bradenton, FL CSA
|4,090
|1,054,539
|0.39%
|-
|New Orleans–Metairie–Slidell, LA-MS CSA
|4,048
|1,373,453
|0.29%
|-
|Syracuse–Auburn, NY CSA
|4,023
|738,305
|0.54%
|-
|Lexington-Fayette–Richmond–Frankfort, KY CSA
|3,758
|762,082
|0.49%
|-
|Tallahassee–Bainbridge, FL-GA CSA
|3,705
|413,665	
|0.90%
|-
|}

===States/territories===
The following table shows the number of people in each state who identified as "Hindu" in the 1910, 1920, 1930, and 1940 censuses, as well as the number of people identifying as "Asian Indian" in each state from the 1980 census onwards.<ref name = "AmPro">{{cite web|url=https://www.americanprogress.org/article/infographic-government-collection-of-race-and-ethnicity-data/|title=
Infographic: Government Collection of Race and Ethnicity Data
|publisher=[[Center for American Progress]]|access-date=July 23, 2024}}</ref> Between the 1910 and 1940 censuses, "[[Hindu]]" was a census category for race,<ref name = "AmPro"/> a term which is now associated with religion but then referred to South Asians in general.<ref name=brian111>{{citation|last=Pennington|first=Brian K.|title=Was Hinduism Invented?: Britons, Indians, and the Colonial Construction of Religion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7drluePK-acC&pg=PA111|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-803729-3|pages=111–118|access-date=31 July 2018|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331131328/https://books.google.com/books?id=7drluePK-acC&pg=PA111#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> At the time, the South Asian American population was 85% Sikh, 12% Muslim, and 3% Hindu,<ref name = "PluralismProject">{{cite web|url=https://pluralism.org/first-arrivals|title=
 First Arrivals - The Pluralism Project |publisher=[[Harvard University]]|access-date=July 23, 2024}}</ref><ref name = "LaBrack1">{{cite book|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/migration-mobility-and-multiple-affiliations/punjabis-in-america/C82C87846DAB2B56118DFCFA00FD9BAB|title=
 Punjabis in America, from Migration, Mobility and Multiple Affiliations|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|doi=
 10.1017/CBO9781316337950.003|isbn=
 978-1-107-11703-7|access-date=July 23, 2024}}</ref> but all were nevertheless referred to as Hindus.<ref name = "PluralismProject"/><ref name = "LaBrack2">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-0-387-29904-4_112|chapter=
 Sikhs in the United States|publisher=[[Springer Nature|Springer]]|doi=
 10.1007/978-0-387-29904-4_112|access-date=July 23, 2024|title=
 Encyclopedia of Diasporas|date=
 2005|last1=
 La Brack|first1=
 Bruce|pages=
 1094–1104|isbn=
 978-0-306-48321-9}}</ref> Midcentury liberalization of immigration law has led to more diverse migration from India, and the proportion of Sikhs amongst Indian Americans has fallen to 8%.<ref name = "asianreligion"/>
{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable"
|+ Indian Americans by [[List of states and territories of the United States|state or territory]] 
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[U.S. state|State]] or [[Territories of the United States|territory]]
! colspan="2" |[[1910 United States census|1910]]<ref name="USCensus1930">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/library/publications/1932/dec/1930a-vol-03-population.html|title=
1930 Census: Volume 3. Population, Reports by States
|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=July 23, 2024}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |[[1920 United States census|1920]]<ref name="USCensus1930"/>
! colspan="2" |[[1930 United States census|1930]]<ref name="USCensus1930"/>
! colspan="2" |[[1940 United States census|1940]]<ref name="USCensus1940total">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/library/publications/1943/dec/population-vol-2.html|title=
1940 Census of Population: Volume 2. Characteristics of the Population. Sex, Age, Race, Nativity, Citizenship, Country of Birth of Foreign-born White, School Attendance, Years of School Completed, Employment Status, Class of Worker, Major Occupation Group, and Industry Group|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=July 23, 2024}}</ref><ref name="USCensus1940nonwhite">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/library/publications/1943/dec/population-nonwhite.html|title=1940 Census of Population: Characteristics of the Nonwhite Population by Race|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=July 23, 2024}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |[[1980 United States census|1980]]<ref name="USCensus1980">{{cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1980/1980censusofpopu8021e_s1_bw.pdf|title=Asian and Pacific Islander Population in the United States 1980|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=July 23, 2024}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |[[1990 United States census|1990]]<ref name="USCensus1990">{{cite web|url=https://www.iowadatacenter.org/datatables/UnitedStates/usstasiangroups1990.pdf|title=Asian Groups in the U.S. and all States: 1990|publisher=Iowa Data Center ([[State Library of Iowa]])|access-date=July 23, 2024}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |[[2000 United States census|2000]]<ref name="USCensus2000">{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALDPSF42000.DP1?q=Asian%20indian&g=010XX00US$0400000&y=2000|title=DP1Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: 2000|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=July 23, 2024}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |[[2010 United States census|2010]]<ref name="USCensus2010">{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALSF22010.PCT1?q=Asian%20indian&g=010XX00US,$0400000&y=2010&d=DEC%20Summary%20File%202|title=PCT1TOTAL POPULATION|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=July 23, 2024}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |[[2020 United States census|2020]]<ref name="USCensus2020">{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALDDHCA2020.T01001?q=Asian%20indian&g=010XX00US,$0400000&y=2020|title=T01001TOTAL POPULATION|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=July 23, 2024}}</ref>
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Alabama}} [[Alabama]]
|0
|{{Percentage|0|2,138,093|2}}
|4
|{{Percentage|4|2,348,174|2}}
|3
|{{Percentage|3|2,646,248|2}}
|5
|{{Percentage|5|2,832,961|2}}
|2,374
|{{Percentage|2,374|3,893,888|2}}
|4,348
|{{Percentage|4,348|4,040,587|2}}
|6,686
|{{Percentage|6686|4,447,100|2}}
|13,036
|{{Percentage|13036|4,779,736|2}}
|17,174
|{{Percentage|17174|5,024,279|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Alaska}} [[Alaska]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|230
|{{Percentage|230|401,851|2}}
|472
|{{Percentage|472|550,043|2}}
|546
|{{Percentage|546|626,932|2}}
|1,218
|{{Percentage|1218|710,231|2}}
|857
|{{Percentage|857|733,391|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Arizona}} [[Arizona]]
|0
|{{Percentage|0|204,354|2}}
|10
|{{Percentage|10|334,162|2}}
|50
|{{Percentage|50|435,573|2}}
|65
|{{Percentage|65|499,261|2}}
|2,078
|{{Percentage|2,078|2,718,215|2}}
|5,663
|{{Percentage|5,663|3,665,228|2}}
|14,510
|{{Percentage|14510|5,130,632|2}}
|36,047
|{{Percentage|36047|6,392,017|2}}
|64,822
|{{Percentage|64822|7,151,502|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Arkansas}} [[Arkansas]]
|0
|{{Percentage|0|1,574,449|2}}
|1
|{{Percentage|1|1,752,204|2}}
|2
|{{Percentage|2|1,854,482|2}}
|2
|{{Percentage|2|1,949,387|2}}
|1,194
|{{Percentage|1,194|2,286,435|2}}
|1,329
|{{Percentage|1,329|2,350,725|2}}
|2,694
|{{Percentage|2694|2,673,400|2}}
|7,973
|{{Percentage|7973|2,915,918|2}}
|14,443
|{{Percentage|14443|3,011,524|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|California}} [[California]]
|1,948
|{{Percentage|1,948|2,377,549|2}}
|1,723
|{{Percentage|1,723|3,426,861|2}}
|1,873
|{{Percentage|1,873|5,677,251|2}}
|1,476
|{{Percentage|1,476|6,907,387|2}}
|59,774
|{{Percentage|59,774|23,667,902|2}}
|159,973 
|{{Percentage|159,973 |29,760,021|2}}
|307,105
|{{Percentage|307105|33,871,648|2}}
|528,176
|{{Percentage|528176|37,253,956|2}}
|830,259
|{{Percentage|830259|39,538,223|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Colorado}} [[Colorado]]
|1
|{{Percentage|1|799,024|2}}
|7
|{{Percentage|7|939,629|2}}
|28
|{{Percentage|28|1,035,791|2}}
|8
|{{Percentage|8|1,123,296|2}}
|2,565
|{{Percentage|2,565|2,889,964|2}}
|3,836
|{{Percentage|3,836|3,294,394|2}}
|11,826
|{{Percentage|11826|4,301,262|2}}
|20,369
|{{Percentage|20369|5,029,196|2}}
|34,400
|{{Percentage|34400|5,773,714|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Connecticut}} [[Connecticut]]
|0
|{{Percentage|0|1,114,756|2}}
|7
|{{Percentage|7|1,380,631|2}}
|3
|{{Percentage|3|1,606,903|2}}
|7
|{{Percentage|7|1,709,242|2}}
|5,426
|{{Percentage|5,426|3,107,576|2}}
|11,755
|{{Percentage|11,755|3,287,116|2}}
|23,905
|{{Percentage|23905|3,405,565|2}}
|46,415
|{{Percentage|46415|3,574,097|2}}
|60,634
|{{Percentage|60634|3,605,944|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Delaware}} [[Delaware]]
|0
|{{Percentage|0|202,322|2}}
|0
|{{Percentage|0|223,003|2}}
|0
|{{Percentage|0|238,380|2}}
|0
|{{Percentage|0|266,505|2}}
|1,227
|{{Percentage|1,227|594,338|2}}
|2,183
|{{Percentage|2,183|666,168|2}}
|5,231
|{{Percentage|5231|783,600|2}}
|11,424
|{{Percentage|11424|897,934|2}}
|17,722
|{{Percentage|17722|989,948|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|District of Columbia}} [[District of Columbia]]
|0
|{{Percentage|0|331,069|2}}
|6
|{{Percentage|6|437,571|2}}
|7
|{{Percentage|7|486,869|2}}
|4
|{{Percentage|4|663,091|2}}
|873
|{{Percentage|873|638,333|2}}
|1,601
|{{Percentage|1,601|606,900|2}}
|2,415
|{{Percentage|2415|572,059|2}}
|5,214
|{{Percentage|5214|601,723|2}}
|9,149
|{{Percentage|9149|689,545|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Florida}} [[Florida]]
|0
|{{Percentage|0|752,619|2}}
|13
|{{Percentage|13|968,470|2}}
|4
|{{Percentage|4|1,468,211|2}}
|6
|{{Percentage|6|1,897,414|2}}
|11,039
|{{Percentage|11,039|9,746,324|2}}
|31,457
|{{Percentage|31,457|12,937,926|2}}
|67,790
|{{Percentage|67790|15,982,378|2}}
|128,735
|{{Percentage|128735|18,801,310|2}}
|187,236
|{{Percentage|187236|21,538,187|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Georgia (U.S. state)}} [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]
|0
|{{Percentage|0|2,609,121|2}}
|5
|{{Percentage|5|2,895,832|2}}
|2
|{{Percentage|2|2,908,506|2}}
|2
|{{Percentage|2|3,123,723|2}}
|4,725
|{{Percentage|4,725|5,463,105|2}}
|13,926
|{{Percentage|13,926|6,478,216|2}}
|44,732
|{{Percentage|44732|8,186,453|2}}
|96,116
|{{Percentage|96116|9,687,653|2}}
|165,895
|{{Percentage|165895|10,711,908|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Hawaii}} [[Hawaii]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|708
|{{Percentage|708|964,691|2}}
|1,015
|{{Percentage|1,015|1,108,229|2}}
|1,244
|{{Percentage|1244|1,211,537|2}}
|2,201
|{{Percentage|2201|1,360,301|2}}
|2,362
|{{Percentage|2362|1,455,271|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Idaho}} [[Idaho]]
|0
|{{Percentage|0|325,594|2}}
|7
|{{Percentage|7|431,866|2}}
|7
|{{Percentage|7|445,032|2}}
|4
|{{Percentage|4|524,873|2}}
|247
|{{Percentage|247|943,935|2}}
|473
|{{Percentage|473|1,006,749|2}}
|1,142
|{{Percentage|1142|1,293,953|2}}
|2,152
|{{Percentage|2152|1,567,582|2}}
|3,398
|{{Percentage|3398|1,839,106|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Illinois}} [[Illinois]]
|1
|{{Percentage|1|5,638,591|2}}
|33
|{{Percentage|33|6,485,280|2}}
|87
|{{Percentage|87|7,630,654|2}}
|41
|{{Percentage|41|7,897,241|2}}
|37,438
|{{Percentage|37,438|11,426,518|2}}
|64,200
|{{Percentage|64,200|11,430,602|2}}
|123,275
|{{Percentage|123275|12,419,293|2}}
|188,328
|{{Percentage|188328|12,830,632|2}}
|260,055
|{{Percentage|260055|12,812,508|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Indiana}} [[Indiana]]
|2
|{{Percentage|2|2,700,876|2}}
|1
|{{Percentage|1|2,930,390|2}}
|14
|{{Percentage|14|3,238,503|2}}
|5
|{{Percentage|5|3,427,796|2}}
|4,746
|{{Percentage|4,746|5,490,224|2}}
|7,095
|{{Percentage|7,095|5,544,159|2}}
|14,159
|{{Percentage|14159|6,080,485|2}}
|27,598
|{{Percentage|27598|6,483,802|2}}
|47,902
|{{Percentage|47902|6,785,528|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Iowa}} [[Iowa]]
|3
|{{Percentage|3|2,224,771|2}}
|3
|{{Percentage|3|2,404,021|2}}
|6
|{{Percentage|6|2,470,939|2}}
|0
|{{Percentage|0|2,538,268|2}}
|2,424
|{{Percentage|2,424|2,913,808|2}}
|3,021
|{{Percentage|3,021|2,776,755|2}}
|5,407
|{{Percentage|5407|2,926,324|2}}
|11,081
|{{Percentage|11081|3,046,355|2}}
|14,748
|{{Percentage|14748|3,190,369|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Kansas}} [[Kansas]]
|0
|{{Percentage|0|1,690,949|2}}
|2
|{{Percentage|2|1,769,257|2}}
|9
|{{Percentage|9|1,880,999|2}}
|7
|{{Percentage|7|1,801,028|2}}
|2,588
|{{Percentage|2,588|2,363,679|2}}
|3,956
|{{Percentage|3,956|2,477,574|2}}
|7,681
|{{Percentage|7681|2,688,418|2}}
|13,848
|{{Percentage|13848|2,853,118|2}}
|19,832
|{{Percentage|19832|2,937,880|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Kentucky}} [[Kentucky]]
|0
|{{Percentage|0|2,289,905|2}}
|1
|{{Percentage|1|2,416,630|2}}
|1
|{{Percentage|1|2,614,589|2}}
|3
|{{Percentage|3|2,845,627|2}}
|2,669
|{{Percentage|2,669|3,660,777|2}}
|2,922
|{{Percentage|2,922|3,685,295|2}}
|6,734
|{{Percentage|6734|4,041,770|2}}
|12,501
|{{Percentage|12501|4,339,367|2}}
|18,154
|{{Percentage|18154|4,505,836|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Louisiana}} [[Louisiana]]
|26
|{{Percentage|26|1,656,388|2}}
|27
|{{Percentage|27|1,798,509|2}}
|28
|{{Percentage|28|2,101,593|2}}
|15
|{{Percentage|15|2,363,516|2}}
|3,036
|{{Percentage|3,036|4,205,900|2}}
|5,083
|{{Percentage|5,083|4,219,973|2}}
|8,641
|{{Percentage|8641|4,468,976|2}}
|11,174
|{{Percentage|11174|4,533,372|2}}
|12,964
|{{Percentage|12964|4,657,757|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Maine}} [[Maine]]
|0
|{{Percentage|0|742,371|2}}
|2
|{{Percentage|2|768,014|2}}
|0
|{{Percentage|0|797,423|2}}
|1
|{{Percentage|1|847,226|2}}
|475
|{{Percentage|475|1,124,660|2}}
|607
|{{Percentage|607|1,227,928|2}}
|978
|{{Percentage|978|1,274,923|2}}
|1,959
|{{Percentage|1959|1,328,361|2}}
|2,276
|{{Percentage|2276|1,362,359|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Maryland}} [[Maryland]]
|0
|{{Percentage|0|1,295,346|2}}
|6
|{{Percentage|6|1,449,661|2}}
|6
|{{Percentage|6|1,631,526|2}}
|10
|{{Percentage|10|1,821,244|2}}
|13,788
|{{Percentage|13,788|4,216,975|2}}
|28,330
|{{Percentage|28,330|4,781,468|2}}
|49,766
|{{Percentage|49766|5,296,486|2}}
|79,051
|{{Percentage|79051|5,773,552|2}}
|104,617
|{{Percentage|104617|6,177,224|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Massachusetts}} [[Massachusetts]]
|14
|{{Percentage|14|3,366,416|2}}
|8
|{{Percentage|8|3,852,356|2}}
|42
|{{Percentage|42|4,249,614|2}}
|20
|{{Percentage|20|4,316,721|2}}
|8,943
|{{Percentage|8,943|5,737,037|2}}
|19,719
|{{Percentage|19,719|6,016,425|2}}
|41,935
|{{Percentage|41935|6,349,097|2}}
|77,177
|{{Percentage|77177|6,547,629|2}}
|125,534
|{{Percentage|125534|7,029,917|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Michigan}} [[Michigan]]
|0
|{{Percentage|0|2,810,173|2}}
|38
|{{Percentage|38|3,668,412|2}}
|181
|{{Percentage|181|4,842,325|2}}
|113
|{{Percentage|113|5,256,106|2}}
|15,363
|{{Percentage|15,363|9,262,078|2}}
|23,845
|{{Percentage|23,845|9,295,297|2}}
|54,464
|{{Percentage|54464|9,938,444|2}}
|77,132
|{{Percentage|77132|9,883,640|2}}
|122,245
|{{Percentage|122245|10,077,331|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Minnesota}} [[Minnesota]]
|0
|{{Percentage|0|2,075,708|2}}
|4
|{{Percentage|4|2,387,125|2}}
|3
|{{Percentage|3|2,563,953|2}}
|3
|{{Percentage|3|2,792,300|2}}
|3,734
|{{Percentage|3,734|4,075,970|2}}
|8,234
|{{Percentage||4,375,099|2}}
|16,278
|{{Percentage|16278|4,919,479|2}}
|33,031
|{{Percentage|33031|5,303,925|2}}
|47,173
|{{Percentage|47173|5,706,494|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Mississippi}} [[Mississippi]]
|0
|{{Percentage|0|1,797,114|2}}
|0
|{{Percentage|0|1,790,618|2}}
|0
|{{Percentage|0|2,009,821|2}}
|1
|{{Percentage|1|2,183,796|2}}
|1,313
|{{Percentage|1,313|2,520,638|2}}
|1,872
|{{Percentage|1,872|2,573,216|2}}
|3,325
|{{Percentage|3325|2,844,658|2}}
|5,494
|{{Percentage|5494|2,967,297|2}}
|6,807
|{{Percentage|6807|2,961,279|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Missouri}} [[Missouri]]
|2
|{{Percentage|2|3,293,335|2}}
|15
|{{Percentage|15|3,404,055|2}}
|9
|{{Percentage|9|3,629,367|2}}
|6
|{{Percentage|6|3,784,664|2}}
|4,276
|{{Percentage|4,276|4,916,686|2}}
|6,111
|{{Percentage|6,111|5,117,073|2}}
|11,845
|{{Percentage|11845|5,595,211|2}}
|23,223
|{{Percentage|23223|5,988,927|2}}
|34,748
|{{Percentage|34748|6,154,913|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Montana}} [[Montana]]
|0
|{{Percentage|0|376,053|2}}
|1
|{{Percentage|1|548,889|2}}
|4
|{{Percentage|4|537,606|2}}
|7
|{{Percentage|7|559,456|2}}
|154
|{{Percentage|154|786,690|2}}
|248
|{{Percentage|248|799,065|2}}
|450
|{{Percentage|450|902,195|2}}
|618
|{{Percentage|618|989,415|2}}
|726
|{{Percentage|726|1,084,225|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Nebraska}} [[Nebraska]]
|0
|{{Percentage|0|1,192,214|2}}
|1
|{{Percentage|1|1,296,372|2}}
|1
|{{Percentage|1|1,377,963|2}}
|2
|{{Percentage|2|1,315,834|2}}
|1,106
|{{Percentage|1,106|1,569,825|2}}
|1,218
|{{Percentage|1,218|1,578,385|2}}
|3,199
|{{Percentage|3199|1,711,263|2}}
|5,903
|{{Percentage|5903|1,826,341|2}}
|9,107
|{{Percentage|9107|1,961,504|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Nevada}} [[Nevada]]
|52
|{{Percentage|52|81,875|2}}
|3
|{{Percentage|3|77,407|2}}
|12
|{{Percentage|12|91,058|2}}
|3
|{{Percentage|3|110,247|2}}
|527
|{{Percentage|527|800,493|2}}
|1,825
|{{Percentage|1,825|1,201,833|2}}
|4,860
|{{Percentage|4860|1,998,257|2}}
|11,671
|{{Percentage|11671|2,700,551|2}}
|14,005
|{{Percentage|14005|3,104,614|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|New Hampshire}} [[New Hampshire]]
|0
|{{Percentage|0|430,572|2}}
|0
|{{Percentage|0|443,083|2}}
|1
|{{Percentage|1|465,293|2}}
|0
|{{Percentage|0|491,524|2}}
|742
|{{Percentage|742|920,610|2}}
|1,697
|{{Percentage|1,697|1,109,252|2}}
|3,579
|{{Percentage|3579|1,235,786|2}}
|8,268
|{{Percentage|8268|1,316,470|2}}
|10,659
|{{Percentage|10659|1,377,529|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|New Jersey}} [[New Jersey]]
|0
|{{Percentage|0|2,537,167|2}}
|34
|{{Percentage|34|3,155,900|2}}
|110
|{{Percentage|110|4,041,334|2}}
|47
|{{Percentage|47|4,160,165|2}}
|30,684
|{{Percentage|30,684|7,364,823|2}}
|79,440
|{{Percentage|79,440|7,730,188|2}}
|169,209
|{{Percentage|169209|8,414,350|2}}
|292,256
|{{Percentage|292256|8,791,894|2}}
|415,342
|{{Percentage|415342|9,288,994|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|New Mexico}} [[New Mexico]]
|0
|{{Percentage|0|327,301|2}}
|0
|{{Percentage|0|360,350|2}}
|20
|{{Percentage|20|423,317|2}}
|19
|{{Percentage|19|531,818|2}}
|622
|{{Percentage|622|1,302,894|2}}
|1,593
|{{Percentage|1,593|1,515,069|2}}
|2,424
|{{Percentage|2424|1,819,046|2}}
|4,550
|{{Percentage|4550|2,059,179|2}}
|5,807
|{{Percentage|5807|2,117,522|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|New York}} [[New York (state)|New York]]
|14
|{{Percentage|14|9,113,614|2}}
|204
|{{Percentage|204|10,385,227|2}}
|320
|{{Percentage|320|12,588,066|2}}
|243
|{{Percentage|243|13,479,142|2}}
|67,636
|{{Percentage|67,636|17,558,072|2}}
|140,985
|{{Percentage|140,985|17,990,455|2}}
|250,027
|{{Percentage|250027|18,976,457|2}}
|313,620
|{{Percentage|313620|19,378,102|2}}
|387,376
|{{Percentage|387376|20,201,249|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|North Carolina}} [[North Carolina]]
|0
|{{Percentage|0|2,206,287|2}}
|1
|{{Percentage|1|2,559,123|2}}
|0
|{{Percentage|0|3,170,276|2}}
|7
|{{Percentage|7|3,571,623|2}}
|4,855
|{{Percentage|4,855|5,881,766|2}}
|9,847
|{{Percentage|9,847|6,628,637|2}}
|25,350
|{{Percentage|25350|8,049,313|2}}
|57,400
|{{Percentage|57400|9,535,483|2}}
|121,974
|{{Percentage|121974|10,439,388|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|North Dakota}} [[North Dakota]]
|0
|{{Percentage|0|577,056|2}}
|1
|{{Percentage|1|646,872|2}}
|0
|{{Percentage|0|680,845|2}}
|0
|{{Percentage|0|641,935|2}}
|252
|{{Percentage|252|652,717|2}}
|482
|{{Percentage|482|638,800|2}}
|1,042
|{{Percentage|1042|642,200|2}}
|1,543
|{{Percentage|1543|672,591|2}}
|1,732
|{{Percentage|1732|779,094|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Ohio}} [[Ohio]]
|0
|{{Percentage|0|4,767,121|2}}
|35
|{{Percentage|35|5,759,394|2}}
|55
|{{Percentage|55|6,646,697|2}}
|40
|{{Percentage|40|6,907,612|2}}
|13,602
|{{Percentage|13,602|10,797,630|2}}
|20,848
|{{Percentage|20,848|10,847,115|2}}
|37,624
|{{Percentage|37624|11,353,140|2}}
|64,187
|{{Percentage|64187|11,536,504|2}}
|99,105
|{{Percentage|99105|11,799,448|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Oklahoma}} [[Oklahoma]]
|0
|{{Percentage|0|1,657,155|2}}
|1
|{{Percentage|1|2,028,283|2}}
|4
|{{Percentage|4|2,396,040|2}}
|17
|{{Percentage|17|2,336,433|2}}
|3,168
|{{Percentage|3,168|3,025,290|2}}
|4,546
|{{Percentage|4,546|3,145,585|2}}
|8,302
|{{Percentage|8302|3,450,654|2}}
|11,906
|{{Percentage|11906|3,751,675|2}}
|14,631
|{{Percentage|14631|3,959,353|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Oregon}} [[Oregon]]
|305
|{{Percentage|305|672,765|2}}
|90
|{{Percentage|90|783,389|2}}
|35
|{{Percentage|35|953,786|2}}
|21
|{{Percentage|21|1,089,684|2}}
|2,265
|{{Percentage|2,265|2,633,105|2}}
|3,508
|{{Percentage|3,508|2,842,321|2}}
|10,188
|{{Percentage|10188|3,421,399|2}}
|16,740
|{{Percentage|16740|3,831,074|2}}
|29,028
|{{Percentage|29028|4,237,256|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Pennsylvania}} [[Pennsylvania]]
|2
|{{Percentage|2|7,665,111|2}}
|47
|{{Percentage|47|8,720,017|2}}
|63
|{{Percentage|63|9,631,350|2}}
|52
|{{Percentage|52|9,900,180|2}}
|17,230
|{{Percentage|17,230|11,863,895|2}}
|28,396
|{{Percentage|28,396|11,881,643|2}}
|56,233
|{{Percentage|56233|12,281,054|2}}
|103,026
|{{Percentage|103026|12,702,379|2}}
|157,626
|{{Percentage|157626|13,002,700|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Puerto Rico}} [[Puerto Rico]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|{{Percentage||3,196,520|2}}
|
|{{Percentage||3,522,037|2}}
|5,564
|{{Percentage|5564|3,808,610|2}}
|3,523
|{{Percentage|3523|3,725,789|2}}
|947
|{{Percentage|947|3,285,874|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Rhode Island}} [[Rhode Island]]
|0
|{{Percentage|0|542,610|2}}
|6
|{{Percentage|6|604,397|2}}
|1
|{{Percentage|1|687,497|2}}
|4
|{{Percentage|4|713,346|2}}
|904
|{{Percentage|904|947,154|2}}
|1,975
|{{Percentage|1,975|1,003,464|2}}
|2,548
|{{Percentage|2548|1,048,319|2}}
|4,653
|{{Percentage|4653|1,052,567|2}}
|7,334
|{{Percentage|7334|1,097,379|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|South Carolina}} [[South Carolina]]
|0
|{{Percentage|0|1,515,400|2}}
|11
|{{Percentage|11|1,683,724|2}}
|2
|{{Percentage|2|1,738,765|2}}
|2
|{{Percentage|2|1,899,804|2}}
|2,572
|{{Percentage|2,572|3,121,820|2}}
|3,900
|{{Percentage|3,900|3,486,703|2}}
|8,215
|{{Percentage|8215|4,012,012|2}}
|15,941
|{{Percentage|15941|4,625,364|2}}
|26,875
|{{Percentage|26875|5,118,425|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|South Dakota}} [[South Dakota]]
|0
|{{Percentage|0|583,888|2}}
|2
|{{Percentage|2|636,547|2}}
|1
|{{Percentage|1|692,849|2}}
|1
|{{Percentage|1|642,961|2}}
|157
|{{Percentage|157|690,768|2}}
|287
|{{Percentage|287|696,004|2}}
|581
|{{Percentage|581|754,844|2}}
|1,152
|{{Percentage|1152|814,180|2}}
|1,523
|{{Percentage|1523|886,667|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Tennessee}} [[Tennessee]]
|1
|{{Percentage|1|2,184,789|2}}
|13
|{{Percentage|13|2,337,885|2}}
|4
|{{Percentage|4|2,616,556|2}}
|2
|{{Percentage|2|2,915,841|2}}
|3,392
|{{Percentage|3,392|4,591,120|2}}
|5,911
|{{Percentage|5,911|4,877,185|2}}
|11,956
|{{Percentage|11956|5,689,283|2}}
|23,900
|{{Percentage|23900|6,346,105|2}}
|40,151
|{{Percentage|40151|6,910,840|2}}

|-
|{{flagicon|Texas}} [[Texas]]
|2
|{{Percentage|2|3,896,542|2}}
|4
|{{Percentage|4|4,663,228|2}}
|49
|{{Percentage|49|5,824,715|2}}
|73
|{{Percentage|73|6,414,824|2}}
|23,395
|{{Percentage|23,395|14,229,191|2}}
|55,795
|{{Percentage|55,795|16,986,510|2}}
|127,256
|{{Percentage|127,256|20,851,820|2}}
|245,981
|{{Percentage|245981|25,145,561|2}}
|480,566
|{{Percentage|480566|29,145,505|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Utah}} [[Utah]]
|0
|{{Percentage|0|373,351|2}}
|28
|{{Percentage|28|449,396|2}}
|25
|{{Percentage|25|507,847|2}}
|13
|{{Percentage|13|550,310|2}}
|932
|{{Percentage|932|1,461,037|2}}
|1,557
|{{Percentage|1,557|1,722,850|2}}
|3,157
|{{Percentage|3157|2,233,169|2}}
|6,212
|{{Percentage|6212|2,763,885|2}}
|11,908
|{{Percentage|11908|3,271,616|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Vermont}} [[Vermont]]
|0
|{{Percentage|0|355,956|2}}
|0
|{{Percentage|0|352,428|2}}
|0
|{{Percentage|0|359,611|2}}
|0
|{{Percentage|0|359,231|2}}
|520
|{{Percentage|520|511,456|2}}
|529
|{{Percentage|529|562,758|2}}
|697
|{{Percentage|697|608,827|2}}
|1,359
|{{Percentage|1359|625,741|2}}
|1,794
|{{Percentage|1794|643,085|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Virginia}} [[Virginia]]
|0
|{{Percentage|0|2,061,612|2}}
|6
|{{Percentage|6|2,309,187|2}}
|0
|{{Percentage|0|2,421,851|2}}
|8
|{{Percentage|8|2,677,773|2}}
|9,046
|{{Percentage|9,046|5,346,818|2}}
|20,494
|{{Percentage|20,494|6,187,358|2}}
|47,578
|{{Percentage|47578|7,078,515|2}}
|103,916
|{{Percentage|103916|8,001,024|2}}
|157,635
|{{Percentage|157635|8,631,393|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Washington}} [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]]
|161
|{{Percentage|161|1,141,990|2}}
|85
|{{Percentage|85|1,356,621|2}}
|53
|{{Percentage|53|1,563,396|2}}
|23
|{{Percentage|23|1,736,191|2}}
|4,267
|{{Percentage|4,267|4,132,156|2}}
|8,205
|{{Percentage|8,205|4,866,692|2}}
|22,489
|{{Percentage|22489|5,894,121|2}}
|61,124
|{{Percentage|61124|6,724,540|2}}
|140,817
|{{Percentage|140817|7,705,281|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|West Virginia}} [[West Virginia]]
|0
|{{Percentage|0|1,221,119|2}}
|0
|{{Percentage|0|1,463,701|2}}
|1
|{{Percentage|1|1,729,205|2}}
|11
|{{Percentage|11|1,901,974|2}}
|1,936
|{{Percentage|1,936|1,949,644|2}}
|1,981
|{{Percentage|1,981|1,793,477|2}}
|2,529
|{{Percentage|2529|1,808,344|2}}
|3,304
|{{Percentage|3304|1,852,994|2}}
|3,289
|{{Percentage|3289|1,793,716|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Wisconsin}} [[Wisconsin]]
|0
|{{Percentage|0|2,333,860|2}}
|2
|{{Percentage|2|2,632,067|2}}
|2
|{{Percentage|2|2,939,006|2}}
|5
|{{Percentage|5|3,137,587|2}}
|3,902
|{{Percentage|3,902|4,705,767|2}}
|6,914
|{{Percentage|6,914|4,891,769|2}}
|11,280
|{{Percentage|11280|5,363,675|2}}
|22,899
|{{Percentage|22899|5,686,986|2}}
|32,831
|{{Percentage|32831|5,893,718|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Wyoming}} [[Wyoming]]
|11
|{{Percentage|11|145,965|2}}
|7
|{{Percentage|7|194,402|2}}
|2
|{{Percentage|2|225,565|2}}
|0
|{{Percentage|0|250,742|2}}
|104
|{{Percentage|104|469,557|2}}
|240
|{{Percentage|240|453,588|2}}
|423
|{{Percentage|423|493,782|2}}
|589
|{{Percentage|589|563,626|2}}
|522
|{{Percentage|522|576,851|2}}
|-
|{{flagicon|US}} '''United States'''
| '''2,545'''
| '''{{Percentage | 2,545| 91,972,266| 2 }}'''
| '''2,507'''
| '''{{Percentage | 2,507| 105,710,620| 2 }}'''
| '''3,130'''
| '''{{Percentage | 3,130| 122,775,046| 2 }}'''
| '''2,405'''
| '''{{Percentage |2,405 | 131,669,275| 2 }}'''
| '''387,223'''
| '''{{Percentage |387,223| 226,545,805| 2 }}'''
| '''815,447'''
| '''{{Percentage | 815,447 |248,709,873 | 2 }}'''
| '''1,645,510'''
| '''{{Percentage |1645510 | 281,421,906| 2 }}'''
| '''2,843,391'''
| '''{{Percentage | 2843391| 308,745,538| 2 }}'''
| '''4,397,737'''
| '''{{Percentage |4397737| 331,449,281| 2 }}'''
|}

===List of communities by number of Asian Indians (as of the 2010 census)===
[[File:74th St shopping Jax Hts jeh.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Little India]] on 74th Street in [[Jackson Heights, Queens|Jackson Heights]], [[Queens]]]]

* [[Indians in the New York City metropolitan area|New York City]]: 211,818
** [[Queens]]: 138,795
** [[Brooklyn]]: 25,270
** [[Manhattan]]: 24,359
** [[Bronx]]: 16,748
** [[Staten Island]]: 6,646
* [[San Jose, California|San Jose, CA]]: 43,827
* [[Fremont, California|Fremont, CA]]: 38,711
* [[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, CA]]: 32,966
* [[Chicago|Chicago, IL]]: 29,948
* [[Edison Township, New Jersey|Edison, NJ]]: 28,286
* [[Jersey City, New Jersey|Jersey City, NJ]]: 27,111
* [[Houston|Houston, TX]]: 26,289
* [[Sunnyvale, California|Sunnyvale, CA]]: 21,737
* [[Philadelphia|Philadelphia, PA]]: 18,520
* [[Irving, Texas|Irving, TX]]: 17,403

===Languages===
In recent years, especially following the 1990 inception of the [[H-1B visa]] program and the [[dot-com boom]], there has been a shift in the Indian American population from being dominated by immigrants from [[Gujarati Americans|Gujarat]] and [[Punjabi Americans|Punjab]] to being increasingly represented more broadly, including by immigrants from [[Telugu Americans|Andhra Pradesh and Telangana]], [[Tamil Americans|Tamil Nadu]], as well as immigrants from [[Kerala]], [[Karnataka]], and [[Maharashtra]].{{sfn|Chakravorty|Kapur|Singh|2017|pages=xviii}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://qz.com/india/889483/from-25000-to-250000-americas-little-indias-are-high-tech-hubs-working-class-neighborhoods-and-everything-in-between|title=America's "little Indias" are high-tech hubs, working-class neighborhoods, and everything in between|author=Sanjoy Chakravorty, Devesh Kapur, and Nirvikar Singh|date=January 20, 2017|access-date=June 2, 2023|quote=The India-born came to the United States in three phases: the Early Movers (1965-1979), the Families (1980–1994), and the IT Generation (1995 onward)… Early Movers and the Families cohorts can be combined into a single group, Settlers 1.0 (1965– 1994), composed primarily of Punjabis and Gujaratis (and to a lesser extent, Urdu and Malayalam speakers). The IT Generation (1995 onward) can be called Settlers 2.0, and they were primarily Telugus, Tamils, and Hindi speakers (and to a lesser extent, Kannadigas, Marathis, and Bengalis). These two groups were distinguishable by age, tenure in the United States, educational attainment, industry and occupation, and income.}}</ref> Between 2010 and 2021, Telugu rose from being the sixth most spoken South Asian language to being the third most spoken, while Punjabi fell from being the fourth most spoken South Asian language in the United States to become the seventh most spoken. There are significant differences between these groups in terms of socioeconomic factors like education, geographic location, and income; in 2021, 81% of Americans speaking Telugu at home spoke English very well while only 59% of Americans speaking Punjabi at home did the same.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://qz.com/india/889483/from-25000-to-250000-americas-little-indias-are-high-tech-hubs-working-class-neighborhoods-and-everything-in-between|title=America's "little Indias" are high-tech hubs, working-class neighborhoods, and everything in between|author=Sanjoy Chakravorty, Devesh Kapur, and Nirvikar Singh|date=January 20, 2017|access-date=June 2, 2023|quote=At the extremes—such as Punjabis and Telugus—the group outcomes were so different that one could argue they shared a country of origin, but little else. Settlers 2.0… were increasing in demographic dominance at this writing, and driving the key characteristics of settlement, education, and income for the overall Indian population. At the same time, the educational attainment and income differences between Settlers 1.0 and Settlers 2.0 raise serious questions about fragmentation in the Indian-American population and the long-term effects of such divergent paths.}}</ref><ref name="data.census.gov">{{Cite web|title=B16001LANGUAGE SPOKEN AT HOME BY ABILITY TO SPEAK ENGLISH FOR THE POPULATION 5 YEARS AND OVER|url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=punjabi&tid=ACSDT1Y2021.B16001|access-date=2022-11-23|website=data.census.gov|language=en-US}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable"
|+ Number of Americans speaking South Asian languages at home (2010–2021)<ref name="data.census.gov"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Language Use in the United States: 2019|url=https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2022/acs/acs-50.pdf |website=[[United States Census Bureau]]|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Languages of India|South Asian language]]
! rowspan="2" |[[American Community Survey|2010]]
! rowspan="2" |[[American Community Survey|2021]]
! rowspan="2" |Change
! rowspan="2" |{{Abbr|%|percentage}} Change
|-
|[[Gujarati Americans|Gujarati]]
| 356,394
| 436,909
| 80,515
| {{Percentage | 80,515| 356,394| 2 }}
|-
|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| 609,395
| 864,830
| 255,435
| {{Percentage | 255,435| 609,395| 2 }}
|-
|[[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| 388,909
| 507,972
| 119,063
| {{Percentage | 119,063| 388,909| 2 }}
|-
|[[Punjabi Americans|Punjabi]]
| 243,773
| 318,588
| 74,815
| {{Percentage | 74,815| 243,773| 2 }}
|-
|[[Bengali Americans|Bengali]]
| 221,872
| 403,024
| 181,152
| {{Percentage | 181,152| 221,872| 2 }}
|-
|[[Telugu Americans|Telugu]]
| 217,641
| 459,836
| 242,195
| {{Percentage | 242,195| 217,641| 2 }}
|-
|[[Tamil Americans|Tamil]]
| 181,698
| 341,396
| 159,698
| {{Percentage | 159,698| 181,698| 2 }}
|-
|[[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], and other [[Indo-Aryan languages]]
|275,694
|447,811
|172,117
| {{Percentage | 172,117| 275,694| 2 }}
|-
|[[Malayalam]], [[Kannada]], and other [[Dravidian languages]]
| 197,550
| 280,188
| 82,638
| {{Percentage | 82,638| 197,550| 2 }}
|-
|}

===Socioeconomic status===
[[File:Indiandiaspora.jpg|thumb|The United States is host to the second-largest [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian diaspora]], following [[Nepal]].]]

From the 1990 census to the 2000 census, the Asian Indian population increased by 105.87%. Meanwhile, the U.S. population increased by only 7.6%. In 2000, the Indian-born population in the U.S. was 1.007 million. In 2006, of the 1,266,264 legal immigrants to the United States, 58,072 were from India. Between 2000 and 2006, 421,006 Indian immigrants were admitted to the U.S., up from 352,278 during the 1990–1999 period.<ref>{{cite web |title=Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: Fiscal Years 1820 to 2006 |url=https://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/statistics/yearbook/2006/table02.xls |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804194251/https://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/statistics/yearbook/2006/table02.xls |archive-date=August 4, 2016 |access-date=2014-08-11}}</ref> At 16.4% of the Asian population, Indian Americans make up the third largest Asian-American ethnic group, following [[Chinese Americans]] and [[Filipino Americans]].<ref name="US Census Bureau, Chinese or in any combination">{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR&-reg=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201:035;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR:035;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T:035;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR:035&-ds_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_&-_lang=en&-format= |author=United States Census Bureau |title=US demographic census |access-date=2006-12-16 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212034232/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR&-reg=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201:035;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR:035;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T:035;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR:035&-ds_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_&-_lang=en&-format= |archive-date=February 12, 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="US Census Bureau, Filipino or in any combination">{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR&-reg=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201:038;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR:038;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T:038;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR:038&-ds_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_&-_lang=en&-format= |author=United States Census Bureau |title=US demographic census |access-date=2006-11-19 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212034029/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR&-reg=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201:038;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR:038;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T:038;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR:038&-ds_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_&-_lang=en&-format= |archive-date=February 12, 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="US Census Bureau, Asian Indian or in any combination">{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR&-reg=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201:032;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR:032;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T:032;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR:032&-ds_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_&-_lang=en&-format= |author=United States Census Bureau |title=US demographic census |access-date=2006-11-19 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212040120/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR&-reg=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201:032;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR:032;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T:032;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR:032&-ds_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_&-_lang=en&-format= |archive-date=February 12, 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

A joint Duke University-UC Berkeley study revealed that Indian immigrants have founded more engineering and technology companies from 1995 to 2005 than immigrants from the United Kingdom, China, Taiwan, and Japan combined.<ref>{{cite web |last=Assisi |first=Francis C. |url=http://www.indolink.com/displayArticleS.php?id=010307105012 |title=News & Analysis: Skilled Indian Immigrants Create Wealth for America |publisher=INDOlink |date=2007-01-04 |access-date=2010-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608213548/http://www.indolink.com/displayArticleS.php?id=010307105012 |archive-date=June 8, 2011 |url-status=usurped |df=mdy-all}}</ref> The percentage of Silicon Valley startups founded by Indian immigrants has increased from 7% in 1999 to 15.5% in 2006, as reported in the 1999 study by [[AnnaLee Saxenian]]<ref>{{cite journal|last=Saxenian|first=AnnaLee|year=1999|title=Silicon Valley's New Immigrant Entrepreneurs|url=http://wee.ppic.org/content/pubs/report/R_699ASR.pdf|publisher=Public Policy Institute of California|journal=|access-date=April 19, 2014|archive-date=January 31, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131123024/http://wee.ppic.org/content/pubs/report/R_699ASR.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> and her updated work in 2006 in collaboration with [[Vivek Wadhwa]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.inc.com/vivek-wadhwa/how-the-indians-succeeded-in-silicon-valley.html|title=The Face of Success, Part I: How the Indians Conquered Silicon Valley|date=2012-01-13|website=Inc.com|access-date=2017-12-19|archive-date=November 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116005402/https://www.inc.com/vivek-wadhwa/how-the-indians-succeeded-in-silicon-valley.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Indian Americans have risen to top positions at many major companies (e.g., IBM, PepsiCo, MasterCard, Google, Facebook, Microsoft, Cisco, Oracle, Adobe, Softbank, Cognizant, Sun Microsystems.) A 2014 study indicates that 23% of Indian business school graduates take a job in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|title=Report: 25% of Indian B-School Graduates get a job in Americas|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/03/report-25-of-indian-b-school-graduates-get-a-job-in-americas/|work=IANS|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|access-date=March 19, 2014|archive-date=March 20, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320204453/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/03/report-25-of-indian-b-school-graduates-get-a-job-in-americas/|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Asian Indians (per ACS)
|-
| 2005|| 2,319,222
|-
| 2006|| 2,482,141
|-
| 2007|| 2,570,166
|-
| 2008|| 2,495,998
|-
| 2009|| 2,602,676
|-
| 2010|| 2,765,155
|-
| 2011|| 2,908,204	
|-
| 2012|| 3,049,201
|-
| 2013|| 3,189,485
|-
| 2014|| 3,491,052
|-
| 2015|| 3,510,000
|-
| 2016|| 3,613,407
|-
| 2017|| 3,794,539
|-
|2018
|3,882,526
|-
|2019
|4,002,151
|-
|2020
|4,021,134
|}

Indian Americans continually outpace every other ethnic group [[Socioeconomic status|socioeconomically]] per U.S. census statistics.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/usas-best-indian-americans-top-community/85882-2.html |title=USA's best: Indian Americans top community&nbsp;— World&nbsp;— IBNLive |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=2009-02-20 |access-date=2013-02-07 |archive-date=December 7, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207111243/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/usas-best-indian-americans-top-community/85882-2.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Thomas Friedman]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'', in his 2005 book ''[[The World Is Flat]]'', explains this trend in terms of [[brain drain]], whereby a sample of the best and brightest people in India emigrate to the United States in order to seek better financial opportunities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mitworld.mit.edu/video/266/ |title=MIT World » : The World is Flat |publisher=Mitworld.mit.edu |access-date=2014-08-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328051336/http://mitworld.mit.edu/video/266 |archive-date=March 28, 2012 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Indians form the second largest group of [[physician]]s after non-Hispanic [[Caucasian-Americans|Caucasian Americans]] (3.9%) as of the 1990 survey, and the share of Indian physicians rose to approximately 6% in 2005.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bouvier |first=Leon F. |url=http://cis.org/articles/1998/DocsandNurses.html#3.8 |title=Doctors and Nurses: A Demographic Profile {{pipe}} Center for Immigration Studies |date=February 1998 |publisher=Cis.org |access-date=2016-11-09 |archive-date=October 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025162931/http://cis.org/articles/1998/DocsandNurses.html#3.8 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Education===
[[File:IndraNooyiDavos2010ver2.jpg|thumb|right|175px|[[Indra Nooyi]]'s career exemplifies the high level of educational attainment and professional success.]]

According to [[Pew Research]] in 2015, of Indian Americans aged 25 and older, 72% had obtained a bachelor's degree and 40% had obtained a postgraduate degree, whereas of all Americans, 19% had obtained a bachelor's degree and 11% had obtained a postgraduate degree.<ref name="Pew">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/fact-sheet/asian-americans-indians-in-the-u-s/|title=Indians in the U.S. Fact Sheet|date=September 8, 2017|website=POewsocialtrends.org|access-date=January 9, 2018|archive-date=January 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118050217/http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/fact-sheet/asian-americans-indians-in-the-u-s/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Income===
[[File:Income by race and ethnicity 2023 (Household and Per Capita).png|thumb|'''Income by race and ethnicity 2023 and Asian American groups (Household and Per Capita) Shows income data for Indian Americans'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=S0201.&t=001:013:3782:076:3786:451:567:582 |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=data.census.gov}}</ref>]]
The median household income for Indian immigrants in 2019 was much higher than that of the overall foreign- and native-born populations. Indians overall have much higher incomes than the total foreign and native-born populations.

In a 2019 survey, it was found that households headed by an Indian immigrant had a median income of $132,000, compared to $64,000 and $66,000 for all immigrant and U.S.-born households, respectively. Indian immigrants were also much less likely to be in poverty (5%) than immigrants overall (14%) or the U.S. born (12%).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/indian-immigrants-united-states-2019#Income_poverty|title=Indian Immigrants in the United States|date=2020-10-16|work=migrationpolicy.org|access-date=2020-11-04|archive-date=November 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108110053/https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/indian-immigrants-united-states-2019#Income_poverty|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to 2023 US Census data, the median Indian American household income is now $157,005.

Indian Americans had the second highest Per Capita Incomes among Asian Americans of $72,389 which was second only to Taiwanese Americans.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=S0201.&t=001:013:3782:076:3786:451:567:582 |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=data.census.gov}}</ref>

75.1% of Indian Americans worked in Management, business, science, and arts occupations, this is compared to only 43.2% for the total population.

===Religion===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religious Makeup of Indian Americans (2018)<ref name = "asianreligion"/>
|label1 = [[Hinduism in the United States|Hindu]]
|value1 = 48
|color1 = DarkOrange
|label2 = [[Christianity in the United States|Christian]]
|value2 = 15
|color2 = DodgerBlue 
|label3 = [[Islam in the United States|Muslim]]
|value3 = 8
|color3 = Green
|label4 = [[Sikhism in the United States|Sikh]]
|value4 = 8
|color4 = Yellow
|label5 = [[Religion in the United States|Other religion]]
|value5=3
|color5 = Black
|label6 = [[Irreligion in the United States|No religion]]
|value6 = 18
|color6 = white
}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| header = [[Indian religions]] in US
| width = 200
| image1 = 04.-BAPS-Swaminarayan-Akshardham.jpg
| caption1 = [[Akshardham (New Jersey)|BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Akshardham, New Jersey]], one of the world's largest [[Hindu temples]].<ref name=LargestHinduTempleNJ>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/worlds-largest-hindu-temple-being-built-new-jersey-n166616|title=World's Largest Hindu Temple Being Built in New Jersey|author=Frances Kai-Hwa Wang|author-link=Frances Kai-Hwa Wang|date=July 28, 2014 |publisher=NBC News|access-date=January 30, 2017|archive-date=October 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003074024/http://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/worlds-largest-hindu-temple-being-built-new-jersey-n166616|url-status=live}}</ref>
| image2 = San Jose Gurdwara Sahib (2448909577).jpg
| caption2 = [[Gurdwara Sahib of San Jose]], the largest Gurudwara in North America.
| image3 = JCGP Temple (3).png
| caption3 = [[Jain Center of Greater Phoenix]] (JCGP)
| total_width = 
| alt1 = 
}}

Communities of [[Hindus]], [[Christians]], [[Muslims]], [[Sikhs]], [[irreligion|irreligious people]], and smaller numbers of [[Jains]], [[Buddhists]], [[Zoroastrian]]s, and Indian [[Jews]], have established their religious (or irreligious) beliefs in the United States. According to 2023 [[Pew Research Center]] research, 48% consider themselves Hindu, 15% as Christian (7% Catholic, 4% Evangelical Protestant, 4% Nonevangelical Protestant), 18% as [[Atheism|unaffiliated]], 8%
as Muslims, 8% as Sikh, and 3% as a member of another religion.<ref name="asianreligion"/>
The first religious center of an Indian religion to be established in the U.S. was a Sikh [[Gurudwara]] in [[Stockton, California]] in 1912. Today there are many Sikh Gurudwaras, Hindu temples, Muslim mosques, Christian churches, and Buddhist and Jain temples in all 50 states.

====Hindus====
{{further|Hinduism in the United States}}

As of 2008, the American [[Hindu]] population was around 2.2 million.<ref>{{cite web|title=So, How Many Hindus Are There in the US?|url=http://www.hafsite.org/sites/default/files/HT_Census_USA_Jan08.pdf|access-date=30 January 2016|archive-date=August 9, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809191234/http://www.hafsite.org/sites/default/files/HT_Census_USA_Jan08.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Hindu]]s form the [[wiktionary:Plurality|plurality]] religious group among the Indian American community.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adherents.com/adh_dem.html |title=Composite U.S. Demographics |publisher=Adherents.com |access-date=2014-08-11 |archive-date=February 4, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204165121/http://www.adherents.com/adh_dem.html |url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.teachingaboutreligion.org/Backdrop&Context/hinduism.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061230114304/http://www.teachingaboutreligion.org/Backdrop%26Context/hinduism.htm|title=Teaching About Religion|archive-date=December 30, 2006|website=www.teachingaboutreligion.org}}</ref>  Many organizations such as [[ISKCON]], [[Swaminarayan Sampradaya]], [[Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha|BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha]], [[Chinmaya Mission]], and [[Swadhyay|Swadhyay Pariwar]] are well-established in the U.S. and Hindu Americans have formed the [[Hindu American Foundation]] which represents [[Hinduism in the United States|American Hindus]] and aim to educate people about [[Hinduism]]. [[Swami Vivekananda]] brought [[Hinduism]] to the West at the [[World Parliament of Religions|1893 Parliament of the World's Religions]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Integrated Publishing |url=http://www.tpub.com/content/religion/14229/css/14229_116.htm |title=Origin Of Hinduism In America |publisher=Tpub.com |access-date=2014-08-11 |archive-date=July 17, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717083710/http://www.tpub.com/content/religion/14229/css/14229_116.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Vedanta Society]] has been important in subsequent Parliaments. In September 2021, the State of [[New Jersey]] aligned with the World Hindu Council to declare October as Hindu Heritage Month. Today, many Hindu [[temples]], most of them built by Indian Americans, have emerged in different cities and towns in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://councilofhindutemples.org/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060418072954/http://www.councilofhindutemples.org/index.html|title=Council Of Hindu Temples In U.S. |archive-date=April 18, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindutemples.us/ |title=Hindu Temples in USA&nbsp;— HinduTemples in America |publisher=Hindutemples.us |access-date=2014-08-11 |archive-date=June 15, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615014346/http://hindutemples.us/ |url-status=live}}</ref> More than 18&nbsp;million Americans are now practicing some form of [[Yoga]].{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} [[Kriya Yoga school|Kriya Yoga]] was introduced to America by [[Paramahansa Yogananda]]. [[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]] initiated the popular [[ISKCON]], also known as the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|Hare Krishna]] movement, while preaching [[Bhakti yoga]]. The [[Sai Baba of Shirdi|Sai Baba]] mandir with  the tallest indoor statue in the [[Western Hemisphere]] opened in [[Monroe Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey|Monroe Township]], [[Middlesex County, New Jersey]] as the Om Sri Sai Balaji Temple in 2024.<ref name=MonroeSaiBabaMandirTallestStatue>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/us-25-feet-statue-of-lord-hanuman-reaches-temple-in-monroe-ahead-of-pran-pratishtha-ceremony/articleshow/107039027.cms?from=mdr|title=US: 25-feet statue of Lord Hanuman reaches temple in Monroe ahead of Pran Pratishtha ceremony|newspaper=The Economic Times (India)|date=January 22, 2024|access-date=September 7, 2024}}</ref> On October 30, 2024, the State of New Jersey legally designated October of every year to be Hindu Heritage Month.<ref name=HinduHeritageMonthNewJersey>{{cite web|url=https://www.nj.gov/governor/news/news/562024/approved/20241030d.shtml|title=Governor Murphy Takes Action on Legislation|date=October 30, 2024|access-date=November 1, 2024}}</ref>

====Sikhs====
{{Further|Sikhism in the United States}}
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2020}}

From the time of their arrival to the U.S. in the late 1800s, [[Sikh]] women and men have been making notable contributions to American society. In 2007, there were estimated to be between 250,000 and 500,000 Sikhs living in the United States, with largest populations living on the East and West Coasts, together with smaller additional populations in [[Detroit]], [[Chicago]], and [[Austin, Texas|Austin]]. The United States also has a number of non-Punjabi converts to Sikhism.
Sikh men are typically identifiable by their unshorn beards and turbans (head coverings), articles of their faith. Many organisations like World Sikh Organisation (WSO), Sikh Riders of America, SikhNet, Sikh Coalition, SALDEF, [[United Sikhs]], National Sikh Campaign continue to educate people about Sikhism. There are many "[[Gurudwaras]]" Sikh temples present in all states of USA.

====Jains====
{{Further|Jainism in the United States}}
[[File:Das Lakshana (Paryusana) celebrations, New York City Jain temple.JPG|thumb|[[Das Lakshana]] (Paryushana) celebrations at the [[Jain Center of America]], [[Queens]], [[Indians in the New York City metropolitan area#Religion|New York City]], the oldest Jain temple in the [[Western hemisphere]]<ref name=QueensOldestJainTempleWesternHemisphere>{{cite web|url=https://www.qgazette.com/articles/the-oldest-temple-in-the-hemisphere-its-in-queens/|title=The Oldest Temple in the Hemisphere? It's In Queens!|publisher=Queens Gazette|date=May 21, 2020|access-date=August 27, 2022}}</ref>]]

Adherents of [[Jainism]] first arrived in the United States in the 20th century. Jain immigration became more significant in the second half of the 20th century. The U.S. has since become the epicenter of the Jain diaspora. Jains in America are also one of the highest-earning [[socioeconomic status|socio-economic adherents]] of any religion in the United States. The [[Federation of Jain Associations in North America]] is an umbrella organization of local American and Canadian Jain congregations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jaina.org/?page=AboutJAINA|title=About JAINA|website=Jaina.org|access-date=9 January 2018|archive-date=April 11, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120411114642/http://www.jaina.org/?page=AboutJAINA|url-status=live}}</ref> Unlike India and United Kingdom, the Jain community in United States does not find sectarian differences—both [[Digambara]] and [[Śvētāmbara]] share a common roof.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}

====Muslims====
{{Further|Islam in the United States}}

[[Hasan Minhaj]], [[Fareed Zakaria]], [[Aziz Ansari]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.azizansari.com/|title=AZIZ ANSARI|website=AZIZ ANSARI|access-date=April 19, 2020|archive-date=May 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511083828/https://www.azizansari.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> and Pir [[Vilayat Inayat Khan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/famous-muslim-celebrities/|title=Muslim celebrities|website=CBS News|access-date=April 19, 2020|archive-date=May 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529162609/https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/famous-muslim-celebrities/|url-status=live}}</ref> are few well-known Indian American Muslims.
[[Indian Muslim]] Americans also congregate with other [[American Muslims]], including those from [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Bhutan]], and [[Myanmar]] when there are events particularly related to their faith and religious believes as the same can be applied for any other religious community, but there are prominent organizations such as the [[Indian Muslim Council|Indian Muslim Council – USA]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imc-usa.org/cgi-bin/cfm/index.cfm|title=Welcome to Indian Muslim Council-USA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061023010709/http://www.imc-usa.org/cgi-bin/cfm/index.cfm|archive-date=October 23, 2006|url-status=dead|access-date=November 2, 2006}}</ref> [[New Jersey]] and [[New York (state)|New York]] contain notable numbers of [[mosque]]s utilized by Muslims of Indian origin.

====Christians====
{{Further|Christianity in the United States}}

There are many [[Indian Christian]] churches across the US, including [[India Pentecostal Church of God]], [[Assemblies of God in India]], [[Church of God (Full Gospel) in India]], [[Church of South India]], [[Church of North India]], Christhava Tamil Koil, [[The Pentecostal Mission]], Sharon Pentecostal Church, Independent Non Denominational Churches like Heavenly Feast, [[Plymouth Brethren]]. [[Saint Thomas Christians]] ([[Syro-Malabar Church]], [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church]], [[Chaldean Syrian Church]], Kanna Church, [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]], [[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church]], [[CSI Syrian Christians]], [[Mar Thoma Syrian Church]], [[Pentecostal Syrian Christians]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=(Princeton) |first1=Princeton Forum on Asian Indian Ministries (US) |title=Pilgrims at the Crossroads: Asian Indian Christians at the North American Frontier |date=30 November 2009 |publisher=Institute for the Study of Asian American Christianity |isbn=978-0-9819878-2-8 |pages=27–32 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aGv0AgAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref> and [[St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Our History - St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India |url=http://www.steciatlanta.org/about-us/our-history/}}</ref>) from [[Kerala]] have established their own places of worship across the United States.<ref>{{Cite book|last=George.|first=Pothan, Sidney|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/907131962|title=The Syrian Christians of Kerala|date=1963|publisher=Asia Publishing House|oclc=907131962}}</ref> The website ''USIndian.org'' has collected a comprehensive list of all the traditional St. Thomas Christian Churches in the U.S.<ref>[http://www.usindian.org/traditional-indian-churches-in-usa.html Traditional Indian Churches in the US at a Glance]  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819102714/http://www.usindian.org/traditional-indian-churches-in-usa.html|date=August 19, 2014}}, [http://www.usindian.org usindian.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819083321/http://www.usindian.org/|date=August 19, 2014}}</ref> There are also Catholic Indians hailing originally from [[Goa]], [[Karnataka]] and Kerala, who attend the same services as other [[American Catholic]]s, but may celebrate the feast of [[Saint Francis Xavier]] as a special event of their identity.<ref>Goans of the North Atlantic. By Clifford Pereira. In Migration, technology, and transculturation: A global Perspective. Edited by Myna German and Padmini Banerjee. Center for International and Global Studies. 2011. Lindenwood University Press. St. Charles MO, USA. {{ISBN|978-0-9846307-4-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.garamchai.com/church.htm|title=Indian Church, Churches and places of worship in the US. Asian Church in America, Indians, NRIs and Immigrants in America from Garamchai.Com|publisher=Garamchai.Com ...|access-date=2010-07-17|archive-date=August 10, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810074357/http://www.garamchai.com/church.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/ijt/40-1-2_058.pdf|title=Evangelism in the Changing Context of India|last=Arles|first=Siga|author-link=Siga Arles|access-date=30 January 2016|archive-date=May 20, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520203024/http://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/ijt/40-1-2_058.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The Indian Christian Americans have formed the Federation of Indian American Christian Organizations of North America (FIACONA) to represent a network of Indian Christian organizations in the U.S. FIACONA estimates the Indian American [[Christianity in India|Christian]] population to be 1,050,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newsindia-times.com/NewsIndiaTimes/20101217/5623719349238828816.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714174029/http://www.newsindia-times.com/NewsIndiaTimes/20101217/5623719349238828816.htm|title=A Merry Indian American Christmas|archive-date=July 14, 2011}}</ref> The Syro-Malabar Church, an Eastern Catholic Church, native to India since the 1st century,<ref>{{Cite web |title=India prepares to mark Indian Christian Day on July 3 |url=https://cruxnow.com/uncategorized/2022/07/india-prepares-to-mark-indian-christian-day-on-july-3 |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=Crux |date=July 2, 2022 |language=en}}</ref> established St. Thomas Syro-Malabar diocese of Chicago was established in the year 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eastern Catholics share their culture, experiences at Chicago gathering |url=https://www.chicagocatholic.com/chicagoland/-/article/2022/08/09/eastern-catholics-share-their-culture-experiences-at-chicago-gathering |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=Chicago Catholic |language=en-US}}</ref> St. Thomas day is celebrated in this church on July 3 every year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Diocese |url=https://www.stthomasdiocese.org/ |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=www.stthomasdiocese.org}}</ref>

====Others====
The large [[Parsis|Parsi]] and [[Irani (India)|Irani]] community is represented by the [[Federation of Zoroastrian Associations of North America]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fezana.org/ |title=Home |publisher=F E Z A N A |access-date=2014-08-11 |archive-date=October 20, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061020121013/http://www.fezana.org/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Indian Jews]] are perhaps the smallest organized religious group among Indian Americans, consisting of approximately 350&nbsp;members in the U.S. They form the Indian Jewish Congregation of USA, with their headquarters in New York City.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jewsofindia.org/PDFs/Indian%20Jewish%20Congregation%20Newsletter%20Feb-2007.pdf |title=Indian Jewish Congregation of USA Newsletter |access-date=2014-08-11 |archive-date=February 28, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228210318/http://www.jewsofindia.org/PDFs/Indian%20Jewish%20Congregation%20Newsletter%20Feb-2007.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Deepavali/Diwali, Eid/Ramadan as school holidays====
Momentum has been growing to recognize the [[Indian religions|Dharmic]] holy day [[Diwali|Deepavali]] (Diwali) as a holiday on [[school district]] calendars in the [[New York City metropolitan area]].<ref name=DiwaliNewJersey1/><ref name=DiwaliNewJersey2>{{cite news|url=http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2012/02/nj_districts_weigh_new_holiday.html|title=N.J. districts weigh new holiday, Diwali, for school year|author=Eugene Paik|newspaper=The Star-Ledger|date=February 5, 2012|access-date=February 24, 2015}}</ref> [[Indians in the New York City metropolitan area|New York City]] announced in October 2022 that Diwali would be an official school holiday commencing in 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timeout.com/newyork/news/nyc-schools-will-officially-close-for-diwali-starting-2023-102122|title= NYC schools will officially close for Diwali starting 2023|author=Anna Rahmanan|publisher=TimeOut New York|quote=The mayor declared Diwali a public school holiday in New York City beginning next year.|date=October 21, 2022|access-date=October 21, 2022}}</ref>

[[Passaic, New Jersey]] established Diwali as a school holiday in 2005.<ref name=DiwaliNewJersey1/><ref name=DiwaliNewJersey2/> [[South Brunswick, New Jersey]] in 2010 became the first of the many school districts with large Indian student populations in [[Middlesex County, New Jersey|Middlesex County]] in [[New Jersey]] to add Diwali to the school calendar.<ref name=DiwaliNewJersey2/> [[Glen Rock, New Jersey]] in February 2015 became the first municipality in [[Bergen County, New Jersey#Indian American|Bergen County]], with its own burgeoning Indian population post-2010,<ref name="factfinder2.census.gov2">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov |title=Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data Bergen County, New Jersey |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=February 24, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/13_1YR/DP05|title=ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES – 2013 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=February 24, 2015|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212085158/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/13_1YR/DP05|archive-date=February 12, 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> to recognize Diwali as an annual school holiday,<ref name=BergenCountyDiwali2>{{cite web|url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/glen-rock-schools-to-close-for-diwali-1.1276918|title=Glen Rock schools to close for Diwali|author=Chris Harris|publisher=North Jersey Media Group|date=February 24, 2015|access-date=February 24, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224221006/http://www.northjersey.com/news/glen-rock-schools-to-close-for-diwali-1.1276918|archive-date=February 24, 2015}}</ref><ref name=BergenCountyDiwali1>{{cite web|url=http://www.northjersey.com/community-news/community-events-and-announcements/glen-rock-residents-seek-diwali-observance-at-district-schools-1.1144470|title=Glen Rock residents seek Diwali observance at district schools|author=Richard De Santa|publisher=North Jersey Media Group|date=December 1, 2014|access-date=December 1, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035458/http://www.northjersey.com/community-news/community-events-and-announcements/glen-rock-residents-seek-diwali-observance-at-district-schools-1.1144470|archive-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref> while thousands in Bergen County celebrated the first [[County (United States)|U.S. county]]-wide [[Mela|Diwali Mela]] festival under a unified [[sponsor (commercial)|sponsorship]] banner in 2016,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/thousands-attend-countywide-celebration-of-diwali-the-hindu-festival-of-lights-1.1681840|title=Thousands attend countywide celebration of Diwali, the Hindu festival of lights|author=Monsy Alvarado|publisher=NorthJersey.com, part of the USA TODAY network|date=October 24, 2016|access-date=October 24, 2016|quote=“This is the first time in Bergen County that all religious organizations and community organizations are participating under this banner, the Indian Heritage Center,” said Dinesh Khosla, president and one of the founders of the temple in Mahwah. “Ten families started the temple 20 years ago and we have over 3,000 members now.”}}</ref> while [[Fair Lawn, New Jersey|Fair Lawn]] in Bergen County has celebrated an internationally prominent annual [[Holi]] celebration since 2022.<ref>[https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=1bVWT3IvurI&feature=youtu.be] Accessed April 3, 2023.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.northjersey.com/picture-gallery/news/bergen/fair-lawn/2023/03/20/photos-fair-lawn-community-celebrates-holi/11508128002/|title=Photos: Fair Lawn community celebrates Holi|author=Danielle Parhizkaran, photographer|publisher=northjersey.com|date=March 20, 2023|access-date=March 22, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fairlawn.org/holi |title=Holi Celebration- Registration CLOSED &#124; Fair Lawn, NJ |website=www.fairlawn.org |access-date=January 30, 2022}}</ref> Diwali/Deepavali is also recognized by [[Monroe Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey|Monroe Township, New Jersey]].

Efforts have been undertaken in [[Millburn, New Jersey|Millburn]],<ref name=DiwaliNewJersey1>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/religion/hindus-in-new-jersey-school-district-want-a-day-off-for-diwali/2014/02/25/db4726a0-9e51-11e3-878c-65222df220eb_story.html|title=Hindus in New Jersey school district want a day off for Diwali|author=Katherine Davis, Religion News Service|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=February 25, 2014|access-date=February 24, 2015}}</ref> Monroe Township, [[West Windsor-Plainsboro Regional School District|West Windsor-Plainsboro]], [[Bernards Township, New Jersey|Bernards Township]], and [[North Brunswick, New Jersey]],<ref name=DiwaliNewJersey2/> [[Long Island]], as well as in New York City (ultimately successfully),<ref name=EidDiwali/><ref name=DiwaliEid>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1O8jsxj9Dqo|title=Coalition urges NYC Mayor to add Diwali as public school holiday|date=October 7, 2009 |publisher=The Indian Eye.net|access-date=February 24, 2015}}</ref> among other school districts in the metropolitan region, to make Diwali a holiday on the school calendar. According to the ''[[Star-Ledger]]'', [[Edison, New Jersey]] councilman Sudhanshu Prasad has noted parents' engagement in making Deepavali a holiday there; while in Jersey City, the four schools with major Asian Indian populations mark the holiday by inviting parents to the school buildings for festivities.<ref name=DiwaliNewJersey2/> [[Mahatma Gandhi]] Elementary School is located in [[Passaic, New Jersey]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://njbiz.com/passaic-city-cuts-ribbon-on-241m-educational-campus/|title=Passaic City cuts ribbon on $241M educational campus|author=Matthew Fazelpoor|publisher=NJBIZ|date=August 23, 2022|access-date=September 5, 2022}}</ref> Efforts are also progressing toward making Diwali and Eid official holidays at all 24 school districts in Middlesex County.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nj.com/opinion/2022/08/all-24-middlesex-county-school-districts-should-close-on-the-diwali-holiday-opinion.html?outputType=amp|title=All 24 Middlesex County school districts should close on the Diwali holiday|author=Rajan Zed|publisher=New Jersey Advance Media|date=August 23, 2022|access-date=September 29, 2022|quote=Hindus seek holiday status for Diwali in all 24 school districts of Middlesex County. Rajan Zed is the president of the Universal Society of Hindus. He says establishing a holiday on Diwali in all Middlesex County school districts will be a step in the right direction to meet the religious and spiritual needs of Hindu students, who make up a significant portion of the population in the county.}}</ref> At least 12 school districts on Long Island closed for Diwali in 2022,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.yonkerstribune.com/2022/05/12-long-island-school-districts-to-close-on-diwali-in-2022-hindus-call-for-diwali-holiday-in-all-long-island-schools|title= 12 Long Island School Districts to Close on Diwali in 2022: Hindus Call for Diwali Holiday in all Long Island Schools|newspaper=Yonkers Tribune|access-date=October 12, 2022}}</ref> and over 20 in New Jersey.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://nj1015.com/new-school-holiday-23-nj-districts-have-diwali-off-in-2022/|title=New School Holiday: 23 NJ Districts Have Diwali Off In 2022|author=Erin Vogt|publisher=New Jersey 101.5|date=April 29, 2022|access-date=June 20, 2022}}</ref>

In March 2015, New York City [[Bill de Blasio|Mayor Bill de Blasio]] officially declared the [[Muslim]] holy days [[Eid al-Fitr]] and [[Eid al-Adha]] holidays on the school calendar.<ref name=EidDiwali>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/05/nyregion/new-york-to-add-two-muslim-holy-days-to-public-school-calendar.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=second-column-region&region=top-news&WT.nav=top-news|title=New York City Adds 2 Muslim Holy Days to Public School Calendar|author=Marc Santora and Sharon Otterman|newspaper=The New York Times|date=March 4, 2015|access-date=March 4, 2015}}</ref> School districts in [[Paterson, New Jersey|Paterson]] and South Brunswick, New Jersey observe [[Ramadan]].<ref name=DiwaliNewJersey2/>

====Ethnicity====
{{Further|Racial classification of Indian Americans}}

Like the terms "Asian American" or "[[South Asian Americans|South Asian American]]", the term "Indian American" is also an umbrella label applying to a variety of views, values, lifestyles, and appearances. Although Asian Indian Americans retain a high ethnic identity, they are known to [[cultural assimilation|assimilate]] into American culture while at the same time keeping the culture of their ancestors.<ref>Mogelonsky, "Asian-Indian Americans," pp. 32–38</ref>

==Linguistic affiliation==
[[File:Kiran Desai 2015.jpg|right|thumb|upright|[[Kiran Desai]], winner of the 2006 [[Man Booker Prize]]]]

The United States is home to various associations that promote Indian languages and cultures. Some major organizations include:
* [[American Telugu Association]] (ATA)
* [[Association of Kannada Kootas of America]] (AKKA)
* [[Federation of Kerala Associations in North America]] (FOKANA)
* [[Federation of Tamil Sangams of North America]] (FeTNA)
* [[North America Vishwa Kannada Association]] (NAVIKA)
* [[North American Bengali Conference]] (NABC)
* [[Telugu Association of North America]] (TANA)
* [[The Odisha Society of the Americas]] (OSA)
* [[Maharashtra Mandal]] (MM)

==Culture and technology==

===Food companies===
[[Patel Brothers]] is a supermarket chain serving the [[Overseas Indians|Indian diaspora]], with 57 locations in 19 U.S. states&mdash;primarily located in the [[Indians in the New York City metropolitan area|New Jersey/New York Metropolitan Area]], due to its large [[Indians in the New York City metropolitan area|Indian population]], and with the [[East Windsor, New Jersey|East Windsor]]/[[Monroe Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey|Monroe Township]], [[New Jersey]] location representing the world's largest and busiest Indian grocery store outside India.

[[Deep Foods]], founded in 1977 in New Jersey, is one of the largest Indian food companies in the US.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Intersimone |first=Jenna |date=2020-01-14 |title=Indian food giant Deep Indian Kitchen had humble beginnings in Union County garage |url=https://www.mycentraljersey.com/story/entertainment/dining/2020/01/14/deep-indian-kitchen-union/2848587001/ |access-date=2021-03-10 |website=MyCentralJersey.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Specializing in frozen Indian food, their products were sold in around 20,000 stores as of 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fox |first=MeiMei |title=4 CEOs Bringing International Flavors To The US Prepared Foods Market |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/meimeifox/2024/03/03/4-ceos-bringing-international-flavors-to-the-us-prepared-foods-market/ |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>

===Notable Indian Americans in the Business and technology industry===
<!-- This list should contain only people who have an article about themselves, or an article about their company. -->
* [[Parag Agrawal]], former [[CEO]] of [[Twitter, Inc.]]
* [[Ajay Banga]], President of [[World Bank Group]] 
* [[Baiju Bhatt]], co-founder of [[Robinhood (company)|Robinhood]]
* [[Krishna Bharat]], Computer scientist; founder of Google News
* [[Jayashree Ullal]], 2024 Forbes 400 Billionaire, President and CEO of Arista Networks, a computer networking firm, since 2008
* [[Rajeev Jain]], 2024 Forbes 400 Billionaire, founder of GQG Partners.
* [[Rakesh Gangwal]], 2024 Forbes 400 Billionaire, cofounder of Indigo Airlines.
* [[Vasant Narasimhan]], CEO of Novartis
* [[C.K. Prahalad|C. K. Prahalad]] – Late world-renowned management guru
* [[Ram Shriram]], Billionaire venture capitalist

* [[Chandrika Tandon]], Businesswoman and artist
* [[Vinod Khosla]], co-founder of [[Sun Microsystems]]
* [[Arvind Krishna]], CEO of [[IBM]]
* [[Sabeer Bhatia]], co-founder of [[Hotmail]]
* [[Sanjit Biswas]], co-founder of [[Cisco Meraki]] and [[Samsara (company)]]
* [[Jay Chaudhry]], co-founder of [[Zscaler]]
* [[Sundar Pichai]], CEO of [[Alphabet Inc.|Alphabet]], the parent company of [[Google]]
* [[Satya Nadella]], CEO of [[Microsoft]]
* [[Laxman Narasimhan]], CEO of [[Starbucks]]
* [[Shantanu Narayen]], CEO of [[Adobe Inc.]]
* [[Indra Nooyi]], chairwoman and former CEO of [[PepsiCo]]
* Nirav Tolia, co-founder of [[Nextdoor]]
* [[Gurbaksh Chahal]], founder of online advertising services ClickAgent and BlueLithium
* [[Balaji Srinivasan]], co-founder of genomics company [[Counsyl]], Chief Technology Officer of [[Coinbase]]
* Jagdeep Singh, founder of [[QuantumScape]], optical hardware company Lightera Networks, and telecommunications company [[Infinera]]
* [[Naval Ravikant]], co-founder of [[AngelList]]
* [[Reena Ninan]], owner of Good Trouble Productions

===Media===
{{multiple image
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| image1 = Mindy_Kaling_Jan_2023.jpg
| alt1 = Mindy Kaling
| image2 = Kal_Penn,_Office_of_Public_Engagement.jpg
| alt2 = Kal Penn
| image3 = Sheetal_Sheth_Cover_of_CHI.jpg
| alt3 = Sheetal Sheth
| image4 = Hasan_Minhaj_2013_(cropped).jpg
| alt4 = Hasan Minhaj
| image5 = Raja_Kumari_2019_by_Glenn_Francis.jpg
| alt5 = Raja Kumari
| image6 = Sendhil Ramamurthy (1).jpg
| alt6 = Sendhil Ramamurthy
| footer          = {{hlist|''Various celebrities, from top, left to right'': [[Mindy Kaling]] • [[Kal Penn]] • [[Sheetal Sheth]] • [[Hasan Minhaj]] • [[Raja Kumari]] • [[Sendhil Ramamurthy]]}}
}}

[[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Malayalam]], and [[Hindi]] radio stations are available in areas with high Indian populations, for example, Punjabi Radio USA, Easy96.com in the New York City metropolitan area, [[KLOK (AM)|KLOK 1170 AM]] in San Francisco, [[KSJO|KSJO Bolly 92.3FM]] in San Jose, RBC Radio; Radio Humsafar, Desi Junction in Chicago; Radio Salaam Namaste and FunAsia Radio in [[Dallas]]; and Masala Radio, FunAsia Radio, Sangeet Radio, Radio Naya Andaz in [[Houston]] and [[Washington Bangla Radio on Internet]] from the Washington DC Metro Area. There are also some radio stations broadcasting in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] within these communities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thendral.com/AboutThendral.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040412225752/http://www.thendral.com/AboutThendral.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 12, 2004|title=Thendral.com – First American Tamil Radio|date=April 12, 2004|access-date=January 9, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://groups.google.com/group/telugu-unicode/browse_thread/thread/8157d1cbc8947b14|title=A Telugu Radio Show&nbsp;— Every Saturday|publisher=Google Groups|date=2008-06-11|access-date=2010-07-17|archive-date=November 6, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106224704/http://groups.google.com/group/telugu-unicode/browse_thread/thread/8157d1cbc8947b14|url-status=live}}</ref> Houston-based [[Kannada]] Kaaranji radio focuses on a multitude of programs for children and adults.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.houstonkannada.com |title=houstonkannada.com |publisher=houstonkannada.com |access-date=2013-02-07}}</ref>

''AVS'' (Asian Variety Show) and ''Namaste America'' are South Asian programming available in most of the U.S. that is free to air and can be watched with a television [[antenna (radio)|antenna]].

Several [[cable television|cable]] and [[satellite television]] providers offer Indian channels: [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony TV]], [[Zee TV]], [[TV Asia]], [[Star Plus]], [[Sahara One]], [[Colors (TV channel)|Colors]], [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]], [[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]], Big Magic, regional channels, and others have offered Indian content for subscription, such as the [[Cricket World Cup]]. There is also an American cricket channel called [[Willow (TV channel)|Willow]].

Many metropolitan areas with large Indian American populations now have movie theaters which specialize in showing [[Cinema of India|Indian movies]], especially from [[Tamil cinema|Kollywood (Tamil)]], [[Telugu cinema|Tollywood (Telugu)]] and [[Bollywood|Bollywood (Hindi)]].

In July 2005, [[MTV]] premiered a spin-off network called [[MTV Desi]] which targets Indian Americans.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mtvdesi.com/ |title=Music Videos, Reality TV Shows, Celebrity News, Top Stories {{pipe}} MTV |publisher=Mtvdesi.com |date=2014-04-08 |access-date=2014-08-11 |archive-date=May 18, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060518041134/http://www.mtvdesi.com/ |url-status=live}}</ref>  It has been discontinued by MTV.

In 2012, the film ''[[Not a Feather, but a Dot]]'' directed by Teju Prasad, was released which investigates the history, perceptions and changes in the Indian American community over the last century.

In popular media, several Indian American personalities have made their mark in recent years, including [[Ashok Amritraj]], [[M. Night Shyamalan]], [[Kovid Gupta]], [[Kal Penn]], [[Sendhil Ramamurthy]], [[Padma Lakshmi]], [[Hari Kondabolu]], [[Karan Brar]], [[Aziz Ansari]], [[Hasan Minhaj]], [[Poorna Jagannathan]] and [[Mindy Kaling]]. In the 2023 film ''[[Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse]]'', the fictional world of ''Mumbattan'' ([[portmanteau]] of ''[[Mumbai]]'' and ''[[Manhattan]]'') is introduced.<ref name=MumbattanMumbaiManhattan>{{cite web|url=https://insidethemagic.net/2023/05/mumbattan-first-look-across-the-spider-verse-mw1/|title=First Look at Mumbattan in New 'Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse' Trailer|author=Melanie Weir|publisher=ITM|date=May 13, 2023|access-date=June 3, 2023|quote=Yesterday, however, we got a sneak peek at one of the most interesting promised worlds: Mumbattan, a hybrid of Manhattan and Mumbai, where Pavitr Prabhakar lives.}}</ref>

===Indian Independence Day Parade===
{{see also|Indians in the New York City metropolitan area}}
[[File:New York city India day parade August 2005.jpg|thumb|New York City's annual India Day Parade, the world's largest [[Indian Independence Day]] parade outside India,<ref name=NYCLargestIndiaParade/> marches down [[Madison Avenue]] in [[Midtown Manhattan]]. The parade addresses controversial [[topic and comment|themes]], including racism, [[sexism]], corruption, and [[Bollywood]].]]

The annual New York City India Day Parade, held on or approximately every August 15 since 1981, is the world's largest [[Indian Independence Day]] parade outside of India<ref name=NYCLargestIndiaParade>{{cite web|url=http://www.metro.us/new-york/thousands-celebrate-at-india-day-parade-along-madison-avenue/zsJohp---ZhpiKKDmo0HtI/|title=Thousands celebrate at India Day Parade along Madison Avenue|author=Karina Cuevas|publisher=Metro International|date=August 16, 2015|access-date=August 16, 2015}}</ref> and is hosted by The Federation of Indian Associations (FIA). According to the website of [[Baruch College]] of the [[City University of New York]], "The FIA, which came into being in 1970 is an [[umbrella organization]] meant to represent the diverse Indian population of NYC. Its mission is to promote and further the interests of its 500,000 members and to collaborate with other Indian cultural organization. The FIA acts as a mouth piece for the diverse Indian Asian population in United States, and is focused on furthering the interests of this diverse community. The parade begins on [[38th Street (Manhattan)|East 38th Street]] and continues down [[Madison Avenue]] in [[Midtown Manhattan]] until it reaches [[28th Street (Manhattan)|28th Street]].  At the review stand on 28th Street, the grand marshal and various celebrities greet onlookers. Throughout the parade, participants find themselves surrounded by the saffron, white and green colors of the [[Flag of India|Indian flag]]. They can enjoy Indian food, merchandise booths, live dancing and music present at the Parade. After the parade is over, various cultural organizations and dance schools participate in program on [[23rd Street (Manhattan)|23rd Street]] and Madison Avenue until 6PM."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.baruch.cuny.edu/nycdata/uniquely_nyc/india.html|title=New York City (NYC) India Day Parade|publisher=The Weissman Center for International Business – Baruch College/City University of New York|access-date=December 25, 2014}}</ref> The New York/New Jersey metropolitan region's second-largest India Independence Day parade takes place in [[Little India, Edison/Iselin]] in Middlesex County, New Jersey, annually in August.

====Sikh Day Vaisakhi Parade====
The world's largest Sikh Day Parade outside India celebrating [[Vaisakhi]] and the season of renewal is held in [[Manhattan]] annually in April. The parade is widely regarded as being one of the most colourful parades.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://patch.com/new-york/midtown-nyc/amp/30607634/2022-nyc-sikh-persian-day-parades-street-closures-locations |title=2022 NYC Sikh, Persian Day Parades: Street Closures, Locations |website=patch.com |date= April 22, 2022|access-date=April 23, 2022}}</ref>


==Progress==
[[File:Dinesh D'Souza (50755833428) (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|right|Political Commentator [[Dinesh D'Souza]] ]]

===Timeline===
* 1600: Beginning of the [[East India Company]].<ref name="Thakur" />
* 1635: An "East Indian" is documented present in [[Jamestown, Virginia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/jame/historyculture/upload/African%20Americans%20on%20Jamestown%20Island.pdf |title=A Study of the Africans and African Americans on Jamestown Island and at Green Spring, 1619–1803 |author=Martha W. McCartney |author2=Lorena S. Walsh |author3=Ywone Edwards-Ingram |author4=Andrew J. Butts |author5=Beresford Callum |year=2003 |website=Historic Jamestowne |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |access-date=11 May 2013 |archive-date=November 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104205831/http://www.nps.gov/jame/historyculture/upload/African%20Americans%20on%20Jamestown%20Island.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="indian slaves" />
* 1680: Due to [[anti-miscegenation laws in the United States|anti-miscegenation laws]], a mixed-race girl born to an Indian father and an Irish mother is classified as [[mulatto]] and sold into slavery.<ref name="Thakur" />
* 1790: The first officially confirmed Indian immigrant arrives in the United States from [[Madras]], South India, on a British ship.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9doYiljZq3UC&q=first+indian+in+usa+madras+1790&pg=PA260 |title=The Multilingual Apple: Languages in New York City&nbsp;— Google Books |isbn=9783110172812 |access-date=2014-08-10 |last1=García |first1=Ofelia |last2=Fishman |first2=Joshua A. |year=2002 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |archive-date=March 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326125800/https://books.google.com/books?id=9doYiljZq3UC&q=first+indian+in+usa+madras+1790&pg=PA260 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Okihiro |first=Gary Y. |title=The Columbia Guide To Asian American History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZDkwy7CURgC&q=south%20asian%20slaves%20jamestown&pg=PA178 |access-date=10 May 2013 |year=2005 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9780231115117 |page=178 |archive-date=March 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326122535/https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZDkwy7CURgC&q=south+asian+slaves+jamestown&pg=PA178 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* 1899–1914: The first significant wave of Indian immigrants arrives in the United States, mostly consisting of Sikh farmers and businessmen from the [[Punjab region]] of [[British Raj|British India]]. They arrive in [[Angel Island (California)|Angel Island]], [[California]] via [[British Hong Kong|Hong Kong]]. They start businesses including farms and lumber mills in [[California]], [[Oregon]], and [[Washington (state)|Washington]].
* 1909: [[Bhicaji Balsara]] becomes the first known Indian-born person to gain naturalised U.S. citizenship. As a [[Parsi]], he was considered a "pure member of the Persian sect" and therefore a free White person. The judge [[Emile Henry Lacombe]], of the [[Southern District of New York]], only gave Balsara citizenship on the hope that the [[United States attorney]] would indeed challenge his decision and appeal it to create "an authoritative interpretation" of the law. The U.S. attorney adhered to Lacombe's wishes and took the matter to the Circuit Court of Appeals in 1910. The Circuit Court of Appeal agrees that Parsis are classified as white.<ref name="auto"/>
* 1912: The first Sikh [[gurdwara]] opens in [[Stockton, California|Stockton]], [[California]].
* 1913: [[A. K. Mozumdar]] becomes the second Indian-born person to earn U.S. citizenship, having convinced the [[Spokane, Washington|Spokane]] district judge that he was "Caucasian" and met the requirements of naturalization law that restricted citizenship to free White persons. In 1923, as a result of ''[[United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind]]'', his citizenship was revoked.
* 1914: [[Dhan Gopal Mukerji]] obtains a graduate degree from Stanford University, studying also at University of California, Berkeley and later goes on to win the [[Newbery Medal]] in 1928, and thus becomes the first successful India-born man of letters in the United States, as well as the first popular Indian writer in English.
* 1917: The [[Barred Zone Act]] passes in Congress through two-thirds majority, overriding President [[Woodrow Wilson]]'s earlier veto. Asians, including Indians, are barred from entering the United States.
* 1918: Due to [[anti-miscegenation laws]], there was significant controversy in [[Arizona]] when an Indian farmer B. K. Singh married the sixteen-year-old daughter of one of his [[White American]] tenants.<ref>{{cite web|work=Echoes of Freedom: South Asian Pioneers in California, 1899–1965|title=Chapter 9: Home Life|publisher=[[University of California, Berkeley Library System|The Library, University of California, Berkeley]]|url=http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/SSEAL/echoes/chapter9/chapter9.html|access-date=2009-01-08|archive-date=February 18, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218234320/http://lib.berkeley.edu/SSEAL/echoes/chapter9/chapter9.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 1918: Private Raghunath N. Banawalkar is the first Indian American recruited into the U.S. Army on February 25, 1918, and serves in the Sanitary Detachment of the 305th Infantry Regiment, 77th Division, American Expeditionary Forces in [[French Third Republic|France]]. Gassed while on active service in October 1918 and subsequently awarded Purple Heart medal.<ref>Frank B. Tiebout, ''A History of the 305th Infantry'' (New York: 305th Infantry Auxiliary), 431.</ref>
* 1918: Earliest record of [[LGBT]] Indian Americans—Jamil Singh in [[Sacramento|Sacramento, California]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Shah|first=Nayan|title=Stranger Intimacy: Contesting Race, Sexuality, and the Law in the North American West|year=2011|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley, California|isbn=978-0-520-27087-9|pages=74–78|chapter=Policing Strangers and Borderlands}}</ref>
* 1922: [[Yellapragada Subbarao]], a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] from the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in Southern India arrived in [[Boston]] on October 26, 1922. He discovered the role of [[phosphocreatine]] and [[adenosine triphosphate]] (ATP) in muscular activity, which earned him an entry into biochemistry textbooks in the 1930s. He obtained his Ph.D. the same year, and went on to make other major discoveries; including the synthesis of [[aminopterin]] (later developed into [[methotrexate]]), the first cancer chemotherapy.
* 1923: In ''[[United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind]]'', the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] unanimously rules that Indian people are aliens ineligible for United States citizenship. [[Bhagat Singh Thind]] regained his citizenship years later in [[New York (state)|New York]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/rootsinthesand/i_bhagat1.html |title=Roots in the Sand&nbsp;— Bhagat Singh Thind |publisher=PBS |access-date=2014-08-11 |archive-date=August 28, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828041811/http://www.pbs.org/rootsinthesand/i_bhagat1.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
* 1943: Republican [[Clare Boothe Luce]] and Democrat [[Emanuel Celler]] introduce a bill to open naturalization to Indian immigrants to the United States. Prominent Americans [[Pearl Buck]], [[Louis Fischer]], [[Albert Einstein]] and [[Robert Millikan]] give their endorsement to the bill. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], a Democrat, also endorses the bill, calling for an end to the "statutory discrimination against the Indians."
* 1946: President [[Harry S. Truman]] signs into law the [[Luce–Celler Act of 1946]], returning the right to Indian Americans to immigrate to the United States and become naturalized citizens.
* 1956: [[Dalip Singh Saund]] elected to the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] from [[California]]. He was re-elected to a second and third term, winning over 60% of the vote. He is also the first Asian immigrant from any country to be elected to Congress.
* 1962: [[Zubin Mehta]] appointed music director of the [[Los Angeles Philharmonic]], becoming the first person of Indian origin to become the principal conductor of a major American orchestra. Subsequently, he was appointed principal conductor of the [[New York Philharmonic]].
* 1964: [[Amar G. Bose]] founded [[Bose Corporation]]. He was the chairman, primary stockholder, and Technical Director at [[Bose Corporation]]. He was former professor of [[electrical engineering]] at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]].
* 1965: President [[Lyndon Johnson]] signs the [[INS Act of 1965]] into law, eliminating per-country immigration quotas and introducing immigration on the basis of professional experience and education. Satinder Mullick is one of the first to immigrate under the new law in November 1965—sponsored by [[Corning Inc.|Corning Glass Works]].
* 1968: [[Hargobind Khorana]] shared the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine with Marshall W. Nirenberg and Robert W. Holley for discovering the mechanisms by which RNA codes for the synthesis of proteins. He was then on faculty at the [[University of Wisconsin, Madison]], but later moved to [[MIT]].
* 1974: Mafat and Tulsi Patel open the first location of [[Patel Brothers]] on [[Devon Avenue]] in Chicago, one of the first Indian grocery chains in America
* 1975: Launch of India-West, a leading newspaper covering issues of relevance to the Indian American community.
* 1981: [[Suhas Patil]] founded [[Cirrus Logic]], one of the first fabless semiconductor companies.
* 1982: [[Vinod Khosla]] co-founded [[Sun Microsystems]].
* 1983: [[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar|Subrahmanyam Chandrasekhar]] won the Nobel Prize for Physics; Asian Indian Women in America<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aiwausa.org |title=Asian Indian Women in America |publisher=Aiwausa.org |date=1980-08-15 |access-date=2014-08-11 |archive-date=March 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302221417/http://www.aiwausa.org/ |url-status=live}}</ref> attended the first White House Briefing for Asian American Women. (AAIWA, formed in 1980, is the 1st Indian women's organization in North America.)
* 1985: Balu Natarajan becomes the first Indian American to win the [[Scripps National Spelling Bee]]
* 1987: President [[Ronald Reagan]] appoints [[Joy Cherian]], the first Indian Commissioner of the United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC).
* 1988: [[Sanjay Mehrotra]] co-founded [[SanDisk]].
* 1989: Launch of [[Easy 96|RBC Radio]], the first South Asian-Indian radio station in the United States.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42742759|jstor = 42742759|title = India's Contribution to American Heritage|last1 = Yatanoor|first1 = Chandrakant|journal = The Indian Journal of Political Science|year = 2009|volume = 70|issue = 3|pages = 771–778}}</ref>
* 1990: Shiva Subramanya (an India-born Nuclear Physicist and Space Scientist working at TRW, Inc) became the first South Asian and first Indian American to win the Medal of Merit, the [[AFCEA]]'s highest award for a civilian and one of the America's top defense award, in recognition of his exceptional service to AFCEA and the fields of Command, Control, Communications, Computers and Intelligence (C4I).<ref>{{Cite news|date=September 1990|title=A Meritorious Indian|work=Span Magazine (Page 26) - US Embassy, New Delhi|url=https://issuu.com/spanmagazine/docs/1990-09-cr|access-date=November 30, 2020|archive-date=March 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326125817/https://issuu.com/spanmagazine/docs/1990-09-cr|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 1994: [[Rajat Gupta]] elected [[managing director]] of [[McKinsey & Company]], the first Indian-born CEO of a multinational company.
* 1994: Guitarist [[Kim Thayil]], of Indian origin, wins Grammy award for his Indian inspired guitarwork on the album Superunknown by his band [[Soundgarden]].
* 1994: [[Raj Reddy]] received the ACM Turing Award (with [[Edward Feigenbaum]]) "For pioneering the design and construction of large scale artificial intelligence systems, demonstrating the practical importance and potential commercial impact of artificial intelligence technology."
* 1996: [[Pradeep Sindhu]] founded [[Juniper Networks]]
* 1996: [[Rajat Gupta]] and [[Anil Kumar]] of [[McKinsey & Company]] co-found the [[Indian School of Business]].[[File:Kalpana_Chawla,_NASA_photo_portrait_in_orange_suit.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kalpana Chawla]]]]
* 1997: [[Kalpana Chawla]], one of the six-member crew of STS-87 mission, becomes the first Indian American astronaut.
* 1999: NASA names the third of its four "Great Observatories" [[Chandra X-ray Observatory]] after [[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]] the Indian-born American astrophysicist and a Nobel laureate.
* 1999: Filmmaker [[M. Night Shyamalan]] enters film history with his film ''[[The Sixth Sense]]'' becoming one of the all-time highest-grossing films worldwide.
* 1999: [[Rono Dutta]] becomes the president of [[United Airlines]].
* 2001: Professor [[Dipak C. Jain]] (born in [[Tezpur]] – [[Assam]], [[India]]) appointed as dean of the [[Kellogg School of Management]], [[Northwestern University]].
* 2002: Professor of statistics [[Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao]] is awarded [[National Medal of Science]] by President [[George W. Bush]].
* 2005: [[Abhi Talwalkar]] becomes president and chief executive officer of [[LSI Corporation]]
* 2006: [[Indra Nooyi]] (born in [[Chennai]], [[India]]) appointed as CEO of [[PepsiCo]].
* 2007: [[Bobby Jindal]] is elected governor of [[Louisiana]] and is the first person of Indian descent to be elected governor of an American state.
* 2007: [[Renu Khator]] appointed to a dual-role as chancellor of the [[University of Houston System]] and president of the [[University of Houston]].
* 2007: [[Francisco D'Souza]] appointed as the president and CEO and of [[Cognizant Technology Solutions]]. He is one of the youngest chief executive officers in the software services sector at the age 38 in the [[United States]].
* 2007: [[Vikram Pandit]] (born in [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]) appointed as CEO of [[Citigroup]]. He was previously the president and CEO of the Institutional Securities and Investment Banking Group at [[Morgan Stanley]].
* 2007: [[Shantanu Narayen]] appointed as [[CEO]] of [[Adobe Systems]].
* 2008: Treasury Secretary [[Henry Paulson]] appoints [[Neel Kashkari]] as the Interim U.S. Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Financial Stability.
* 2008: [[Raj Chetty]] appointed as professor of economics at [[Harvard University]] the age of 29, one of the youngest ever to receive tenure of [[professorship]] in the Department of Economics at Harvard.
* 2008: [[Sanjay Jha (businessman)|Sanjay Jha]] appointed as Co-[[CEO]] of [[Motorola, Inc.]].
* 2008: Establishment of the [[South Asian American Digital Archive]] (SAADA) to document the history of the South Asian American community.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.saadigitalarchive.org|title="Mission Statement", South Asian American Digital Archive|website=Saadigitalarchive.org|access-date=9 January 2018}}</ref>
[[File:Satya Nadella.jpg|thumb|[[Satya Nadella]] CEO of [[Microsoft]]]]
[[File:Sundar Pichai (cropped1).jpg|thumb|[[Sundar Pichai]] CEO of [[Google]]]]
* 2009: President [[Barack Obama]] appoints [[Preet Bharara]] (born in [[Firozpur]], [[India]]; graduate of [[Harvard College]] Class of 1990 and [[Columbia Law School]] Class of 1993) as United States attorney for the Southern District of New York [[Manhattan]].
* [[Farah Pandith]] appointed as Special Representative to Muslim Communities for the United States Department of State.
* 2009: President Barack Obama appoints [[Aneesh Paul Chopra]] as the first American Federal Chief Technology Officer of the United States (CTO).
* 2009: President Barack Obama appoints [[Eboo Patel]] and [[Anju Bhargava]] on President's Advisory Council on Faith Based and Neighborhood Partnerships.
* 2009: President Barack Obama appoints [[Vinai Thummalapally]] as the [[List of ambassadors of the United States to Belize|U.S. Ambassador to Belize]]
* 2009: President Barack Obama nominates [[Rajiv Shah]], [[Doctor of Medicine|M.D.]] as the new head of [[United States Agency for International Development]].
* 2009: President Barack Obama nominates [[Islam A. Siddiqui]] as the Chief Agricultural Negotiator in the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative.
* 2010: President of Harvard University [[Catherine Drew Gilpin Faust]] appoints [[Nitin Nohria]] as the tenth dean of [[Harvard Business School]].
* 2010: President of [[University of Chicago]] [[Robert Zimmer]] appoints [[Sunil Kumar (academic administrator)|Sunil Kumar]] as the dean of [[University of Chicago Booth School of Business]].
* 2010: [[Deven Sharma]] appointed president of [[Standard & Poor's]].
* 2010: [[Ajaypal Singh Banga|Ajaypal Banga]] appointed president and CEO of [[MasterCard]].
* 2010: President Barack Obama nominates [[Subra Suresh]], Dean of Engineering at [[MIT]] as director of [[National Science Foundation]].
* 2010: Year marks the most candidates of Indian origin, running for political offices in the United States, including candidates such as [[Ami Bera]].
* 2010: State Representative [[Nikki Haley]] is elected Governor of [[South Carolina]] and becomes the first Indian American woman and second Indian American in general to serve as governor of a U.S. state.
* 2011: [[Jamshed Bharucha]] named president of [[Cooper Union]]. Previous to that, he was appointed dean of the Faculty of Arts & Sciences at [[Dartmouth College]] in 2001, the first Indian American dean at an [[Ivy League]] institution, and Provost at [[Tufts University]] in 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharucha.org|title=12th President of Cooper Union|website=Bharucha.org|access-date=9 January 2018|archive-date=February 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207104245/https://www.bharucha.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2011: [[Satish K. Tripathi]] appointed as President of [[University at Buffalo, The State University of New York]].
* 2011: [[Rohit Gupta]]  wins over 100 international awards and accolades for his films ''[[Life! Camera Action...]]'' and ''[[Another Day Another Life (short film)|Another Day Another Life]]''.
* 2011: [[Bobby Jindal]] is re-elected [[governor of Louisiana|Governor]] of [[Louisiana]].
* 2012: [[Ami Bera]] is elected to the House of Representatives from California.
* 2013: [[Vistasp Karbhari|Vistap Karbhari]] appointed as president of [[University of Texas at Arlington]]
* 2013: [[Sri Srinivasan]] is confirmed as a Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.
* 2013: [[Nina Davuluri]] wins [[Miss America 2014]].
* 2013: [[Arun M. Kumar|Arun M Kumar]] appointed as assistant secretary and director general of the U.S. and Foreign Commercial Service, International Trade Administration in the Department of Commerce.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian American Arun Kumar nominated to Top White House Post|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/10/indian-american-arun-kumar-nominated-to-top-white-house-post/|access-date=6 October 2013|archive-date=October 8, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008212016/http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/10/indian-american-arun-kumar-nominated-to-top-white-house-post/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2014: [[Satya Nadella]] appointed as CEO of [[Microsoft]].
[[File:Vivek Murthy, Surgeon General (profile).jpg|thumb|[[Vivek Murthy]], [[Surgeon General of the United States|Surgeon General of U.S.]]; former Vice Admiral of U.S. Health Corps]]
* 2014: [[Vivek Murthy]] appointed as the nineteenth [[Surgeon General of the United States]].  He returned to the role again in 2021 to serve as the twenty-first Surgeon General. 
* 2014: [[Rakesh Khurana]] appointed as the dean of [[Harvard College]], the original founding college of [[Harvard University]].
* 2014: [[Manjul Bhargava]] wins Fields Medal in Mathematics.
* 2015: [[Sundar Pichai]] appointed as the chairman and CEO of [[Google]].
* 2016: [[Pramila Jayapal]], [[Ro Khanna]], and [[Raja Krishnamoorthi]] are elected to the U.S. House of Representatives. This puts the total number of people of Indian and South Asian origin in Congress at 5, the largest in history.
* 2016: President [[Donald Trump]] nominates [[Seema Verma]] to lead the [[Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services]]. Her nomination is confirmed in 2017.
* 2017: [[Hasan Minhaj]] roasts President [[Donald Trump]] at the [[White House Correspondents' Association]] Dinner, becoming the first Indian American and Muslim American to perform at the event.
* 2017: President [[Donald Trump]] nominates [[Ajit Pai]] as chairman of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC).
[[File: Ajit Pai portrait 2018.jpg|thumb|[[Ajit Pai]], Former Chairman of the [[FCC]]; Currently serves as a partner at [[Searchlight Capital]]]]
* 2017: [[Balvir Singh]] was elected to the [[Burlington County, New Jersey|Burlington County]] [[Board of Chosen Freeholders]], [[New Jersey]] on November 7, 2017. He became the first Asian-American to win a countywide election in Burlington County and the first [[Sikh|Sikh-American]] to win a countywide election in New Jersey.<ref>Hefler, Jan. [http://www.philly.com/philly/news/new_jersey/race-baiting-ads-backfired-says-sikh-who-broke-barriers-in-south-jersey-freeholder-race-20171109.html "Race-baiting ads backfired, says Sikh who broke barriers in South Jersey freeholder race"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203224604/http://www.philly.com/philly/news/new_jersey/race-baiting-ads-backfired-says-sikh-who-broke-barriers-in-south-jersey-freeholder-race-20171109.html |date=December 3, 2017 }}, ''[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]'', November 8, 2017. Accessed December 2, 2017.</ref>
* 2019: Seven out of the eight winners of the [[Scripps National Spelling Bee]] (Saketh Sundar, Abhijay Kodali, Shruthika Padhy, Sohum Sukhatankar, Christopher Serrao, Rohan Raja, and Rishik Gandhasri), are Indian Americans. They have broken the spelling bee according to several experts and have dominated this American institution.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/05/31/us/2019-indian-americans-spelling-bee-trnd/index.html|title=7 of the 8 Spelling Bee winners are Indian Americans. Here's why that's not surprising|author=Ryan Prior|website=CNN|date=May 31, 2019|access-date=2019-09-22|archive-date=June 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608143743/https://www.cnn.com/2019/05/31/us/2019-indian-americans-spelling-bee-trnd/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2019: [[Lilly Singh]] became the first person of Indian descent to host an American major broadcast network late-night talk show [[A Little Late with Lilly Singh]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/lilly-singh-late-night-show/|title=YouTube Star Lilly Singh is the First Woman of Indian-Origin to Host a U.S. Late Night Show -|date=March 16, 2019|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] India|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011135558/https://rollingstoneindia.com/lilly-singh-late-night-show/|archive-date=October 11, 2019|access-date=October 11, 2019}}</ref>
* 2019: [[Abhijit Banerjee]] is awarded the [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences]].<ref name="nobelpressrelease">{{cite press release |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=October 14, 2019 |title=The Prize in Economic Sciences 2019 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2019/10/press-economicsciences2019.pdf |publisher=Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences |access-date=October 16, 2019 |archive-date=October 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014101804/https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2019/10/press-economicsciences2019.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/india-origin-abhijit-banerjee-among-three-to-receive-economics-nobel/article29680388.ece|title=Abhijit Banerjee among three to receive Economics Nobel|author=The Hindu Net Desk|date=2019-10-14|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-10-14|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=October 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014121518/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/india-origin-abhijit-banerjee-among-three-to-receive-economics-nobel/article29680388.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2020: [[Kash Patel]] is named chief of staff to the Acting Defense Secretary Chris Miller.
* 2020: [[Arvind Krishna]] appointed as the CEO of [[IBM]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://newsroom.ibm.com/2020-12-16-Arvind-Krishna-Elected-IBM-Chairman |title=Arvind Krishna Elected IBM Chairman |date=December 16, 2020|website= |publisher= |access-date=October 22, 2021 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=IBM names Indian-origin Arvind Krishna as CEO |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/technology/in-other-news/310120/ibm-names-indian-origin-arvind-krishna-as-ceo.html |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |agency=[[Asian News International]] |date=January 31, 2020 |access-date=October 8, 2020 |archive-date=October 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005175348/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/technology/in-other-news/310120/ibm-names-indian-origin-arvind-krishna-as-ceo.html |url-status=live }}</ref> 
* 2021: [[Kamala Harris]], born to an Indian mother, became the first woman and first Indian origin Vice President of the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ray |first=Anulekha |date=2020-11-07 |title=Kamala Harris, the first Indian-origin, woman vice president of United States |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/world/kamala-harris-the-first-indian-origin-woman-vice-president-of-us-11604767489544.html |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=Live Mint |language=en}}</ref> 
* 2021: [[Anirudh Devgan]] appointed as the CEO and President of [[Cadence Design Systems]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/person/18659861#xj4y7vzkg| website=[[Bloomberg News]]| title=Anirudh Devgan, Cadence Design Systems Inc: Profile and Biography}}</ref>
* 2021: [[Parag Agrawal]] appointed as the CEO of [[Twitter]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.knba.org/npr-news/2021-11-29/jack-dorsey-steps-down-as-twitter-ceo-parag-agrawal-succeeds-him |title=Jack Dorsey steps down as Twitter CEO, Parag Agrawal succeeds him |last=Bond |first=Shannon|date=November 29, 2021 }}</ref>
* 2022: [[Laxman Narasimhan]] appointed CEO of [[Starbucks]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/09/01/business/starbucks-new-ceo/index.html | title=Starbucks names new CEO | website=[[CNN]] | date=September 2022 }}</ref>
* 2022: Shruti Miyashiro appointed as the President and CEO of [[Digital Federal Credit Union]] (DCU).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cuinsight.com/press-release/digital-federal-credit-union-names-shruti-miyashiro-as-president-and-chief-executive-officer/ | title=Digital Federal Credit Union Names Shruti Miyashiro as President and Chief Executive Officer | date=May 15, 2023 }}</ref>
* 2022: [[Aruna Miller]] elected the first [[Asian American|Asian-American]] lieutenant governor of Maryland and first [[South Asian]] woman elected lieutenant governor in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/aruna-miller-makes-history-1st-south-asian-woman-lieutenant-governor-u-rcna56468 | title=Aruna Miller makes history as first South Asian woman elected lieutenant governor in U.S. | website=[[NBC News]] | date=November 9, 2022 }}</ref>
* 2023: [[Neal Mohan]] was appointed as the fourth CEO of [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kafka |first=Peter |date=2023-02-16 |title=YouTube CEO Susan Wojcicki is stepping down |url=https://www.vox.com/recode/2023/2/16/23602636/youtube-ceo-susan-wojcicki-leaving-neal-mohan |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=Vox |language=en}}</ref>
* 2023: World Bank board elects [[Ajay Banga]] as president.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Shalal |first1=Andrea |last2=Lawder |first2=David |date=2023-05-03 |title=World Bank board elects US nominee Ajay Banga as president |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/finance/world-bank-board-poised-elect-us-nominee-ajay-banga-president-2023-05-03/ |access-date=2023-05-09}}</ref>

===Classification===
{{Main|Racial classification of Indian Americans}}
[[File:Nina Davuluri.jpg|thumb|upright|right|alt=Davuluri speaking, wearing her Miss America tiara, large earrings, and a long necklace of red flowers|[[Nina Davuluri]], Miss America 2014]]

According to the [[Race (United States Census)|official U.S. racial categories]] employed by the [[United States Census Bureau]], [[Office of Management and Budget]] and other U.S. government agencies, American citizens or [[resident alien]]s who marked "''Asian Indian''" as their ancestry or wrote in a term that was automatically classified as an Asian Indian became classified as part of the Asian race at the 2000 Census.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/meta/long_RHI125212.htm |title=State and County QuickFacts |access-date=May 10, 2014 |publisher=US Census Bureau |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327095622/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/meta/long_RHI125212.htm |archive-date=March 27, 2014}}</ref> As with other modern official U.S. government racial categories, the term "Asian"<!--the US Census does not use the term "Asian American". It uses the term "Asian".--> is in itself a broad and [[heterogeneous]] classification, encompassing all peoples with origins in the original peoples of the [[Far East]], [[Southeast Asia]], and the [[Indian subcontinent]].

In previous decades, Indian Americans were also variously classified as [[White American]], the "Hindu race," and "other."<ref>Assisi, Frank. Desparades. 2006. [http://www.despardes.com/articles/feb06/20060212-are-desis-white.asp ''Are Desis White?''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061007144304/http://www.despardes.com/articles/feb06/20060212-are-desis-white.asp |date=October 7, 2006 }}.</ref> Even today, where individual Indian Americans do not racially self-identify, and instead report [[Muslim]], [[Jewish]], and [[Zoroastrian]] as their "race" in the "some other race" section without noting their country of origin, they are automatically tallied as white.<ref>Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results. 2007. May 21, 2007. [http://www.seer.cancer.gov/manuals/2007/SPCSM_2007_AppendixD.pdf "Race and Nationality Descriptions from the 2000 US Census and Bureau of Vital Statistics"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070925234632/http://www.seer.cancer.gov/manuals/2007/SPCSM_2007_AppendixD.pdf |date=September 25, 2007 }} Seer.cancer.gov</ref> This may result in the counting of persons such as [[Indian Muslims]], [[Indian Jews]], and [[Parsi people|Indian Zoroastrians]] as white, if they solely report their religious heritage without their national origin.

==Current issues==

===Discrimination===
{{See also|Stereotypes of South Asians}}

In the 1980s, a gang known as the [[Dotbusters]] specifically targeted Indian Americans in [[India Square|Jersey City, New Jersey]] with violence and harassment.<ref>{{cite news |author=Michel Marriott, New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/12/nyregion/in-jersey-city-indians-protest-violence.html?pagewanted=all |title=In Jersey City, Indians Protest Violence |location=Jersey City (Nj) |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=1987-10-12 |access-date=2014-08-11 |archive-date=May 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506045749/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/12/nyregion/in-jersey-city-indians-protest-violence.html?pagewanted=all |url-status=live}}</ref> Studies of [[racial discrimination]], as well as [[stereotyping]] and [[scapegoating]] of Indian Americans have been conducted in recent years.<ref name="Dhillon">{{cite web|url=http://www.kavitachhibber.com/main/main.jsp?id=legal-Jan2006|title=Kavita Chhibber|website=Kavitachhibber.com|access-date=January 9, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102072827/http://www.kavitachhibber.com/main/main.jsp?id=legal-Jan2006|archive-date=January 2, 2018|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> In particular, racial discrimination against Indian Americans in the workplace has been correlated with [[Indophobia]] due to the rise in [[outsourcing]]/[[offshoring]], whereby Indian Americans are blamed for U.S. companies offshoring [[White-collar worker|white-collar]] labor to [[India]].<ref>[http://www.columbia.edu/~ap2231/ET/et80_July27-05.htm Indophobia: Facts versus Fiction] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525134015/http://www.columbia.edu/~ap2231/ET/et80_July27-05.htm |date=May 25, 2017 }}, Arvind Panagariya, [[Columbia University]] archives of ''[[The Economic Times]]''</ref><ref name="Yee">[http://modelminority.com/article705.html Worries about technical-job losses, discrimination] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704175405/http://www.modelminority.com/article705.html|date=July 4, 2008}}, by Amy Yee, The Financial Times Ltd., 2004</ref>  According to the offices of the Congressional Caucus on India, many Indian Americans are severely concerned of a backlash, though nothing serious has taken place.<ref name="Yee"/> Due to various socio-cultural reasons, implicit racial discrimination against Indian Americans largely go unreported by the Indian American community.<ref name="Dhillon"/>

Numerous cases of religious stereotyping of [[Hinduism in the United States|American Hindus]] (mainly of Indian origin) have also been documented.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dlib.indiana.edu/reference/cshm/ohrc066.html |title=Center for the study of history and memory |publisher=Dlib.indiana.edu |access-date=2014-08-11 |archive-date=October 7, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007154829/http://www.dlib.indiana.edu/reference/cshm/ohrc066.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Since the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]], there have been scattered incidents of Indian Americans becoming mistaken targets for [[hate crimes]]. In one example, a [[Sikh]], [[Balbir Singh Sodhi]], was murdered at a [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]] gas station by a [[White supremacy|white supremacist]]. This happened after [[September 11 attacks|September 11]], and the [[murder]]er claimed that his [[turban]] made him think that the victim was a [[Middle-Eastern Americans|Middle Eastern American]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brother of 1st hate crime murder victim post-9/11 reflects on progress, setbacks |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/brother-1st-hate-crime-murder-victim-post-911-reflects-progress-setbac-rcna1978 |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=NBC News |date=September 11, 2021 |language=en}}</ref> In another example, a [[pizza]] deliverer was mugged and beaten in [[Massachusetts]] for "being [[Muslim]]" though the victim pleaded with the assailants that he was in fact a [[Hinduism|Hindu]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/hindu-beaten-because-hes-muslim/ | work=CBS News | title=Hindu Beaten Because He's Muslim | date=2002-11-25 | access-date=April 16, 2020 | archive-date=November 4, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104133233/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/11/25/national/main530749.shtml | url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2012, an Indian American in [[New York City]] was pushed from behind onto the tracks at the 40th Street-Lowery Street station in [[Sunnyside, Queens|Sunnyside]] and killed.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/29/nyregion/man-pushed-to-his-death-under-train-in-queens.html?_r=0|title= Woman Sought After 2nd Fatal Shove Onto Subway Tracks This Month|last1= Santora|first1= Marc|last2= Maslin Nir|first2= Sarah|date= December 28, 2012|newspaper= New York Times|access-date= December 31, 2012|archive-date= December 30, 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121230042646/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/29/nyregion/man-pushed-to-his-death-under-train-in-queens.html |url-status= live}}</ref> The police arrested a woman, Erika Menendez, who admitted to the act and justified it, stating that she shoved him onto the tracks because she believed he was "a Hindu or a Muslim" and she wanted to retaliate for the attacks of September 11, 2001.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/01/nyregion/victim-of-fatal-subway-push-is-given-a-fond-farewell.html?_r=0|title= Subway Victim Recalled as Always Lending a Hand|last1= Lee|first1= Vivian|date= December 31, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date= December 31, 2012|archive-date= February 22, 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180222225641/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/01/nyregion/victim-of-fatal-subway-push-is-given-a-fond-farewell.html?_r=0|url-status= live}}</ref>

In 2004, New York Senator [[Hillary Clinton]] joked at a fundraising event with South Asians for [[Nancy Farmer]] that [[Mahatma Gandhi]] owned a gas station in downtown [[St. Louis]], fueling the stereotype that gas stations are owned by Indians and other South Asians. She clarified in the speech later that she was just joking, but still received some criticism for the statement later on for which she apologized again.<ref>{{cite web |last=Suhr |first=Jim |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna3890946 |title=Hillary Clinton regrets Gandhi joke&nbsp;— US news&nbsp;— Life&nbsp;— Race & ethnicity {{pipe}} NBC News |publisher=NBC News |date=2004-01-07 |access-date=2013-02-07 |archive-date=March 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326125813/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna3890946 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On April 5, 2006, the Hindu Mandir of Minnesota was vandalized allegedly on the basis of [[religious discrimination]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://hafsite.org/?q=media/pr/mn-temple-attack|title = Minneapolis Temple Attack Leaves Hindu Community In Shock|date = April 12, 2006|access-date = May 10, 2014|website = Hindu American Foundation|archive-date = May 12, 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140512220340/http://hafsite.org/?q=media%2Fpr%2Fmn-temple-attack|url-status = live}}</ref> The vandals damaged temple property leading to $200,000 worth of damage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wcco.com/local/local_story_103095026.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929084035/http://wcco.com/local/local_story_103095026.html|title=wcco.com – 600 Attend Forum About Hindu Temple Vandalism|archive-date=September 29, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kare11.com/news/news_article.aspx?storyid=123097 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120912110010/http://www.kare11.com/news/news_article.aspx?storyid=123097 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-09-12 |title=Maple Grove citizens demonstrate support for Hindu Temple|publisher=Kare11.com |date=2006-04-14 |access-date=2014-08-11}}</ref><ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/iep/sunday/story/2081.html indianexpress.com] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205201337/http://www.indianexpress.com/iep/sunday/story/2081.html |date=February 5, 2007}}</ref>

On August 11, 2006, Senator [[George Allen (U.S. politician)|George Allen]] allegedly referred to an opponent's political staffer of Indian ancestry as "[[macaca (slur)|macaca]]" and commenting, "Welcome to America, to the real world of Virginia." Some members of the Indian American community saw Allen's comments, and the backlash that may have contributed to Allen [[Macaca moment|losing his re-election bid]], as demonstrative of the power of [[YouTube]] in the 21st century.<ref>{{cite news| work=[[Salon.com]]| title=How the World Works: Hail Macaca!| url=http://www.salon.com/tech/htww/2006/11/09/macaca_mutiny/index.html| author=Andrew Leonard| date=2006-11-09| access-date=February 7, 2008| archive-date=March 6, 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306094715/http://www.salon.com/tech/htww/2006/11/09/macaca_mutiny/index.html| url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2006, then [[Delaware]] [[U.S. Senator|Senator]] and current [[President of the United States|U.S President]] [[Joe Biden]] was caught on [[microphone]] saying: "In Delaware, the largest growth in population is Indian Americans moving from India. You cannot go to a 7-Eleven or a Dunkin' Donuts unless you have a slight Indian accent. I'm not joking."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna13757367|title=Biden explains Indian-American remarks|date=July 7, 2006|website=MSNBC|access-date=May 29, 2020|archive-date=May 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526153049/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/13757367/ns/politics/t/biden-explains-indian-american-remarks/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On August 5, 2012, white supremacist Wade Michael Page shot eight people and killed six at a [[Wisconsin Sikh temple shooting|Sikh gurdwara in Oak Creek, Wisconsin]].

On February 22, 2017, recent immigrants Srinivas Kuchibhotla and Alok Madasani were shot at a bar in [[Olathe, Kansas]] by Adam Purinton, a white American who mistook them for persons of Middle Eastern descent, yelling "get out of my country" and "terrorist." Kuchibhotla died instantly while Madasani was injured, but later recovered.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-engineer-killed-in-kansas-white-house-says-story-evolving-early-reports-of-shooting-disturbing/story-u5Axd5sbqpwEkZk5o2dknL.html|title=Indian engineer killed in Kansas\|work=Hindustan Times|date=2017-02-28|access-date=2017-02-28|archive-date=March 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301040835/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-engineer-killed-in-kansas-white-house-says-story-evolving-early-reports-of-shooting-disturbing/story-u5Axd5sbqpwEkZk5o2dknL.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Punjabi Sikh Americans in [[Indianapolis]] suffered many losses in their community on April 15, 2021, during the [[Indianapolis FedEx shooting]] in which gunman Brandon Scott Hole, with a currently unknown motive, entered a FedEx warehouse and killed eight people, half of whom were Sikh. The Sikh victims were Jaswinder Singh, Jasvinder Kaur, Amarjit Sekhon, and Amarjeet Johal. 90% of the workers at the facility were Sikh according to some accounts.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-20|title=Four Sikhs among victims of Indianapolis mass shooting|url=https://apnews.com/article/general-news-religion-shootings-indiana-indianapolis-3e4d5f1885de6e3e6666200d0a11d132|access-date=2021-05-29|website=AP NEWS}}</ref> Another Sikh, Taptejdeep Singh, was one of the nine people killed in the [[2021 San Jose shooting|San Jose shooting]] on May 26, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|author=JOCELYN GECKER and MARTHA MENDOZA|agency=Associated Press|title=Sikh American Taptejdeep Singh Among Victims of California Railyard Shooting; Died Trying to Warn Others|url=https://www.indiawest.com/news/global_indian/sikh-american-taptejdeep-singh-among-victims-of-california-railyard-shooting-died-trying-to-warn-others/article_34f27c7e-beaf-11eb-836f-1f900bcef2f9.html|access-date=2021-05-29|website=India West|archive-date=May 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527155249/https://www.indiawest.com/news/global_indian/sikh-american-taptejdeep-singh-among-victims-of-california-railyard-shooting-died-trying-to-warn-others/article_34f27c7e-beaf-11eb-836f-1f900bcef2f9.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Immigration===
Indians are among the largest ethnic groups legally immigrating to the United States. The immigration of Indians has taken place in several waves since the first Indian moved to the United States in the 1700s. A major wave of immigration to California from the region of Punjab took place in the first decade of the 20th&nbsp;century. Another significant wave followed in the 1950s which mainly included students and professionals. The elimination of immigration quotas in 1965 spurred successively larger waves of immigrants in the late 1970s and early 1980s. With the technology boom of the 1990s, the largest influx of Indians arrived between 1995 and 2000. This latter group has also caused surge in the application for various immigration benefits including applications for green card. This has resulted in long waiting periods for people born in India from receiving these benefits.

As of 2012, over 330,000 Indians were on the visa wait list, third only to [[Mexican people|Mexico]] and [[Filipino people|The Philippines]].<ref name="wait times pdf 2012">{{cite web|url=http://www.travel.state.gov/pdf/WaitingListItem.pdf |title=Annual Report of Immigration Visa Applicants in the Family-sponsored and Employment-based preferences Registered at the National Visa Center as of November 1, 2012 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=1 November 2012 |work=Bureau of Consular Affairs |publisher=United States Secretary of State |access-date=5 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217034041/http://www.travel.state.gov/pdf/WaitingListItem.pdf |archive-date=February 17, 2013}}</ref>

In December, 2015, over 30 Indian students seeking admission in two U.S. universities—[[Silicon Valley University]] and the [[Northwestern Polytechnic University]]—were denied entry by [[U.S. Customs and Border Protection|Customs and Border Protection]] and were deported to India. Conflicting reports suggested that the students were deported because of the controversies surrounding the above-mentioned two universities. However, another report suggested that the students were deported as they had provided conflicting information at the time of their arrival in the U.S. to what was mentioned in their visa application. "According to the U.S. Government, the deported persons had presented information to the border patrol agent which was inconsistent with their visa status," read an advisory published by [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)]] which was published in the Hindustan Times.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news|title = 'Honour your own visas,' says India as US clarifies on deportation of Indians&nbsp;— Times of India|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Honour-your-own-visas-says-India-as-US-clarifies-on-deportation-of-Indians/articleshow/50384593.cms|website = The Times of India| date=December 30, 2015 |access-date = 2016-01-04|archive-date = January 3, 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160103190707/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/honour-your-own-visas-says-india-as-us-clarifies-on-deportation-of-indians/articleshow/50384593.cms|url-status = live}}</ref>

Following the incident, the Indian government asked the U.S. government to honour the visas given by its embassies and consulates. In response, the United States embassy advised the students considering studying in the U.S. to seek assistance from Education USA.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://educationusa.state.gov/|title=EducationUSA|website=EducationUSA|access-date=January 9, 2018|archive-date=January 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108225158/https://educationusa.state.gov/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Citizenship===
Unlike many countries, India does not allow [[dual citizenship]].<ref>[http://newdelhi.usembassy.gov/acsdualnation.html Dual Nationality: India and the United States] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317051738/http://newdelhi.usembassy.gov/acsdualnation.html |date=March 17, 2016}}</ref> Consequently, many Indian citizens residing in U.S., who do not want to lose their Indian nationality, do not apply for American citizenship (ex. [[Raghuram Rajan]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Raghuram-Rajan-taken-aback-by-query-about-citizenship/articleshow/24886706.cms|title=Raghuram Rajan taken aback by query about citizenship|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|access-date=January 9, 2018|archive-date=November 11, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111180543/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Raghuram-Rajan-taken-aback-by-query-about-citizenship/articleshow/24886706.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>). However, many Indian Americans obtain [[Overseas Citizenship of India]] (OCI) status, which allows them to live and work in India indefinitely.

===Marriage===
Arranged marriages and relationships have been a common cultural tradition in many South Asian cultures, particularly among Indian communities. Arranged marriages and relationships can take many different forms, and that the experiences of those involved can vary greatly depending on a variety of circumstances, including cultural background, familial values, and individual preferences. Although many individuals marry each other out of love for one another, long-term compatibility—rather than  love—is frequently prioritized in these arranged marriages. A number of variables could be important in the selecting process, including caste, education, financial standing, and family values. The public's perception of arranged marriages is changing, particularly among younger people. In an effort to strike a balance between family participation and personal preference, some people may decide to combine aspects of both love and planned marriages.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ralson |first=Helen |date=1997 |title=Arranged, 'Semi-Arranged' and 'Love' Marriages Among South Asian Immigrant Women in the Diaspora and Their Non-Migrant Sisters in India and Fiji: A Comparative Study |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23070640 |journal=International Journal of Sociology of the Family |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=43–68 |jstor=23070640 |issn=0020-7667}}</ref>

===Income disparities===
Although Indian Americans have the highest average and median household income of any demographic group in America, there exist significant and severe income disparities among various communities of Indian Americans. In [[Long Island]], the average family income of Indian Americans was roughly $273,000, while in [[Fresno, California|Fresno]], the average family income of Indian Americans was only $24,000, an eleven-fold difference.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Sanjoy Chakravorty, Devesh Kapur, and Nirvikar|title=America's "little Indias" are high-tech hubs, working-class neighborhoods, and everything in between|url=https://qz.com/india/889483/from-25000-to-250000-americas-little-indias-are-high-tech-hubs-working-class-neighborhoods-and-everything-in-between/|access-date=2020-11-26|website=Quartz India|date=January 20, 2017 |archive-date=November 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112024854/https://qz.com/india/889483/from-25000-to-250000-americas-little-indias-are-high-tech-hubs-working-class-neighborhoods-and-everything-in-between/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Illegal immigration===
{{See also|Illegal immigration to the United States|Asian American#Illegal immigration|l2=Illegal immigration amongst Asian Americans}}

In 2009, the [[United States Department of Homeland Security|Department of Homeland Security]] estimated that there were 200,000 Indian [[unauthorized immigrant]]s; they are the sixth largest nationality (tied with Koreans) of illegal immigrants behind [[Mexico]], [[El Salvador]], [[Guatemala]], [[Honduras]], and the [[Philippines]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Michael Hoefer|author2=Nancy Rytina|author3=Bryan C. Baker|date=January 2010|title=Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States: January 2009|url=https://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/statistics/publications/ois_ill_pe_2009.pdf|access-date=March 8, 2011|work=DHS Office of Immigration Statistics|publisher=[[United States Department of Homeland Security]]|archive-date=April 29, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429222601/http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/statistics/publications/ois_ill_pe_2009.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Indian Americans have had an increase in illegal immigration of 25% since 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Illegal Indians in US|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/services/travel/visa-power/Indians-fastest-growing-illegal-immigrant-group-in-US/articleshow/4880276.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815205910/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/services/travel/visa-power/Indians-fastest-growing-illegal-immigrant-group-in-US/articleshow/4880276.cms|archive-date=August 15, 2009}}</ref> In 2014, [[Pew Research Center]] estimated that there are 450,000 undocumented Indians in the United States.<ref>{{cite news|last=Guillermo|first=Emil|date=1 December 2014|title=Numbers Reveal How Asian Undocumented Remain Hidden in America|newspaper=NBC News|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/numbers-reveal-how-asian-undocumented-remain-hidden-america-n256076|access-date=2 December 2014|archive-date=May 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508104407/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/numbers-reveal-how-asian-undocumented-remain-hidden-america-n256076|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Media===
{{Main|List of South Asian American–related publications}}

==Politics==
Several groups have tried to create a voice for Indian Americans in political affairs, including the [[United States India Political Action Committee]]{{when|date=January 2024}} and the Indian American Leadership Initiative,{{when|date=January 2024}} as well as panethnic groups such as South Asian Americans Leading Together and Desis Rising Up and Moving.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usinpac.com |title=USINPAC&nbsp;— US India Political Action Committee {{pipe}} Indian American Community |publisher=www.usinpac.com |date=2011-10-31 |access-date=2014-08-11 |archive-date=February 9, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209040954/http://usinpac.com/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://saalt.org/|title = South Asian Americans Leading Together|website = Saalt.org|access-date = May 10, 2014|archive-date = May 21, 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140521182820/http://saalt.org/|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.drumnyc.org/|title = Desis Rising Up and Moving|website = Drumnyc.org|access-date = May 10, 2014|archive-date = May 21, 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140521162709/http://www.drumnyc.org/|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/search/desis%20rising%20up%20and%20moving |title=Desis Rising Up and Moving (DRUM) materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA) |access-date=2014-08-11}}</ref> Additionally, there are industry groups such as the [[Asian American Hotel Owners Association]] and the [[American Association of Physicians of Indian Origin]].

In the 2000s, a majority of Indian Americans have tended to identify as moderates, and have often leaned [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] in several recent elections. In the [[2012 United States presidential election|2012 presidential election]], a poll from the National Asian American Survey reported that 68% of Indian Americans planned to vote for [[Barack Obama]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.ibtimes.com/why-do-indian-americans-love-barack-obama-democrats-859890|title = Why Do Indian-Americans Love Barack Obama And The Democrats?|date = 5 November 2012|access-date = 10 May 2014|website = International Business Times|last = Ghosh|first = Palash|archive-date = March 26, 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210326125808/https://www.ibtimes.com/why-do-indian-americans-love-barack-obama-democrats-859890|url-status = live}}</ref> Polls before the [[2004 United States presidential election|2004 presidential election]] showed Indian Americans favoring Democratic candidate [[John Kerry]] over [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[George W. Bush]] by a 53% to 14% margin, with 30% undecided at the time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Front_Page/FI16Aa01.html |title=Asia Times&nbsp;— Asia's most trusted news source |publisher=Atimes.com |date=2004-09-16 |access-date=2014-08-11 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20080919024923/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Front_Page/FI16Aa01.html |archive-date=September 19, 2008 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>

By 2004, the Republican party endeavored to target this community for political support,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050903203647/https://ssl.tnr.com/p/docsub.mhtml?i=express&s=kurlantzick052604 Vote Getters] 26 May 2004. The New Republic.</ref> and in 2007, Republican Congressman [[Bobby Jindal]] became the first United States Governor of Indian descent when he was elected [[Governor of Louisiana]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20071021/ap_po/louisiana_governor|title=Indian immigrants' son new La. governor|website=Yahoo! News|access-date=October 24, 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023063536/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20071021/ap_po/louisiana_governor|archive-date=October 23, 2007}}</ref> In 2010, [[Nikki Haley]], also of Indian descent and a fellow Republican, became [[Governor of South Carolina]] in [[South Carolina gubernatorial election, 2010|2010]]. Republican [[Neel Kashkari]] is also of Indian descent and ran for [[Governor of California]] in [[California gubernatorial election, 2014|2014]]. [[Raja Krishnamoorthi]] who is a lawyer, engineer and community leader from [[Schaumburg, Illinois]] has been the Congressman representing [[Illinois's 8th congressional district]] since 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://aapress.com/community/rep-raja-krishnamoorthi-takes-oath-and-commits-to-middle-class/|title=Rep. Raja Krishnamoorthi takes oath and commits to middle class|date=January 5, 2017|newspaper=Asian American Press|access-date=January 30, 2017|archive-date=February 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202044745/http://aapress.com/community/rep-raja-krishnamoorthi-takes-oath-and-commits-to-middle-class/|url-status=live}}</ref>[[Swati Dandekar]] was first elected to Iowa state assembly in 2003.<ref name=2008election>{{cite web|url=http://www.sos.state.ia.us/pdfs/elections/2008/OfficialCanvass2008General.pdf|title=State of Iowa Official Canvass Summary November 4, 2008 General Election|publisher=[[Iowa Secretary of State]]|accessdate=2011-09-25|page=26|archive-date=March 25, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325020702/http://www.sos.state.ia.us/pdfs/elections/2008/OfficialCanvass2008General.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.desmoinesregister.com/dmr/index.php/2011/09/16/democratic-senator-to-resign-leaving-slim-majority-in-jeopardy-gay-marriage-vote-possible/|title=UPDATE: Senator resigns, leaving slim Democratic majority in jeopardy; special election Nov. 8|last=Clayworth|first=Jason|work=[[Des Moines Register]]|publisher=[[Gannett Company]]|date=2011-09-16|access-date=2011-09-16|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707003956/http://blogs.desmoinesregister.com/dmr/index.php/2011/09/16/democratic-senator-to-resign-leaving-slim-majority-in-jeopardy-gay-marriage-vote-possible/|archive-date=2012-07-07}}</ref>[[Jenifer Rajkumar]] is a [[Lower Manhattan]] district leader and the first Indian American woman elected to the state legislature in [[New York (state)|New York]] history.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ronakdesai/2016/03/17/record-number-of-indian-american-women-running-for-public-office-in-2016/|title=Record Number Of Indian-American Women Running For Public Office In 2016|date=17 March 2016|access-date=8 July 2016|magazine=Forbes|archive-date=August 31, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831055432/https://www.forbes.com/sites/ronakdesai/2016/03/17/record-number-of-indian-american-women-running-for-public-office-in-2016/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, [[Kamala Harris]] (the daughter of a [[Tamil Americans|Tamil]] Indian American mother, Dr. [[Shyamala Gopalan|Shyamala Gopalan Harris]], and an Afro-[[Jamaican American]] father, [[Donald J. Harris|Donald Harris]]<ref>{{cite news|title=PM Golding congratulates Kamala Harris-daughter of Jamaican – on appointment as California's First Woman Attorney General|publisher=Jamaican Information Service|date=December 2, 2010|url=http://www.jis.gov.jm/news/opm-news/26176-officePM-pm-golding-congratulates-kamala-harris-daughter-of-jamaican-on-appoint |access-date=February 2, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115023007/http://www.jis.gov.jm/news/opm-news/26176-officePM-pm-golding-congratulates-kamala-harris-daughter-of-jamaican-on-appoint|archive-date=January 15, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=California Attorney General Kamal Harris marries Douglas Emhof|url=https://www.americanbazaaronline.com/2014/09/02/california-attorney-general-kamal-harris-marries-douglas-emhoffmost-eligible-indian-american-bachelorette-marries-fellow-lawyer/|work=The American Bazaar|date=2 September 2014|access-date=November 9, 2016|archive-date=October 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006224940/https://www.americanbazaaronline.com/2014/09/02/california-attorney-general-kamal-harris-marries-douglas-emhoffmost-eligible-indian-american-bachelorette-marries-fellow-lawyer/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Why Kamala Harris is probably not thrilled with compliment|url=http://calwatchdog.com/2013/04/07/why-kamala-harris-is-probably-not-thrilled-with-compliment/|website=CalWatchdog.com|date=7 April 2013|access-date=November 9, 2016|archive-date=November 8, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108234554/http://calwatchdog.com/2013/04/07/why-kamala-harris-is-probably-not-thrilled-with-compliment/|url-status=live}}</ref>) became the first Indian American<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/nation/politics/trailguide/la-na-election-day-2016-harris-bid-would-make-her-first-1478632724-htmlstory.html|title=Election Day 2016 updates: Trump defeats Clinton to become next president of U.S.|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=November 10, 2016 |access-date=January 9, 2018|archive-date=January 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115010440/http://www.latimes.com/nation/politics/trailguide/la-na-election-day-2016-harris-bid-would-make-her-first-1478632724-htmlstory.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and second African American female to serve in the U.S. Senate.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/nation/politics/trailguide/la-na-election-day-2016-california-s-u-s-senate-race-kamala-1478538739-htmlstory.html|title=Kamala Harris is elected California's new U.S. senator|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|access-date=2016-11-09|archive-date=June 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629022805/https://www.latimes.com/nation/politics/trailguide/la-na-election-day-2016-california-s-u-s-senate-race-kamala-1478538739-htmlstory.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In [[2020 United States presidential election|2020]], Harris briefly [[Kamala Harris 2020 presidential campaign|ran]] for [[President of the United States]] and was later chosen as the Democratic Party's vice-presidential nominee, running alongside [[Joe Biden]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Jeff Zeleny, Dan Merica, Arlette Saenz, Maeve Reston and Eric Bradner|title=Joe Biden picks Kamala Harris as his running mate|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/11/politics/biden-vp-pick/index.html|access-date=2020-10-14|website=CNN|date=August 11, 2020|archive-date=October 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023121731/https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/11/politics/biden-vp-pick/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She is currently the presumptive candidate for the Democratic ticket in the [[2024 United States presidential election|2024 General Election.]]

In the [[2024 United States presidential election]], [[Vivek Ramaswamy]] ran as a candidate for the Republican Party. Ramaswamy would then leave the race to endorse [[Donald Trump]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Han |first=Jeongyoon |date=January 15, 2024 |title=Vivek Ramaswamy suspends campaign and endorses Trump |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/01/15/1224751138/vivek-ramaswamy-suspends-campaign-and-endorses-trump |work=NPR News}}</ref>

Indian Americans have played a significant role in promoting better [[India–United States relations]], turning the cold attitude of American legislators to a positive perception of India in the post-Cold War era.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/indian-lobbying-and-its-influence-in-us-decision-making/book257644|title=Indian Lobbying and its Influence in US Decision Making – SAGE Publications Inc|website=Us.sagepub.com|access-date=January 9, 2018|archive-date=November 20, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171120110350/https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/indian-lobbying-and-its-influence-in-us-decision-making/book257644|url-status=live}}</ref>

<gallery class="center">
File:Ami Bera official portrait.jpg|Representative [[Ami Bera]] from California
File:12.19.17RaviBhallaByLuigiNovi2.jpg|[[Ravinder Bhalla]], 39th [[Mayor of Hoboken, New Jersey]]
File:Bharara, Preet Headshot.jpg|[[Preet Bharara]] served as the United States Attorney for the Southern District of [[New York (state)|New York]].
File:Vin_Gopal.jpg|Representative [[Vin Gopal]], [[New Jersey's 11th legislative district]]
File:Nikki Haley official photo.jpg|[[Nikki Haley]] was the 29th [[United States Ambassador to the United Nations]] and 116th [[Governor of South Carolina]].
File:Kamala Harris Vice Presidential Portrait (cropped).jpg|[[Kamala Harris]] is the [[Vice President of the United States]] and was the first person of Indian descent elected to the [[United States Senate]]
File:Bobby Jindal August 2015.jpg|[[Bobby Jindal]] was the 58th [[Governor of Louisiana]] and a former representative.
File:Pramila Jayapal 115th Congress photo.jpg|Representative [[Pramila Jayapal]] from Washington.
File:Ro Khanna, official portrait, 115th Congress.jpg|Representative [[Ro Khanna]] from California.
File:Raja Krishnamoorthi official photo.jpg|Representative [[Raja Krishnamoorthi]] from Illinois.
File:Dalip Singh Saund.jpg|[[Dalip Singh Saund]] was in 1956 the first Asian American, Indian American, and member of a non-Abrahamic faith (Sikhism) to be elected to the [[United States Congress]].
File:Shri Thanedar on The Bart Hawley Show.jpg|Representative [[Shri Thanedar]] from Michigan.
File:1arora.jpg|[[Sam Arora]] is a former Member of the [[Maryland House of Delegates]]
</gallery>

==Notable people==
{{main|List of Indian Americans}}

==See also==
{{portal|United States|India}}
* [[Indians in the New York City metropolitan area]]
* [[Indo-Caribbean Americans]]
* [[Punjabi Mexican Americans]]
* [[South Asian Americans]]
* [[Telugu Americans]]
* [[India–United States relations]]
* [[Indo-Canadians|Indian Canadians]]
* [[Indian diaspora]]
* [[Racial classification of Indian Americans]] 
* [[Romani Americans]]
* [[Romani diaspora]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Further|Sikhism in the United States#Further reading}}
{{refbegin|2}}
* Atkinson, David C. ''The burden of white supremacy: Containing Asian migration in the British empire and the United States'' (U North Carolina Press, 2016).
* Bacon, Jean. ''Life Lines: Community, Family, and Assimilation among Asian Indian Immigrants'' (Oxford UP, 1996).
* Bhalla, Vibha. "'Couch potatoes and super-women' Gender, migration, and the emerging discourse on housework among Asian Indian immigrants." ''Journal of American Ethnic History'' 27.4 (2008): 71–99. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/27501853 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411213608/https://www.jstor.org/stable/27501853 |date=April 11, 2020 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Chakravorty|first1=Sanjoy|last2=Kapur|first2=Devesh|last3=Singh|first3=Nirvikar|title=The Other One Percent: Indians in America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aQ81DQAAQBAJ |year=2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780190648749}}
* Joshi, Khyati Y. ''New Roots in America's Sacred Ground: Religion, Race and Ethnicity in Indian America'' (Rutgers UP, 2006).
* Khandelwal, Madhulika S. ''Becoming American, Being Indian: An Immigrant Community in New York City'' (Cornell UP, 2002).
* Maira, Sunaina Marr. ''Desis in the House: Indian American Youth Culture in NYC'' (Temple UP,  2002).
* Min, Pyong Gap, and Young Oak Kim. "Ethnic and sub-ethnic attachments among Chinese, Korean, and Indian immigrants in New York City." ''Ethnic and Racial Studies'' 32.5 (2009): 758–780.
* Pavri, Tinaz. "Asian Indian Americans." ''Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America'', edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 1, Gale, 2014), pp.&nbsp;165–178. [https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3273300023/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=GPS&xid=392a8160 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326125819/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=GPS&u=wikipedia&id=GALE%7CCX3273300023&v=2.1&it=r&sid=GPS&asid=392a8160 |date=March 26, 2021 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Rangaswamy |first1=Padma |title=Namasté America: Indian Immigrants in an American Metropolis |year=2000 |place=University Park|publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press |isbn=0-271-01981-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/namasteamericain00rang}}
* Rudrappa, Sharmila. ''Ethnic Routes to Becoming American: Indian Immigrants and the Cultures of Citizenship'' (Rutgers UP, 2004).
* Schlund-Vials, Cathy J., Linda Trinh Võ, and K. Scott Wong, eds. ''Keywords for Asian American Studies'' (NYU Press, 2015).
* Shukla, Sandhya. ''India Abroad: Diasporic Cultures of Postwar America and England'' (Princeton UP, 2003).
* Sohi, Seema. ''Echoes of Mutiny: Race, Surveillance, and Indian Anticolonialism in North America'' (2014) [https://www.amazon.com/Echoes-Mutiny-Surveillance-Anticolonialism-America/dp/0199376255 excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160214160511/http://www.amazon.com/Echoes-Mutiny-Surveillance-Anticolonialism-America/dp/0199376255 |date=February 14, 2016 }}
* {{cite book|last=Takaki|first=Ronald|author-link=Ronald Takaki|title=Strangers from a Different Shore: A History of Asian Americans|url=https://archive.org/details/strangersfromdif0000taka|edition=Revised and updated|year=1998|orig-year=1989|place=New York|publisher=Back Bay Books|isbn=978-0-316-83130-7|oclc=80125499|url-access=registration}}
* [[Stephan Thernstrom|Thernstrom, Stephan]]; Orlov, Ann; [[Oscar Handlin|Handlin, Oscar]], eds. ''Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups'', Harvard University Press, {{isbn|0674375122}}, (1980), pp 296–301. [https://archive.org/details/harvardencyclope00ther available to borrow online]
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [https://www.indiastudies.org/  The American Institute of India Studies (AIIS)]
* [https://indiast.indiana.edu/about/dir-message.html Madhusudan and Kiran C. Dhar India Studies Program at Indiana University Bloomington]
* [https://www.saada.org/tides/article/1917-2017 From 1917 to 2017: Immigration, Exclusion, and "National Security"] by Seema Sohi
* [http://iia.bartholomew.tv Widely exhibited across museums in the US, historic photography project of Indians living in the late 1980s in America] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515175624/http://iia.bartholomew.tv/ |date=May 15, 2021 }}

{{Indian diaspora}}
{{Indian Americans by location}}
{{Asian Americans}}
{{Demographics of the United States}}

[[Category:American people of Indian descent|*]]
[[Category:Asian diaspora in the United States]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora in the United States|American]]
[[Category:South Asian diaspora in the United States]]
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Return to Indian Americans.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Americans"