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<languages/>
{{shortcut|COM:FOP|COM:PANO}}
{{Copyright navbox|width=400|width2=412|file=Freedom_of_Panorama_in_Europe.svg|caption=ヨーロッパ、コーカサス、中東および北アフリカのいくつかの国における風景の自由の地図<br/>
{{legend|#008000|可、公共の室内を含む}}
{{legend|#5D0|可}}
{{legend|#bbef2e|可、建築物および一部の公共の室内}}
{{legend|#FE0|可、建築物のみ}}
{{legend|#E10|不可}}
{{legend|#C0C0C0|結論保留もしくは不明}}|template=FOP region index}}
ほとんどの国で、芸術作品、建築物やその他の作品は一定期間、著作権で保護されています。つまり、著作権の期間中そのような作品を撮影した写真は、（米国法のもとでは）著作権保護に必要なほど独創性が写真上で表示されている場合は、[[Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Derivative works|二次的著作物]]となります。

二次的著作物は多くの場合、原作品の著作者の許諾を必要とします。しかし、およそ半数の国では著作権法にその許諾を不要にする一つの例外があります。ここではドイツの著作権法の用語(Panoramafreiheit)にならってこの例外を風景の自由 (freedom of panorama; FOP) と呼びます。

この例外が適用される作品の範囲は国によって大きく異なります。たいていは常に公共に展示されているものにのみ適用されます。屋外に限っている国もあれば、料金が要求される屋内空間にまで広げている国もあります。建築物のみに適用される場合や、建築物または彫刻の場合、文学作品なども含めたすべての著作物である場合もあります。

すべての国で、この例外がない国でも、作品の著作権が効力を失った後は、自由に写真を撮ることができることに注意してください。また、この例外は、写真の撮影者からの許諾を不要にするものではありません。

<span id="Legal_status"></span>
==法的な位置づけ==

<span id="Buildings_and_sculptures_as_works_of_art"></span>
===芸術作品としての建築物や彫刻===

[[File:Collegium Stomatologicum Poznan.jpg|thumb|240px|Collegium Stomatologicum Poznan [[:w:pl:Collegium Stomatologicum w Poznaniu|&#x5b;pl&#x5d;]]、この写真が二次使用した作品の著作権者の氏名はGrzegorz Sadowski。]]

すべての建築物や彫刻は、それが芸術的創造性の具現である限り著作権の対象になります。[http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/trtdocs_wo001.html ベルヌ条約第2条1項]には明示されています："''The expression "literary and artistic works" shall include [...] works of drawing, painting, '''architecture''', sculpture, engraving and lithography''".

通常、著作権法は、そのような対象物をその題材であると明示的に言及します。これは国内法にも転載されています（例えばアメリカ著作権法 §102-8）。

建物の所有者は、建物の著作権を持つと見なされるべきではありません。この理由から、風景の自由がない国々については、ウィキメディアコモンズでは、それらの国の建物の画像を受け入れる場合、著作権保持者による著作権譲渡の証拠を求めています。建物の所有者が建物の画像をコモンズに投稿した場合、所有者は建物の著作権を持っていないと推定してください。建築家から所有者に著作権の移転が行われた証拠を提供するか、そうでなければ、所有者から建築家にコモンズで許容可能なライセンスを画像に付与することを案内するよう求めてください。

<span id="Legal_status_of_pictures"></span>
===写真の法的な位置づけ===

[https://wipolex.wipo.int/en/text/283698#P140_25350 ベルヌ条約第9条]は以下を明示します。
# この条約の保護を受ける文字ならびに美術的作品の作者はこれらの作品の複製を許諾する独占的な権利を有するものとし、その形態を問わない。
# Union の国家における法規の問題として、特定の特例に関し、そのような複製が作品の正常な使用と衝突せず著作権者の正当な意向を不当に損害しない限りにおいてそれらの作品の複製を許諾する。
# 音声もしくは映像の記録は、この条約の目的に照らし、複製物とみなす。これはたとえばアメリカ著作権法 § 106 に転載され、対応する国内法にも反映されました。

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
According to copyright laws, then:
::Taking pictures of buildings is a reproduction, which must theoretically be authorized by the architect if the right to reproduction is not in the national copyright law.
This is the situation for any derivative work based on any artistic creation.
</div>

<span id="Photographs_of_buildings"></span>
===建築物の写真===

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
A photograph of a building or even any scene in a city or a village inevitably depicts some pieces of architecture or even sculptures. The photograph may or may not have its own creative element, making it a work of its own, but the value of this work clearly depends on the value in the works that are depicted on it. In case of such a dependency, the photograph is deemed to be a [[Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Derivative works|derivative work]]. This restriction on building photographs is often weakened by the [[Special:MyLanguage/Commons:De minimis|''de minimis'']] principle.
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
Some ''de minimis'' cases may be explicit in national laws, but the principle may apply also otherwise. In some countries there is a separate clause for photographs or pictures of buildings in public places (or of any works of architecture).
</div>

<span id="Choice_of_law"></span>
===適用法の選択===

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
The question of what country's law applies in a freedom of panorama case is an unsettled issue. There are several potentially conflicting legal principles, any of which might be used to determine the applicable law (see {{wp-Choice of law|Choice of law}}). The law used is likely to be one of the following: the country in which the object depicted is situated, the country from which the photograph was taken, or the country in which the photo is used (published/viewed/sold). Because of the international reach of Commons, ensuring compliance with the laws of all countries in which files are or might be reused is not realistic. Since the question of choice of law with regard to freedom of panorama cases is unsettled, current practice on Commons is to retain photos based on the more lenient law of the country in which the object is situated and the country in which the photo is taken. For example, North Korea has a suitable freedom of panorama law, while South Korea's law, limited to non-commercial uses, is not sufficient for Commons. As a result of the practice of applying the more lenient law, we would generally retain photos taken from North Korea of buildings in South Korea (e.g., [[:File:Joint Security Area from North Korea.jpg]]) as well as photos taken from South Korea of buildings in North Korea (e.g., [[:File:070401 Panmunjeom3.jpg]]).
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
*Related reading: [https://lawcat.berkeley.edu/record/1122304/files/fulltext.pdf?ln=en Infringement in the Internet Age - Primetime for Harmonized Conflict-of-Laws Rules?] by Anita B. Frohlich, 2008.
*Note [[:wmf:DMCA Oldenburg]] (November 2012) and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commons:Village_pump&diff=prev&oldid=82669339 WMF response to it on the application of US freedom of panorama, not source country freedom of panorama], essentially endorsing [[Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Lex loci protectionis|lex loci protectionis]] for freedom of panorama.
</div>

<span id="Uploading_images_covered_under_Freedom_of_Panorama_to_the_Commons"></span>
==例外が適用される写真をウィキメディア・コモンズにアップロードする==

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
When uploading images subject to Freedom of Panorama provisions to the Commons, please tag them with an [[:Category:FoP_templates|FoP template]], which contains a legal explanation on the copyright status of the work, and sorts the image into a category of images subject to these provisions. If the country the image is taken in does not have these provisions, or only allows them for non-commercial purposes, they cannot be licensed under a license compatible with our [[Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Licensing policy|Licensing policy]] and must be deleted. Please file requests for deletion at {{pg|Commons:Deletion requests}}.
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
For images of artwork that are covered by Freedom of Panorama in the country where the photo was taken, the {{t|Not-free-US-FOP}} template can be included to advise reusers that the US (where Commons is hosted) has no Freedom of Panorama provisions for artwork and that the image might not be freely reusable in the US. This template should not be used for images that only show architectural works, which ''are'' covered by US Freedom of Panorama provisions.
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
== Nuances in the panorama freedom – German case ==
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
We will discuss here the case of the German legislation. Here is the content of §59 of the German Copyright Law (Urheberrechtsgesetz, UrhG):
# ''It shall be permissible to reproduce, by painting, drawing, photography or cinematography, works which are permanently located on public ways, streets or places and to distribute and publicly communicate such copies. For works of architecture, this provision shall be applicable only to the external appearance.''
# ''Reproductions may not be carried out on a work of architecture.''
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
Quoted from [http://www.iuscomp.org/gla/statutes/UrhG.htm#59 an English translation].
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
=== Publishing of reproductions ===
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
The article above allows one to reproduce and publish photographs taken in public places. It is understood that this includes publishing the pictures in a commercial way.
</div>

<span id="Public_places"></span>
=== 公共の場所 ===

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
German law allows photographers to take pictures that are visible from publicly accessible places. This includes private ways and parks with common access. However, it does not include railway station buildings or platforms. The picture must be taken from a publicly accessible point. It is not permitted to take a picture of such a building from a private house or from a helicopter.
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
In other countries, these restrictions are sometimes less stringent. For instance, the Australian, Austrian, British, Mexican, Indian, and United States laws allow taking pictures of publicly accessible interiors.
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
=== Permanent vs temporary ===
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
The exhibited objects must be exhibited in a permanent way. If a work is presented on a public place temporarily, one may be obliged to get the explicit permission to take its picture.
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
Whether a work is installed at a public place permanently or not is not a question of absolute time, but a question of what the intention was when the work was placed there. If it was put there with the intention of leaving it in the public place indefinitely or at least for the whole natural lifetime of the work, then it is "permanent".
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
A sculpture is typically placed with the intent of leaving it for an indefinite time. But if it was clear from the beginning that it would be left there only, say, for three years and then be moved to a museum, then the placement was not "permanent". On the other hand, if a sculpture was placed with the intent of leaving it "open end", but is then removed due to new construction plans some time later, its placement remains "permanent" even if the sculpture is eventually removed.
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
Even quickly decaying works can thus be "permanent" and therefore be subject to freedom of panorama. Street paintings, ice, sand, or snow sculptures rarely last more than a few days or weeks. If they're left in public space for their natural lifetime, they are considered "permanent" all the same. But if, for instance, an ice sculpture is exhibited only for a few hours and then moved to cold storage, it may not be permanently placed. (See also [[Commons:Village_pump/Archive/2013/09#Freedom_of_Panorama_for_transient_sculptures|archived discussion of 09/2013]]).
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
=== Architecture vs sculptures ===
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
German law allows photography of both buildings and sculptures. The situation in the United States is different. See [[#United States|below]].
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
=== Music, literature etc. ===
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
Sometimes, a literary work is a part of a building or sculpture or is presented on a publicly accessible plaque. In most jurisdictions, the literary work has a separate copyright which must be considered separately unless it is an integral part of the building or sculpture. A plaque describing the building or sculpture will not qualify unless the work is in one of the eleven jurisdictions which include an exception for literary works.
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
=== Acknowledgment of source ===
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
The copyright law usually obliges the photographer to credit the authors of works depicted in his photograph. That usually means that the photographer must provide a description of the depicted objects and the authors thereof. However, the photographer can be exempted from the obligation when the authorship is difficult to deduce. For instance, German copyright law says in §62 that the photographer does not need to credit the author if <!--apparently-->authorship is not clearly present on the object that is depicted.
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
=== The right to modify ===
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
The panorama freedom is restricted to taking pictures of the actual objects. Generally, the freedom to modify such pictures is restricted. For example, the German law in §62 forbids any modifications except those technically required by the method of replication.
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
=== Further derivative works ===
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
A derivative work based on a photograph is most often also a derivative work based on the depicted object. The panorama freedom usually does not include the delegation of the right to authorize the derivative works. The author of a photograph has the right to authorize the derivative work based on the photograph only to the extent that results from the creative element of their work. However, they do not have the right to authorize the derivative work in the extent associated with the original object.
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
=== Pictures of public domain objects ===
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
Public domain objects are not protected by copyright, so objects of this kind can be freely photographed and the pictures can be published both royalty free and commercially, at least so far as copyright law is concerned (there may be contractual or other restrictions on picture-taking, though, especially on private property). Moreover, pictures of public domain objects can be freely modified and derivative works can be freely developed. For example, old buildings and statues where the architect or artist died more than a certain number of years ago (depending on the country), are in the public domain.
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
== Nuances in the panorama freedom – United States case ==
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
The United States copyright law only provides a usable exception for reproductions, publications, and distributions of images of works of architecture that are still in copyright, as provided by the law's Section 120(a). Copyright regulations define "buildings" as follows:
</div>

*<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">''The term building means humanly habitable structures that are intended to be both permanent and stationary, such as houses and office buildings, and other permanent and stationary structures designed for human occupancy, including but not limited to churches, museums, gazebos, and garden pavilions.'' (37 CFR 202.11)</span>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
Monuments, statues, gravestones, and other created works can be a problem, as can historical plaques.
</div> 

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
Keep the following general (but non-exhaustive) rules in mind:
</div>
*<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Any artwork or sculpture from before {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}} is automatically in the public domain (PD).</span>
*<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Any artwork or sculpture from {{Not-PD-US-expired-min-year}} to 1978 is PD if it does not have both (a) the word "Copyright" or the © symbol, and (b) the creator's name. The date is not required on sculptures, but is on text. There are several exceptions to this rule, but they are not very common.</span>
*<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Any artwork or sculpture from 1978 to {{date|1989|03|01}} is PD if tangible copies of it were subsequently sold – with copyright holder's authorization – and its copyright was not registered with the U.S. Copyright Office within 5 years. There are some exceptions to this rule, like a work gaining copyright protection even without registration due to reduced formalities.</span>
*<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Any artwork or sculpture from after {{date|1989|03|01}} is generally not PD.</span>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
For more information on what constitutes publication and other important details, see [[Commons:Public art and copyrights in the US]].
</div>

<span id="Situation_in_different_countries"></span>
==国別の状況==

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
This section presents more detailed accounts of the legal status of freedom of panorama in different countries and regions. This is not legal advice, but just for informational purposes.
</div>

<span id="Map"></span>
=== 地図 ===
<div class="center">{{wide image|Freedom of Panorama world map.svg|1200px}}</div>
<span id="Summary_table"></span>
===一覧表===
{{Commons:Freedom of panorama/table|lang={{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
=== Freedom of panorama for tallest works of architecture ===
</div>
[[File:Tallest buildings 2022 whether or not FoP.png|thumb|center|700px|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Whether freedom of panorama at buildings taller than 500 m. (Blue icon= There is freedom of panorama in this country. Red icon= There is no freedom of panorama in this country.)</span>]]
[[File:Tallest towers in the world whether or not FoP.svg|thumb|center|700px|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Whether freedom of panorama at world's tallest towers TOP 7</span>]]

<span id="Consolidated_rules"></span>
=== 関連法 ===
{{FOP region index|float=y}}
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
Click on the links to the right to see consolidated freedom of panorama rules for all countries in each broad region. The lists include countries for which rules have yet to be defined.
</div>

<span id="Shortcuts"></span>
===ショートカット===

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
The shortcuts below lead to sections giving freedom of panorama rules for each country, where available. If no freedom of panorama rules have been defined for a country, the shortcut leads to the page giving copyright rules for the country.
</div>
{{Commons:Freedom of panorama/Shortcuts}}
<span id="See_also"></span>
== 関連項目 ==

* {{tl|Licensed-FOP}} FOP 画像のフォーマットならびに翻訳に関するライセンス用のテンプレート
* {{pg|Commons:Derivative works}}
* {{pg|Commons:De minimis}}
* {{pg|Category:FOP-related deletion requests}}
<span id="Bibliography"></span>
==関連文献==

* Vogel. In: Gerhard Schricker (Hrsg.): ''Urheberrecht. Kommentar.'' 2. Auflage. Beck, München 1999, {{ISBN|3-406-37004-7}}
* Dreier. In: Thomas Dreier/Gernot Schulze: ''Urheberrechtsgesetz''. 2. Auflage. München: Beck 2006 {{ISBN|340654195X}}
* Cornelie von Gierke: ''Die Freiheit des Straßenbildes (§59 UrhG).'' In: Hans-Jürgen Ahrens (Hrsg.): ''Festschrift für Willi Erdmann. Zum 65. Geburtstag.'' Heymann, Köln u.a. 2002, S. 103-115, {{ISBN|3-452-25191-8}}

<span id="External_links"></span>
==外部リンク==
* [http://www.aipla.org/ <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">American Intellectual Law Association</span>]
* [http://www.fplc.edu/tfield/ipbasics.htm <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Franklin Pierce Law Center on the intellectual law</span>]
----
:''このページはドイツ語版ウィキペディアの記事 <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:de:Panoramafreiheit|oldid=17053604}} Panoramafreiheit]</span> ''
----
<span id="Notes"></span>
== 注記 ==
{{CRTtransfoot}}
{{TNT|Commons policies and guidelines}}

[[Category:Commons licensing help{{#translation:}}]]
[[Category:FOP| ]]
[[Category:Freedom of panorama]]

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